COGNITIVE LEARNING

Higher level learning involves thinking, knowing, understanding, anticipating, or otherwise making
use of information.
Cognitive learning theories, which claim that behaviors or responses are learned via experience, are
frequently contrasted with learning and acquisition..

1. Cognitive Map is internal images or other mental representations of an area (maze, city,
campus, and so forth) that underlie an ability to choose alternatives paths to the same goal.
Cognitive Map mental image of a situation developed via trial and error as well as observation. The
notion is founded on the assumption that rather than functioning as a passive receiver of information
needed to attain a goal, a human actively seeks and gathers contextual cues, such as environmental
linkages.

2. Latent Learning occurs without obvious reinforcement and remains unexpressed until
reinforcement is provided.
Latent learning is when the observation of something, rather than experiencing something directly, can
effect later behavior. Observational learning can be many things. A human observes a behavior, and
later repeats that behavior at another time (not direct imitation) even though no one is rewarding them
to do that behavior.

Rote Learning is a learning that takes place mechanically, through repetition and
memorization, or by learning rules.
The technique of memorizing particular new objects when they are encountered is known as rote
learning. The basic concept is simple and straightforward to implement in a computer program:
whenever fresh and relevant information is discovered, it is saved for later use.

Discovery Learning is based on insight and understanding.
Bruner believed that the most effective way to develop a coding system is to discover it rather than
being told by the teacher. The concept of discovery learning implies that students construct their own
knowledge for themselves (also known as a constructivist approach).

3. Observational Learning is a learning achieved by watching and imitating the actions of

another or noting the consequences of those actions.
Observational learning is learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others. It is a form of
social learning which takes various forms, based on various processes.

Model - A person who serves as an example in observational learning.

MEMORY is the ability to retain information over time through three processes:
1. Encoding refers to making mental representations of information so that it can be placed into our
memories.
Encoding is the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful
processing.

2. Storing is the process of placing encoded information into relatively permanent mental
storage for alter recall.
Storage is retention of the information, and retrieval is the act of getting information out of storage and
into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning.

3. Retrieving is the process of getting or recalling information that has been placed into
short-term or long -term storage.
Memory recall or retrieval is remembering the information or events that were previously encoded and
stored in the brain. Retrieval is the third step in the processing of memory, with first being the encoding
of memory and second, being the storage of the memory. Retrieval of the encoded and stored memory
is very important because otherwise there is no point in storing information.