3085 Board #6 May 29 3:15 PM - 5:15 PM

Changes In Fat And Carbohydrate Oxidation From Rest To Exercise After Different Fasting Lengths
Emma Ryan Thompson, James Brown, Kelly E. Johnson, Jakob D. Lauver, Justin P. Guilkey. Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC.
Email: erthomp1@coastal.edu
(No relationships reported)

An overnight fast (10-12 hours) is a popular pre-exercise trial control in fuel use studies, but can lead to premature fatigue during exercise in participants. Measuring substrate oxidation at rest
could be an alternative, but it is unclear how length of fasting effects fuel use responses from rest to during exercise.
PURPOSE: The purpose was to examine the changes in fat (fatox) and carbohydrate (carbox) oxidation rates during rest and exercise after various fasting lengths.
METHODS: Participants (24.5 ± 5.1 yrs) randomly performed 3 experimental trials. Trials were preceded by a standard meal (19.4 ± 1.8% of daily energy expenditure) followed by a fast for
12 hours (hrs), 3 hrs or 1 hr. Each trial consisted of 30 min of rest and 30 min of exercise at 55% of peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak). VO2 and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) were averaged
over the final 10 minutes of rest and exercise. The equations fatox = 1.695 * VO 2-1.70*VCO2 and carbox = 4.585*VCO2-3.226*VO2 were used to calculate oxidation rates (g*min-1). Two-way
repeated measures (RM) ANOVAs and one-way RM ANOVAs analyzed differences. Significance was established if p<0.05.
RESULTS: Participants exercised at a similar VO2 and % of VO2peak in the 12hr (1.58 ± 0.28 L·min-1; 56.8 ± 2.4 % of VO2peak), 3hr (1.60 ± 0.30 L·min-1; 57.7 ± 4.6 % of VO2peak), and 1hr
(1.64 ± 0.30 L·min-1; 59.1 ± 1.7 % of VO2peak). There was no significant interactions for fatox and carbox, but there were significant main effects of time. Fatox increased from rest to exercise
in the 12hr (0.30 ± 0.04 g*min-1 vs. 7.34 ± 3.00 g*min-1), 3hr (0.30 ± 0.10 g*min-1 vs. 7.56 ± 3.53 g*min-1) and 1hr (0.34 ± 0.10 g*min-1 vs. 8.43 ± 4.00 g*min-1) trials. Additionally, carbox
increased from rest (12 hr = 0.30 ± 0.07 g*min-1; 3hr = 0.27 ± 0.09 g*min-1; 1hr = 0.34 ± 0.10 g*min-1) to exercise (12hr = 1.92 ± 0.55 g*min-1; 3hr = 1.90 ± 0.64 g*min-1; 1hr = 2.18 ± 0.81
g*min-1). Relative percent changes from rest to during exercise were not different between 1hr, 3 hrs and 12 hrs for fatox (2489.1 ± 1008.9 % vs. 2257.5 ± 853.3 % vs. 2200.8 ± 901.7 %) or
carbox (660.2 ± 294.8 % vs. 579.6 ± 231.2 % vs. 492.5 ± 241.9 %).
CONCLUSIONS: Fatox and carbox responses from rest to exercise were similar between trials. This suggests that a standard meal and resting oxidation rates could control for differences in
substrate use during exercise, regardless of fasting length.
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3086 Board #7 May 29 3:15 PM - 5:15 PM

Low Carbohydrate Availability, Not Energy Availability, Alters The Immune Response To Exercise In Elite Race-walkers
Alannah K.A McKay1, Peter Peeling1, David B. Pyne, FACSM2, Nicolin Tee3, Ida A. Heikura3, Louise M. Burke, FACSM3. 1University of Western
Australia, Perth, Australia. 2University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia. 3Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.
Email: alannah.mckay@ausport.gov.au
(No relationships reported)

PURPOSE: To compare the effects of a ketogenic low carbohydrate (CHO) high fat (LCHF) diet, and a low energy availability (LEA) diet, on innate immune response during a short-term
training intervention in endurance athletes.
METHODS: Twenty elite male race walkers completed one of three 5-7 day diet/training phases in a parallel groups design. During the initial 5 day Harmonization phase, all athletes
consumed a high energy availability (HEA) diet equating to 40 kcal.kg-1fat free mass (FFM).day-1. Athletes were then assigned to either a HEA (n=6), LCHF (<50 g CHO .day-1 and isocaloric to
HEA, n=7) or a LEA diet (15 kcal.kg-1FFM.day-1, n=7) for the 7 day Intervention phase. Subsequently, all athletes were placed back on a HEA diet for a further 5 days (Re-feed phase). On day
5 of each phase, athletes completed a 25 km hybrid laboratory-field race walk protocol at ~75% VO2max. Venous blood samples were collected pre-, post-, and 1 h post-exercise and analyzed
for serum ferritin, white blood cell counts, cortisol and blood glucose concentration.
RESULTS: Serum ferritin decreased from Harmonization to Re-feed in all 3 groups (HEA: 30%, 20-40% (mean change, 95% CI); LCHF: 38%, 22-54%; LEA: 40%, 17-63%, p<0.01),
however, the magnitude of decrease was similar between groups.During the Intervention phase, the LCHF had a larger post-exercise increase in total white blood cells (67%, 61-72%),
neutrophils (77%, 71-82%), monocytes (49%, 32-65%) and lymphocytes (41%, 31-51%) than both HEA (p<0.001) and LEA (p<0.001). Similarly, a small increase in cortisol (14%, -10-39%)
and a decrease in blood glucose levels (46%, 18-74%) were evident during the post-exercise period during LCHF, which was significantly different to, and occurred in the opposite direction to
changes seen in HEA and LEA. No differences in any marker measured occurred between HEA and LEA, or between the Harmonization and Re-feed phases.
CONCLUSIONS: Adherence to a ketogenic LCHF diet for 5 days resulted in transient perturbations to the immune response to exercise, however, the LEA intervention did not influence
immune markers. It appears that the acute restriction of CHO, rather than energy intake, has a more detrimental impact on the immune response to exercise in elite endurance athletes.

3087 Board #8 May 29 3:15 PM - 5:15 PM

The Effect Of Acute Carbohydrate Restriction On Squat Performance And Serum Energy Substrate Levels
Amber Normann, Abbey Brown, Kurt Escobar, Joshua Cotter, FACSM, Evan Schick. California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA. (Sponsor:
Dr. Joshua Cotter, FACSM)
(No relationships reported)

Carbohydrate restrictive diets have become increasingly prevalent among recreational and professional athletes as a means of losing weight and improving body composition. Currently, few
data indicate a clear relationship between carbohydrate restriction (CR) and performance in resistance exercise (RE).
PURPOSE: To investigate the acute effects of CR on squat performance and serum energy substrate levels in recreationally trained individuals.
METHODS: Seven healthy recreationally trained males (22.6 + 3.47 yrs., 80.74 + 8.40 kg, 178.05 + 5.00 cm) completed RE under two conditions in randomized order: 1) control (CON) and
2) a (CR) condition, which included a carbohydrate depletion exercise trial (CDEX). In CR, subjects first performed the CDEX, which consisted of 60 minutes of cycling at >75% of
participants‘ heart rate (HR) max followed by four 1-minute bouts at >95% HR max with two minute rest in between sets. CDEX was then followed by 48 hours of reduced carbohydrate
(CHO) intake (<5% daily caloric intake). RE in both CON and CR consisted of squats, loaded via inertial resistance using a Yo-YoTM flywheel squat device. Fasting blood glucose and
triglyceride (TG) levels were measured pre-exercise in both conditions as well as throughout the CDEX.
RESULTS: Total caloric intake was significantly (p < 0.001) lower during CR (mean + SD: 1661.24 + 691.6 kcal) compared to the CON (2433.85 + 527.4 kcal). No differences were found in
total grams of protein (PRO) or fat intake between conditions. Percent total daily caloric intake from CHO (p < 0.001) was significantly lower in the CR condition (7.40 + 3.32% CHO), while
percent total daily caloric intake from PRO and fat were significantly higher in the CR (32.90 + 8.54% PRO, 58.17 + 11.96% fat) compared to CON (37.81 + 9.26% CHO, 20.03 + 5.53% PRO,
37.47 + 11.80% fat). Fasting blood glucose levels (p = 0.017) were significantly lower in the CR (84.57 + 4.79 mg/dL) compared to the CON (93.28 + 6.90 mg/dL) yet there was no difference
in blood TG levels (p = 0.177; 64.43 + 15.13 mg/dL vs. 59.29 + 14.16 mg/dL). Total average power output (p = 0.05) and total peak power output (p = 0.047) were significantly lower in the
CR.
CONCLUSION: While CDEX combined with CR may acutely reduce fasting blood glucose, this may be at the sacrifice of RE performance, especially during the initial phase of CR
adaptation.
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