Vocabulary

Choose the best term from the box.

• equilateral • rectangle
• polygon • trapezoid

1. A(n) ? could have 5 sides.

2. A triangle with all three sides the same

length is called a(n) ? triangle.

3. A ? is a special quadrilateral with

4 right angles.
3
The post office in Kaweah, Multiplication Facts
California is the smallest
post office in the nation. Find each product.
How small is it? You will 4. 3 ⫻ 8 5. 6 ⫻ 4 6. 5 ⫻ 7
find out in Lesson 18-3.
7. 2 ⫻ 9 8. 7 ⫻ 3 9. 4 ⫻ 8

4 Geometry
What is the perimeter
of the base of this glass
Write the name that best describes
house? You will find out
each figure.
in Lesson 18-2.
10. A quadrilateral with only one pair of
parallel sides

11. A quadrilateral with four right angles

and all sides the same length

12. A triangle with no sides the same

length

Arrays

13. Writing to Explain Explain how to

draw an array to show 3 ⫻ 6. Draw
the array.

Topic 18 395

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 Lesson

18-1 Understanding grid paper

Perimeter
How do you find perimeter?
MG 1.3 Find the
perimeter of a polygon Gus wants to make a playpen for his dog scale: = 1 foot
with integer sides.
and put a fence around it. He made drawings
3 cm 6 cm
of two different playpens. What is the 7 cm
perimeter of the playpen in each drawing?
9 cm 3 cm
The distance around a figure is its perimeter.
Scale: 1 cm = 1 m

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
In 1 and 2, find the perimeter. 3. In the example above, how do you
know what unit Gus used for the
1.
first playpen?

4. What is the perimeter of the garden

shown in the diagram below?
scale: ⴝ 1 inch

2. 9 ft 8 ft
7 ft 8 ft

16 ft scale: ⴝ 1 foot

Independent Practice
In 5–7, find the perimeter of each polygon.
5. 6. 14 cm 7. 4m

4m
11 cm 11 cm 6m
8m

14 cm 6m

6m
scale: ⴝ1m

In 8–10, draw a figure with the given perimeter. Use grid paper.
8. 14 units 9. 8 units 10. 20 units Animated Glossary, eTools
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396 *For another example, see Set A on page 412.

27289_396-397.indd 396 1/4/07 10:22:44 PM

 One Way Another Way
You can find the perimeter by counting Add the lengths of 3 cm 6 cm
unit segments. the sides to find 7 cm
the perimeter. 3 cm
9 cm

3 + 9 + 7 + 3 + 6 = 28
scale: = 1 foot
Each centimeter stands for 1 meter, so
The perimeter of this playpen is 34 feet. the perimeter is 28 meters.

Problem Solving

11. Mr. Karas needs to find the perimeter 12. Mike needs to find the perimeter
of the playground to build a fence of the pool so he knows how many
around it. What is the perimeter of tiles to put around the edge. What is
the playground? the perimeter of the pool?
14 yd 18 ft
9 yd
7 yd 7 ft 7 ft

14 yd
10 yd 18 ft

13. The distance around the outside of 95 feet

this maze in Williamsburg, Virginia,
is the same as the perimeter of a
rectangle. The picture shows the
lengths of the sides of the rectangle.
88 feet
What is the perimeter of the maze?

14. Jani has a magnet shown below.

15. Writing to Explain Roberto has

a magnet that is twice as long and
twice as wide as Jani’s magnet in
What is the perimeter of Jani’s Problem 14. Find the perimeter
magnet to the nearest inch? Use a of Roberto’s magnet. Explain
ruler to measure. your work.
A 2 in. B 4 in. C 5 in. D 6 in.
Lesson 18-1 397

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 Lesson

18-2 Perimeter of
Common Shapes 6 meters

How can you find the perimeter of

MG 1.3 Find the 10 meters
perimeter of a polygon common shapes?
with integer sides.
Also MG 2.3 . Mr. Coe needs to find the perimeter of two
swimming pool designs. One pool shape is
a rectangle. The other pool shape is a square.
What is the perimeter of each pool? 9 meters

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
For 1 and 2, find the perimeter. 3. In the examples above, explain how
to find the missing lengths.
1. Rectangle 2. Square
5 cm 4. Darla drew an equilateral triangle.
Each side was 9 inches long. What
8 feet
was the perimeter of the triangle?

4 feet

Independent Practice
In 5 and 6, use an inch ruler to measure the length of the sides of
the polygon. Find the perimeter.
5. Square 6. Rectangle

In 7 and 8, find the perimeter of each polygon.

7. Rectangle 8. Equilateral triangle
15 m
3m 4 yd

398 *For another example, see Set A on page 412.

27289_398-399_001 398 12/15/06 3:33:11 PM

 Find the perimeter of the pool that has Find the perimeter of the pool that has
a rectangle shape. a square shape.
Remember: Opposite sides of a rectangle are the Remember: All four sides of a square are the
same length. same length.
10 meters 9 meters

6 meters 6 meters 9 meters 9 meters

10 meters 9 meters

10 ⫹ 6 ⫹ 10 ⫹ 6 ⫽ 32 9 ⫹ 9 ⫹ 9 ⫹ 9 ⫽ 36
The perimeter of this pool is 32 meters. The perimeter of this pool is 36 meters.

Problem Solving

9. Writing to Explain Cora uses ribbons

Size of Bow Length of Ribbon
to make three different sizes of bows.
How much more ribbon does it take Small 27 in.
to make 2 large bows than 2 small Medium 36 in.
bows? Explain how you found your Large 49 in.
answer.

10. The base of Philip Johnson’s Glass The base of the Glass
House is 56 feet long
House in New Canaan, Connecticut, and 32 feet wide.
is a rectangle. What is the perimeter
of the base of the Glass House?

32 feet 56 feet

11. What is the perimeter of the cloth 12. Ami’s room is in the shape of a
patch outlined below? square. What is the perimeter of
6 cm the room?

6 cm
2 cm
12 cm Ami’s Room
Ami’s Room 13 ft
6 cm

8 cm

A 96 cm C 38 cm
B 40 cm D 32 cm

Lesson 18-2 399

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 Lesson

18-3 Understanding Area grid paper

How do you find area?

MG 1.2 Estimate
or determine the area and
volume of solid figures
by covering them with
squares or by counting
the number of cubes that
would fill them.
Raj needs to know how many tiles to buy to
cover a floor. What is the area of the floor?
Area is the number of square units needed to 5 ft
cover the region inside a figure. A square unit
is a square with sides that are each 1 unit long.
7 ft
䊐 ⫽ 1 square unit ⴝ 1 square foot

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
In 1 and 2, find the area of each figure. 3. Use the example above. Explain
how finding the area is different
1. 4m 2.
from finding the perimeter of a
2 in. figure.
3m

ⴝ 1 square inch 4. The lid of Mella’s jewelry box is

ⴝ 1 square meter
a rectangle 3 inches wide. The area
is 15 square inches. Use grid paper
to draw a picture of the lid.

Independent Practice
In 5–10, find the area of each figure.
5. 8 cm 6. 5 ft 7.
2 ft 3 in.
3 cm

ⴝ 1 square foot
ⴝ 1 square centimeter ⴝ 1 square inch

8. 3 cm 9. 4 cm 10.
3m
2 cm 2 cm

6m
ⴝ 1 square centimeter ⴝ 1 square centimeter

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400 *For another example, see Set B on page 412.

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 One Way Another Way
Count the square units. When you find the area of a rectangle
or square, you can think of the grid
There are
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
squares as an array.
35 square
8 There are 5 rows
units inside 5 ft with 7 squares in
the figure. each row.
5 ft
7 ft 5 ⫻ 7 ⫽ 35
The lengths are given in feet. The area 7 ft
of the floor is 35 square feet.
The area of the floor is 35 square feet.

Problem Solving

11. The Kaweah, California Post Office was built in 1910. It is the
nation’s smallest post office. What is the area of the Kaweah
Post Office?

This rectangle
represents the area
12 ft of the Kaweah Post
Office.

10 ft

12. Use grid paper. Draw two different figures, each with an area
of 24 square units. Find the perimeter of each figure.

13. Writing to Explain Tamiya cut a 12-inch piece of string

into 3 equal parts. She also cut a 24-inch piece of ribbon
into 8 equal parts. Which was longer, a piece of the string
or a piece of the ribbon? Explain how you decided.

14. What is the area of the picture Abe made with square tiles?
A 20 square inches
B 21 square inches
C 24 square inches ⴝ 1 square inch

D 30 square inches

Lesson 18-3 401

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 Lesson

18-4 Estimating and Measuring Area

How do you find and estimate area of irregular shapes?
Figure 1 Figure 2
MG 1.2 Estimate Find the area Estimate the
or determine the area and
volume of solid figures of Figure 1 in area of Figure 2
by covering them with square units. in square units.
squares or by counting
the number of cubes that
would fill them.

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
1. Find the area in square units. 3. Will partial squares always combine
to form whole squares? Why or
why not?

4. Kev needs to find the area of the

floor so that he knows the number
of tiles to buy to cover it. What is
2. Estimate the area in square units.
the area of the floor?

ⴝ 1 square ft

Independent Practice
In 5–7, find each area in square units.
5. 6. 7.

402 *For another example, see Set C on page 413.

27289_402-403_402 402 10/4/07 12:21:02 PM

 To find the area of Figure 1, count To estimate the area of Figure 2, count
the squares. whole squares first.
There are There are 7 whole squares.
1 2 3 19 square units
Combine partial squares
inside Figure 1.
4 1 to make whole squares.
2
The partial squares make
3 4
up about 3 whole squares.
5 6 7
7 ⫹ 3 ⫽ 10
The area of Figure 1 is 19 square units. The area of Figure 2 is about 10 square units.

In 8–10, estimate each area in square units.

8. 9. 10.

Problem Solving

11. Chen will use tiles to make a picture.

He needs to estimate the area of the
picture so that he buys enough tiles. ⴝ 1 square cm
Estimate the area of Chen’s picture.

12. Suni put blue tiles on a wall. What is 13. Writing to Explain Joe says
the area of the part of the wall with the area of this chessboard is
blue tiles? between 1 and 2 square inches.
Do you agree? Explain.
ⴝ 1 square foot
Each side of this
chessboard is
1__14 inches long.
A 4 square feet C 16 square feet
B 12 square feet D 20 square feet scale: ⴝ 1 sq in.

14. Reasonableness Bobby estimated that the sum of $138

and $241 is about $480. Is his estimate reasonable? Explain.

Lesson 18-4 403

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 Lesson

18-5 Volume unit cubes

How can you measure the space inside a solid figure?

What is the volume of the box?
MG 1.2 Estimate
or determine the area and The volume of a figure is the number
volume of solid figures
by covering them with of cubic units needed to fill it. 2 cm
squares or by counting
the number of cubes that
would fill them. A cubic unit is a cube with edges that
4 cm
are 1 unit long.
5 cm

Another Example How can you measure the volume

of other kinds of figures?
How can you find the volume of this figure?
Count all the cubes.
The figure has 2 rows of cubes.
There are 8 cubes in the back row.
There are 2 more cubes in the front row.
8 cubes ⫹ 2 cubes ⫽ 10 cubes Each small cube
is 1 cubic unit.
The volume of the figure is 10 cubic units.

Explain It
1. Describe how to find the volume of the figure below.

For 2 and 3, use the figures at the right.

2. How are these two figures the same?
How are they different?
3. Find the volume of each of the two figures.

404

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 Step 1 Step 2
Make a model of the box using cubes. Count all the cubes in 1 layer.

There are 20 cubes in each layer.

There are 2 layers.
20 cubes ⫹ 20 cubes ⫽ 40 cubes

The box is measured in centimeters. Since there are 40 cubes, the volume is
The volume will be in cubic centimeters. 40 cubic centimeters.

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
Find the volume of each figure in 5. How do you know the volume of the
cubic units. box above is 40 cubic centimeters
and not 40 cubic meters?
1. 2.
6. Pedro has a box that is 4 inches long,
4 inches wide, and 2 inches tall. A
model of the box is shown below.
What is the volume of the box?
3. 4.
Each cube is one cubic inch.

Independent Practice
For 7–9, find the volume of each figure in cubic units.
7. 8. 9.

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*For another example, see Set D on page 413. Lesson 18-5 405

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 Independent Practice
For 10–12, find the volume of each figure in cubic units.
10. 11. 12.

Problem Solving

13. Estimation Use the cubes shown

at the right to estimate the volume
of the rectangular prism.

14. Derek made a rectangular prism with 4 layers of cubes.

He put 5 cubes in each layer. What is the volume of the
rectangular prism?

15. Draw or describe two different solid figures, each with a

volume of 16 cubic units.

16. Reasoning One rectangular prism has 3 cubes in each

of 7 layers. Another rectangular prism has 7 cubes in
each of 3 layers. Which prism has the greater volume?

17. Dana has a jewelry box that looks like the model at
the right. What is the volume of the jewelry box?
A 25 cubic inches
B 34 cubic inches
C 39 cubic inches Each ⫽ 1 cubic inch.
D 45 cubic inches

18. Writing to Explain Carmen used 19. Tessa drinks 9 cups of water each
cubes to build a figure. She said the day. In one week, how many cups
volume of the figure was 15 square of water does Tessa drink?
inches. Was she correct? Explain why ? Cups of Water
or why not.
9 9 9 9 9 9 9

Cups of water
each day
406

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 Write each number in word form.
1. 13,054
2. 719,620

Find each sum or difference. Estimate to check if the answer

is reasonable.
3. 297 4. 402 5. 3,061 6. 7,583
 648  136  2,519  5,042

Estimate and then find each product or quotient.

7. 58 8. 3  96 9. 425 10. 5,713 11. 7,984
 4  7  6  9

12. 3
57 13. 7
882 14. 4
3,456 15. 6
8,148

Change the units. Copy and complete.

16. 3 liters  ■ milliliters 17. 9 centimeters  ■ millimeters

Error Search Find each sum or difference that is not correct.

Write it correctly and explain the error.
6
18. _58  _18  _24 19. _13  _13  _23 20. _45  _25  _25 9
21. __
12 12 3
1
 __  _

Number Sense
Estimating and Reasoning Write true or false for each statement.
If it is false, explain why.

22. The sum of _14 and _14 is greater than 1.

23. The difference 9,835  8,914 is greater than 1,000.

24. The product of 4 and 216 is less than 1,000.

25. The quotient 1,536 ÷ 3 is less than 500.

Lesson 18-5 407

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 Lesson Problem Solving

18-6 Solve a Simpler Problem

Janet wants to paint the door to her room.
The shaded part of the figure shows the part
MR 2.2 Apply strategies
and results from simpler of the door that needs paint.
problems to more
complex problems.
Also MG 1.2
Estimate or determine
the area and volume of What is the area of the part of the door that
solid figures by covering
them with squares or by needs paint?
counting the number
ⴝ 1 square foot
of cubes that would fill
them.

Guided Practice*
Do you know HOW? Do you UNDERSTAND?
Solve. Use simpler problems. 2. What simpler problems did you use
to solve Problem 1?
1. Lil glued square beads on the
shaded part of the frame. What is
3. Write a Problem Write a
the area of the part she decorated?
problem that you can solve by
solving simpler problems. You
may draw a picture to help.
ⴝ 1 square inch

Independent Practice
For 4–8, solve. Use simpler problems.
4. Reg wants to put tiles on a wall. The
shaded part of the figure shows
the part that needs tiles. What is
the area of the shaded part? • What do I know?
• What am I asked to find?
• What diagram can I use to help
understand the problem?
• Can I use addition, subtraction,
ⴝ 1 square foot multiplication, or division?
• Is all of my work correct?
• Did I answer the right question?
• Is my answer reasonable?

408 *For another example, see Set E on page 413.

27289_408-409_001 408 12/15/06 3:34:28 PM

 Plan Solve
I can solve I can find the area of a Area of the whole rectangle
simpler rectangle and then the 7 rows with 5 squares in each row
problems. area of a square. 7 ⫻ 5 ⫽ 35
Area of the square
3 rows with 3 squares in each row
Then I can subtract
3⫻3⫽9
to find the area of the
shaded part. Subtract
35 ⫺ 9 ⫽ 26
The area of the part of the door that
needs paint is 26 square feet.

5. Jim wants to tile the floor. The
shaded part of the figure shows the
part of the floor that needs tiles.
What is the area of the shaded part?
6. Dan wants to paint the floor of a
pool. The shaded part of the figure
shows the part of the floor that
needs paint. What is the area of the
shaded part?

ⴝ 1 square meter
ⴝ 1 square yard

7. Macy drew two designs. How 8. Mr. Eli grows vegetables in different
much greater is the area of the patches on his farm. What is the
yellow figure than the area of the total area of the corn and bean
green figure? patches?

Tomatoes
Corn

Beans

ⴝ 1 square in. ⴝ 1 square meter

9. Neva built these figures using toothpicks. If she 1st figure

continues the pattern, how many toothpicks in
all will she use for the 4th figure? the 5th figure? 2nd figure

3rd figure

Lesson 18-6 409

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 1. A drawing of the rose garden in the 3. Which is the best estimate of
park is shown. What is the perimeter the area of the shape shown
of the rose garden? (18-1) below? (18-4)

= 1 meter
= 1 square inch
A 23 meters
A 12 square inches
B 22 meters
B 14 square inches
C 21 meters
C 16 square inches
D 20 meters
D 20 square inches
2. Mrs. Utley made a quilt for her
4. A model of the box that Mrs. Nitaksa’s
daughter’s doll in the shape of a
antique vase came in is shown below.
rectangle. What is the area of the
What is the volume of the box? (18-5)
doll’s quilt? (18-3)

= 1 square inch

A 50 square inches A 15 cubic units

B 45 square inches B 16 cubic units

C 40 square inches C 20 cubic units

D 30 square inches D 24 cubic units

410

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 5. Janie wants to make a table skirt to 7. What is the area of the rectangle
go around the outside edge of the shown below? (18-3)
two tables she pushed together.
A diagram of the tables is shown 1 cm
below. What is the perimeter of the 4 cm
tables? (18-1)
A 16 square centimeters
5 yd
1 yd B 10 square centimeters
4 yd 4 yd C 5 square centimeters
3 yd
D 4 square centimeters
1 yd
8. The patio in Pearl’s backyard is in
A 18 yards the shape of a square. What is the
perimeter of the patio? (18-2)
B 15 yards
C 14 yards
D 12 yards
12 ft
6. A hotel swimming pool is drawn
below. How many square feet of
green tile are around the pool? (18-6)
A 144 feet
2&hfjVgZ[ddi
B 48 feet
C 36 feet
D 24 feet

9. What is the area of this figure? (18-4)

= 1 square unit

A 108 square feet

A 1 square unit
B 63 square feet
B 2 square units
C 58 square feet
C 3 square units
D 50 square feet
D 4 square units

Topic 18 Test Prep 411

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 Set A, pages 396–399

What is the perimeter of the Remember the side on which

figure below? you began adding so that you
know where to stop.
Add the lengths of the sides
to find the perimeter. Find the perimeter.
3 meters 1. 8 cm

6 cm
5 meters 4 meters 10 cm 6 cm
4 cm

6 meters 3 meters 14 cm

3 ⫹ 4 ⫹ 3 ⫹ 6 ⫹ 5 ⫽ 21 meters 2.

The perimeter of the figure is

21 meters.

scale = 1 inch

3. 9m

5m

Set B, pages 400–401

What is the area of the rectangle? Remember to give area

For a rectangle or square, think of an array. measurements in square units.
⫽ 1 square meter
Find the area of each figure.
8 squares in 1. 9m
each row
2m
8m

4 rows 4m
2. 3.
3 ft
4 ⫻ 8 ⫽ 32
The area of the rectangle is 32 square meters.

412

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 Set C, pages 402–403

Estimate the area of the irregular shape. Remember to give area

measurements in square units.
Count whole squares. Combine partial squares to
make whole squares. 1. Estimate the area of this figure.

1 2 3 4
1 2
5 6 7 8

There are 8 whole squares. The partial squares make up

about 2 whole squares.

8 ⫹ 2 ⫽ 10 , so the area is about 10 sq units.

Set D, pages 404–406

What is the volume of the figure? Remember to count all the cubes,
even the ones you can’t see.

Each small cube is 1 cubic unit.

Find the volume of each figure.
Write your answers in cubic units.
Count the cubes.
1. 2.
So, the volume is 10 cubic units.

Set E, pages 408–409

What is the area of the shaded part Remember to check your solution.
of the rectangle? Make sure your solution fits the
information given in the problem.
5 ⫻ 7 ⫽ 35 3⫻3⫽9 1. Solve. Use simpler problems.
Walt wants to put tiles on a
= 1 square inch wall. The shaded part of the
figure is the part that needs
Use simpler problems.
tiles. What is the area of the
Find the area of the whole rectangle.
shaded part?
Find the area of the square.
Subtract: 35 ⫺ 9 ⫽ 26
The area of the shaded part of the
rectangle is 26 square inches.
= 1 square foot

Topic 18 Reteaching 413

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