International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 9, Issue 10, October 2018, pp. 37–45, Article ID: IJMET_09_10_002
Available online at http://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJMET?Volume=9&Issue=10
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359

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FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS AND

EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF BONDED,
RIVITED AND HYBRID JOINTS IN GLASS
FIBRE EPOXY COMPOSITE LAMINATES
Lokesh K, Ragul Venkatesh S, Dr. Prakash M
Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences

ABSTRACT
The composite structural members area unit extremely utilized in the subsequent
applications like part, vehicles, robotic arms, design etc., has attracted in depth
attention within the past decades. one in all the vital problems within the composite
technology is that the repairing of aging craft structures. In such applications and
conjointly for connexion numerous composite components along, they're mounted
along either mistreatment adhesives or mechanical fasteners. Modelling, static
analysis of 3-D models and producing of the composite joints (bonded, riveted and
hybrid) were applied mistreatment FEA software system. The results were understood
in terms of Von Misses stress. A constant quantity study was conjointly conducted to
check the performance of the hybrid joint with varied adherent thickness, adhesive
thickness and overlap length. To utilize the complete potential of composite materials
like glass fiber - epoxy as structural parts, the strength and stress distribution of those
joints particularly, bonded, riveted and hybrid joints should be understood whereas
conducting experimental works. numerous joint like secured, riveted and hybrid joint
were ready by optical fibre epoxy composite laminates. then bear for tensile check by
universal testing machine with information acquisition system. The results can
compare with the joints.
Key words: beams, doubly reinforced, optimum design, reinforced concrete,
simulated annealing.
Cite this Article: Lokesh K, Ragul Venkatesh S, Dr. Prakash M, Finite Element
Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Bonded, Rivited and Hybrid Joints in Glass
Fibre Epoxy Composite Laminates, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
and Technology 9(10), 2018, pp. 37–45.
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 Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Bonded, Rivited and Hybrid Joints in
Glass Fibre Epoxy Composite Laminates

1. INTRODUCTION
Over the past 3 decades, application of composite materials square measure unceasingly
increasing from ancient application areas like military craft, industrial craft to varied
engineering fields as well as vehicles, robotic arms and even design. thanks to its superior
properties, composites are one in every of the materials used for repairing the prevailing
structures. In such applications and additionally for connection numerous composite
components along, they're fixed along either mistreatment adhesives or mechanical fasteners.
Nowadays, a unique technique known as hybrid joint is additionally being utilized, wherever
a mix of each adhesive and mechanical fasteners is employed.

2. OBJECTIVE
In the gift project, an effort is created to investigate the strain distribution in three-D models
of 3 configurations of single joint, namely, bonded, riveted and hybrid joints. A constant
quantity study of hybrid joint, by varied the dimensional parameters of the joint, was
conjointly conducted

3. COMPOSITE JOINTS
Ideally, it's perpetually most well-liked to form monolithic structures, that is, structures while
not joints. This ideal will ne'er be accomplished for several reasons like size limitations
obligatory by materials or the producing method, want for dismantlement of structure for
transportation and access for review and repair etc. Basically, there area unit 2 varieties of
load-carrying joints available: automatically fixed joints and adhesively warranted joints.
Nowadays, a completely unique methodology known as hybrid joint is additionally being
employed in sure applications.
Reaching a call regarding the sort of joints to be used needs careful issues of many
parameters beside the data of the service that the joint is anticipated to produce. therefore a
demand for dismantlement and lack of adequate preparation facilities would definitely
preclude bonding; a demand to affix skinny sheets would possibly rule out the employment of
mechanical fasteners whereas heavily loaded joints area unit designed victimization
mechanical attachments.
A short description of the 3 forms of joints utilized in this work specifically, bonded,
riveted and hybrid joints is given below.

BONDED RIVETED HYBRID

JOINT JOINT JOINT

4. BONDED JOINT
Bonded joints will be created by gluing along pre-cured laminates with the appropriate
adhesives or by forming joints throughout the producing method, during which case the joint
and therefore the laminate ar cured at identical time (co-cured). Here, load transfer between
the substrates present itself through a distribution of shear stresses within the adhesive.

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 Lokesh K, Ragul Venkatesh S, Dr. Prakash M

In general, there ar various blessings of adhesive warranted joints over the standard
mechanical fixed joints. These blessings embrace massive bond space for load transfer, low
stress concentration, swish external surfaces at the joint, less sensitivity to cyclic loading, time
and value saving, high strength to weight quantitative relation, electrical and thermal
insulation, physical phenomenon, corrosion and fatigue resistance, crack retardation, damping
characteristic so on. a number of the disadvantages of warranted joints ar
1.dismantlement is not possible while not part harm.
2.they will be severely weakened by environmental effects.
3.They need surface preparation.
4.Joint integrity is troublesome to verify by review. therefore guaranteeing a high quality of
bonding has been a difficult task.

5. RIVETED JOINT
Riveted joints will be used quite with success on laminates up to regarding 3mm thick and
additionally wherever a good work, referred to as interference work, is critical. the selection
lies between solid & hollow varieties and whichever is chosen, care should be taken to reduce
harm to the laminate throughout hole-drilling and shutting of rivet. additionally to material
and design parameters, the behavior of riveted joints is additionally influenced by rivet
parameters like rivet size, clamping force, hole size and tolerance. of those parameters, the
clamping force, that is, the force exerted within the through – thickness direction by the
closing of the fastener, is of important importance. Some blessings of riveted joints ar that
1.No surface preparation of composite is needed.
2.There are not any abnormal review issues.
Though automatically fixed joints involve easy process and handling, they need many
disadvantages. The holes produce stress concentration and cut back the strength of the
substrate laminates. apart from this, these joints incurs massive weight penalty and
additionally produce a possible corrosion downside ensuing from contact with the composites.
additionally dismantlement isn't potential in riveted joints.

6. HYBRID JOINT
Hybrid joints have a mixture of adhesive bonding and mechanical fasteners. within the gift
case, rivet has been used because the mechanical fastener. the benefits of employing a
combined bonded-riveted style apply chiefly in an exceedingly repair scenario. it's typically
accepted that a warranted joint is stronger than a automatically fixed joint and a well-designed
warranted joint is stronger than a hybrid joint. However, in an exceedingly repair scenario,
limitations force the repair style to be but Associate in Nursing optimum joint style. during
this case, the inclusion of rivets will be advantageous in one in every of the subsequent 2
ways in which.
1.If a bond line is subjected to forces that induce out-of plane peel stresses, the addition of
rivets will cut back these stresses, thereby, increasing the strength of the joint.
2.Once harm has initiated in an exceedingly bonded-only repair, it will propagate quickly and
therefore the bond line can fully unfasten.

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 Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Bonded, Rivited and Hybrid Joints in
Glass Fibre Epoxy Composite Laminates

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results from literature of the models were taken in terms of Von Mises stress. Von Mises
Stress truly refers to a theory known as the “Von Mises - Hencky criterion”. In Associate in
Nursing elastic body that's subject to a system of masses in three dimensions, a fancy three
dimensional system of stresses is developed. That is, at any purpose inside the body there area
unit stresses acting in several directions, and also the direction and magnitude of stresses
changes from purpose to purpose. The Von Mises criterion may be a formula for hard whether
or not the strain combination at a given purpose can cause failure. There area unit 3 "Principal
Stresses" that may be calculated at any purpose, acting within the x, y, and z directions. The
Von Mises criteria may be a formula for combining these three stresses into identical stress,
typically known as the "Von Mises Stress", that is then compared to the yield stress of the
fabric. The yield stress may be a far-famed property of the fabric, and is typically thought-
about to be the failure stress. a brief interpretation of the results of the analysis is given below.

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 Lokesh K, Ragul Venkatesh S, Dr. Prakash M

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 Finite Element Analysis and Experimental Evaluation of Bonded, Rivited and Hybrid Joints in
Glass Fibre Epoxy Composite Laminates

4.1. Bonded Joint

The minimum worth of stress was found to be one.506 N/mm2 and it had been placed on the
surface of the laminate. the most worth of stress was found to be 2037 N/mm2 and was placed
at the corners of the surface wherever the load was applied. The adhesive layer had a stress
distribution of the order of three hundred N/mm2 to five hundred N/mm2. The laminate had a
variable stress distribution starting from the minimum worth to Associate in Nursing order of
227.66 N/mm2. The corners of the surface wherever the load was applied had a stress
distribution starting from 680 N/mm2 to the most worth 2037 N/mm2. the most deflection
was found to be zero.429028 mm. the photographs of research of warranted joint area unit
given below.

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 Lokesh K, Ragul Venkatesh S, Dr. Prakash M

4.2. Riveted Joint

The minimum worth of stress was found to be one.966 N/mm2 and it had been placed on the
laminates and also the rivet head. the most worth of the strain was found to be 16738 N/mm2
and it had been placed on the interface between the laminate and also the rivet shank. whereas
the rivet head and also the laminate didn't take abundant stress, the laminate-rivet shank
interface and also the mid-portion of the rivet shank had a variable stress distribution starting
from {a worth|a worth|a price} of the order of 3721 N/mm2 to the most value of 16738
N/mm2. Here the most deflection was found to be zero.443099 mm. the photographs of
research of riveted joint area unit given below

4.3. Hybrid Joint

The minimum worth of stress was found to be a pair of.036 N/mm2 and was placed on the
laminates and also the rivet head. the most worth of stress was found to be 15063 N/mm2 and
was found to be within the adhesive layer close to the laminate-shank interface. it had been
found that the adhesive layer took most stress, starting from a minimum of 3349 N/mm2 to a
most of 15063 N/mm2, whereas the rivet shank took a variable stress distribution of the order
of 3349 N/mm2 to 6696 N/mm2. Here the most deflection was found to be zero.447246 mm.

4.4. Comparison Between Bonded, Riveted and Hybrid Joints

In warranted joints, the strain was distributed throughout the laminate and also the adhesive
took up abundant of the load. the most stress is additionally low since the applied load alone
acts on the joint, whereas in riveted joint, the most stress concentration was terribly high since
pre-tension load was additionally applied to the joint. The rivet head and also the laminate
surface take up less stress compared to the inside of the laminate and also the rivet shank. The
case of hybrid joint is found to own a state of affairs that's in between that of each the on top
of joints. The rivet shank and also the adhesive layer area unit the most areas that have most
stress concentration. Thus, from the on top of observation, it had been found that hybrid joint
are often utilized in a state of affairs wherever quality of warranted joint can't be assured with
certainty and wherever riveted joint alone isn't spare to require up the whole load since it's
characteristics in between that of warranted and riveted joints. it's primarily applicable in
repair state of affairs.

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