Grammar Focus 1A Review of tenses Zz resent simple Wi uso the presen + fr hab, serra re “usualy ao my homer in tho ev Sho write erie a +t tat es fr si 6 fhe senses, ‘want go rome. Present prac imple We use the preset erect sme * for excerces imple: eae actinns, facts and things which torterm states, verbs of preference and in ou le without saying when they happened ta foru nn prosent ste hit staned inthe past and have tinued up tothe present we lived here since Iwas. + tv asus on past completed with jst or which have a (re posted your leer Present continuous We use the present continuous; + Tor actions in progres around now Sorry. can 1 ding ry namework he's writing « wk scour tons which are recent often conection withthe resent row (a the mnaent ot speaking) or + for temporary ¢m studying Engi s Came ti | werk jn Milan, a 1B Question forms IKE Positive and negative queetions Most questions have ar auxllay verb fe be, do, hve or ‘modal verbs) bore the subjoct. The aundary very con te sitive w negative How do you spell that? Why isnt ey. Prepasitions usual Where a ne a the end of qu you fom? NOT From were areyou2 In very formal questions they can yo atthe beginning Tip Wie van make short qu + preposition 1s in yong to party tonne. B: Who with? ‘Can I Borrow your phone? ®: What for? (ny?) ons fom wha what! wy se negatve questions fo express surprise Haven't hoy fished yot? (Vm surprised) Wren doosn't change and we dan use an auxiliary vr, Somebody nie is bouk. > Wha wrote this book? NOT Wao dilute tie bk? ‘ash about the subj ut a sen 134 Past simple We Use tho pas simple: * 10 ak abaut complet specify te time in thy fost my ahone last we past actions and states past wilh the past simple fut tho J fund itn my ca We often Past perfect simplo We use the past perect simple * for actions and events that happened before a amen time for reasons (ater 1 exiled to wai nome be cause | had forgotten ny bu Past continuous Wo uco the past continu ‘to describe actions that were in progres moment in the past * Tor actions or events in nrogress atthe time ofa shorter, past simple action, He phoned while | wae ding my hemowerk a particular ——————————— (PRD Indirect questions We use indirect quesios to sound polit, Start indirect ions with Can you tell mo... Do you know... Wo dan't use an auriiary verb a the word order doasn't change: Use fin indirect yes/no quetins, Why did she become famous?» Do you know why she became famous? Do you like foreign sins? > Can you tll me Hf you Hike foreign We can also use inert questions in sentances Vin nat saree 1 AiO UNE RMF WOE remember... ec 's this answer correct?» Fi wot sure if his answer Is correct Where have they been?-> ! wander where they've bean, ating with can't “tp opti Wo can have our meeting tJ time wuts you preter’ ee al doy. What tine do you wan to moet? Wo use which + noun whon thore 2 lirited number ‘and what + noun when there are many possilties: 20, 11.30. Whichx Grammar Focus 1A Review of tenses ‘Correct the mistakes in the sentences. Think about spelling, tense and form, 1 i studing hard athe moment because I try to pass my nal exams. Im studving tm trving 2 Internat shopping bacomes moro and moro popular those days, a 3 We looking for new members of our group. Do vou want t jin? ee = 4 This food is tastings it strange. | think | prefer food from my awn county, We think ot buying a new car but they're costing a lt af maney 6 | write to apply forthe job of sales assistant. | send my C.¥, with this letter. b Match the sentence halves. O1 When | arrived C1 white my brother was cooking 51 1 wos waiting forthe plumber It have been to Istanbul 7 Robert stayed in my fat 1-1 mwed tn Singapore | was watching television. tie in ey fife Sally had alreagy let when he phoned me to cancel |n-2004 to work abroad fora year both this summer and lat summer too, © Be Now ga hack to p.9 1B Question forms ‘@ Chouse the best word or phrase to complete each ques 1 Where we ares are we going 1 eat? 2. What you thought/ did you think ofthe film? Did you enjoy i? ‘3. We've got cheese sanawiches and eae sandwiches. What / Which favour do you preter? 4 Why you dlidn/ digo you call me? 5 near you're a musician. What / Which kind of music do you play? 6 | got this watch for my birthday. Why from? / What trom? 7 What happened ! was happened to the window? 'b write questions about the underlined words and phrases. A Who discovered pulears¢ Jocelyn Rell-Bumell discovered pulsars, 2 shes interested in classical musi. 3 ‘Quer 2000 peopl watched the match. 4 ‘They haven't stated yt because thee wating far you 5 My let foot hurts 6 ‘She heard the news from Ralnh © Rewrite the sentences and questions using the prompts, 1 What do you want? I don't knw what you want 2 Why didnt they come back? wonder 3 Where are wey going? Where do you think... 4 Have you ever met him? Can you tell ma Who wrote this stor? Bo you know a 6 Dees this pen work? wonder 7 Whats yor sisters name? att yuu tell ie B_ When wilt be ready? |When do you think dB Now go back to p.132A Narrative tenses We use narrative enses tol tries about what happened in the past. The most important narrative tenses are: pas sip, past continuous, past perfect spe wn past peel continu Ora ‘We use the past simple for completed past actions and statos which happened at speci ie ne past We spotted them on the mourtain so wo reseued them anc took ther to hasta ‘We use the past continuous for actions (not stats) that were in prograss t the time of the mn events inthe story When we sonar thom, thoy were standing noxt to come stones. They were waving ther arms but we couldnt hear what they were shouting. ‘We use the past perfect simple / continuous for events and activites that hapnened hefore the main events inthe tory and to give explanations or reasons, Itoten occurs ater Because. We spotted them hacause they had built the word help out of stones We finaly spoted then ater we had been Searching for over a week Past perfect simple or continuous? ‘We use the past perfect simple: * la focus onthe results of an earlier completed action We spotted thom (result) because ied built a big sig (wale action. * To1akk about ime un to then' with a state ver log knehave, hep When we found them, they'd Been on the mountain for a week: Wo uso the poot perfect linus *Delore@result inthe past o show the effect af an eater activity They were tired roout) because they'd been building 2 ig sign (walt avi) ‘+ Toempnasize the duration of time with an actin verb (e.g. wal, search, clive) We fone them aftr we'd been searching for a week 2B Future time clauses and conditionals We us ute ime clauses to tak about future assis, futur plans to ge ‘vce We can rorally use vl be gino, or the imperative inte main clause. ‘We normaly we a present ene inthe subordinate clause wth wor ke men, as soon as, unless, slang as, provided, incase, ec, We canals us he mote coucs oak about ats aes tings wich ae general ue. n ese sentences we ten use a present nieve inthe main clause orm When: go hiking nex weekend, wel ty anew pats yeu san. hoor, don't ran {twon'tatack you prowed you're standing stil Unless you know the way wel, bring a map. ‘Ainoys bring onch mca YoU get hungry ‘As s000 a8 it gets too car, we' go home. “wp When ifmeans wheter, we norma need wil ani nn eer nthe future | don't know if? whether I see ay wid animals when Im on holiday. NOT... #300 (© as #000 as ‘As soon 2s shows that something wil happan immediately after another thing ‘As 600n 28 | gel hore, temei! yu, “Tp ‘We can use present perfect or nresent simple aftor words lke 26 coon 26 ‘or when to talk about completed processes in the future. There is litle dtterence in meanings Wot foavo whon a0 soon as Ive fished iy work. (Ot mis.) 136 they built the word Mey, ts > (ier i ne omen fa fer owraieck ae Tiny apetead trey? wwe searched we spotted them NYRR Now (on iano, slong 2, provided arcs Unless mean i not. The verb ater unless f usualy postive You WO se ayer MESS you Stay LI {Yer wont so any aia yo der lay awit ‘slong as ana proved ae sitar to ony eit bo af povided a long sw ty hoe. (Gut ny we stay ere Yau cane out eng as lan 8 yn hacky 10. (But nly I ye back Uy 20) We use incase to talk about preparations for cca future situations Take your keys in case we're ut when you get ome (Lent wore} Sig wont attack vou unease) autre Seared.2A Narrative tenses ‘a Complete tne sentences with the past simple or past, continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 While he _was walking (walk) in the forest, he tripped trip) ‘and cul. __ (cut) his knee. 2 1 irot nation) what the thiet (eo becouse | (hide) under the desk the whole time. 2 When! (got) home, everyone. (watch) TY, Nobody —___teven / say) nello 4. A Where (you /be) when you (hear) the news? 8: |____(be) on the bus ~1 (travel to work. © Fortunately, {not hurt) myself whet | (tain because | (wear) a helmet. 6 A: What page numbor B: Sorry, | —__ (the teacher / just / say)? (not /hear) anything. | (not ster) Choose tte vest verb form, 1 She was out of beh because she'd run she'd been running. 2 twas sad to soll my old car — tt hac? I'd boon having it since | was a student 2 The party was great. Thoy'd plannod!! They'd been planning it fa rants. 4. We were realy pleased because wo'd finished ! we'd been finishing ‘our project. 5 Everything was wet because it had rained / had been raining. 18 How long fax mney known t had they been knowing each ather when they decided to got married? 7 They werert very happy because they'd waited | they‘l heen waiting for six hours 8 | dint watcn the fim because I'd almay enon 11 alraady boon ‘seeing it four times, Grammar Focus © Choose the best verb forms, IW nappened Nad Rappened on the last day of ‘ur holiday We wore getting got up and saw were seeingtat, a lst the sun *was shining had shone. We "were faving et We hotel and “were stating | starter walking along the narrow ott path Then, after weld Geen wai! we waked tor about two hours the path 8vas sucéenlybocoming 1 suddenly bacame much nattoNet = it Was no more than Tem wire. There Shad boon being ‘had tees tot previous night, and the sea "had washed was washing pot ofthe path cy. ‘The cif wasnt very high, so "we'd decided we decided to keep going, along the narrow path | went? was going ts, and had mato! made itsafey tothe other side. But then |! yas heaing | near shout and a splash. Mike "had fallen? follinto the sea below. There were sharp rc all around him, but luckily he'd landed he's been Jandingsfely in the water, and "wasnt hurting! ‘act hurt hime, Sa! etn wae climbing down the cif oelp him to sey Later, back atthe hotel, he had boon ‘explaining explained wat had gone wrong: he'd ‘een trying he tried to take a photograph atthe time of his al. dB Now go back to p.22 2B Future time clauses and conditionals Tick (7) the correct sentences. Correct the mistakes. 1. Filsend you a postcard when well be on holiday 2 Weill comme out as soon as we've eaten dinner >My parents dont mind if | go out as long as 1 el therm where I'm gong, ai 44 You won't pass the exam unless you dan study harder. Ife till raising when yout finish wun, Il pick YoU UP. 66. 'm going to leave my laptop at home in ease itl get damaged, 7. lend you my car provided you won't chive loo fast 1b Join the sentences using the words in brackets. Maybe I'll see Joseph. Il tell him to call you. i) ‘She'l finish university. Site wants to be a teacher. (when) ‘They'l be late if they dont hurry up. (unless) I check your work. Titer send it back to you immertintly. as soon as) It ‘You should take soins money because vou might neet ta taka a tain oasa) He won't bite yu but you must be careful. (as long as) 1 2 3 4 5 You can take phetraraphe but you mustn't use a fll, (prUviged) 6 ? 8 You'll only understand ifyou listen very carefully, unless) © B Now go back to p.24 oon0o0oso tell Joseph tacallyou iftogohin, fe They —— You You As You3A Multi-word verbs (©lEE Mutt word vorbs consist of e verb and one or two particles. We came un with some good ideas. an dard tn thorn aut Sometimes the meaning ofthe mul.ord vor ie cler from the meaning ofthe verb and th valicte (eg sit down), butoten you rave to lear the meaning of each maior verb, ‘Transitive and Intrancitive muti ward verbs * Transit mutt-word verbs need an object. The abject can come before the particle (e.g, throw sth away) or after the particle (e.g. ook are say, cepencing onthe tye of multi-word verb ‘+ Intranstve mult word verbs don't have an object, e go ancy NOT gosomecedy-away Type 1 has no droot object (intransitive) | wake up, go away; fall over; stay up; break up; sitduwn; | ‘verb + particle | take off; calm down ‘Type 2 nas an ooject transitive) wake up; fll over; take off; calm down ry sth out: verh 4 nun pronoun + paticle figure ath out, make ath up, throw ath eway, pick sth up, | OR verb + particle + noun / pronoun let sb down Type 3 has an objet (vansitve): 00k into st; focus on sth; Believe in st; ve for sth verb + particle + noun /pranaun | be into sth look ator sb Type 4 has two percles and always has an object: | came up with sth; lok dawn on sb; look up to sb; run out verb « particle 1+ particle 2 + nour pronaun | uf sit all uu with sb; go on about stn; get away wth sth Type 2 murc-wora veros ‘Whon the object along noun phrsta normally comes afer the partils Please throw away those old shoes that are nearly taling apart! When the objects @ pronoun (e.g. it, me, 8), i almost always comes boforo tho particle: Those shoes are really old. Please throw them away! NOT; Ploaco thw away them! ‘en tne objects snort noun phrase (eg, upto three words), itcan come betore or iter the particle Please tow those ol shoes away/ Pease threw away those old shoes, Tip ny tera vers ar bam tanstve and iartv log ake tao ae ut cam cow Van jak pean), ty ct {make hea ap taste)! Ato tea ako etc took ny shoes of (versie, sea dletonay afin out mate verbs erate raamne 3B Present perfect simple and continuous (© We use tne ese pene simple \We us the present perfect continu * total about experiences without saying when they happened + when a racenly completed action has a result now He tried to run a maraton four tes his ite Se’ ed because she's been raining har + for exprianeeseving ary procont pod of ime + to dosoribe repeated exile whit slate tevely What have you leat so fr ts year? ve been gone tothe em alt reverts + ith superatves + to talk about unfinished sctvties using how ong and She's the mies person ve 2 me tort sce + forrecent complete actons which hve. ocutin tho procont. ‘Wee Been walking since the sur came wp. (Ob 0! Ive broken iy key. with ateady, justand yet ‘ve already done (ve shopping, Ive just put the food in the ‘oven, but | haven laid the table yet + lw th about (vm tong win state verbs (with for since) un known them for years but {haven seen thom since January. ‘with how many how much and how often to talk about experienoes How many 2s Now go back to p.58 5B Future perfect and future continuous Tick (¥) the sentences which are correct. Correct the mistakes. 1a preter to visit you in August hecause I'l be finishing my exams then, 2 I don't want to be late ~ they'l lave eaten all tne Yoo beTore We get there! 3 I cant take you tothe airport at 10 because I'l have attended a very important mating at that time, oO Qo 4. Ihe presentation is scheduler for the 15th, so fmm sure I'l be _ wing it then, a 5 Thursday is the best day to call me at home because I'l have worked from home then, a 6 I can bass the message nn to Arthur Il be aecing him tomorrow at wullege. (_] 7. &: How wil | recognize you al the airport? 1: Ihave carried a sien with ‘your name on it © can't access the internet rt now, Gan you try again in 10 minutes ~ hopefully itl be working again then. a 1D Look at Christina's calendar for tomorrow. Complete her conversation with Zofia with the future continuous or future perfect form ot the verb in brackets, Zofia: So, what time can | come and visit you tomorrow? What about 8:30? {tsa No, sory '— Lille taking (I/sti/take the kids to school at that time, Zofia: Ok, so maybe when you'r: Lack tome. “you / gel) back by 9 30? Cristina Yes, probatv. But °_ (11 tit doa with my emai then. Ive yu 800-9000 ‘soime urgent emails that | need lo reply to. But you could come at about 11 Take clon to school ''m sure *__(1/ finish) before, Doos that suit you? Zofia: Er. not really. Could we make ita Dt later? What about 14.00? 9.00-1045¢@ Christina: Yes, tat’ tine, but itl only give us an hour. (eave) about Deal with ema 15,00 to pick the kids up fromm seta ‘ota: OK, yes, an Nur should he nerfect. Oh, one thing. Can you ede at 1e804400 DVD you were teling me about? Mee Hanah {unnisuna: Wel, Hannah's go it atthe moment. She wants to watch it tonight But’ ___ (1 sex) tne tomorrow, 0 I can ask her to bing it alban (she / watch) it ty then Pk up chile frm etn G DB Now go back to p.616A Gerunds and infinitives (ORM vert + ing Wien verb + ig functions kes nour is called a gerund. We use gerund: wert a ver is (part Uwe subject ora sentence: Swimming ic ge ee yrs J Meeting you lat wok wae 4 real pleasure. «after prepositions (e.g aout, by, without, of et.) ovary too rut abut making sakes. They escaped by digging 2 funnel unde the wall (CHE 10+ infitve ‘We use fo + nf: + aftr adjoctios 0. hapey, oleae, coy, dificult cfangerous, sae, pssiie Its easy to find your may into the oly conte, but its very ameunt 0 get out again, + tocxpress purpose (= what a person wants to achieve We're going othe beach to lien the sun. (= becouse ‘we want oe inthe sun) To wateh the clip again, press Yoplay’. (= if you want to watch again) UT Be caretul with verb forms after ta The woe (ois sometimes a prepasion and sometines pa ot 1 + inne 1 loking forward teasing you. (nope see you. (NOI tpt seein (AEE vorb + verb, There are many verbs which are followed by gerunds (e.2. / enfoy painting) ‘and many which ae follow by to infinitive (e.g. / want fo wate). Ther® ate also a ew which allow both patterns wih a change of meaning: = by +10 «infinitive, J tried to talk to hin, but be dio onowcr hi hone. (=| attemoted todo it) ‘+ try gorund: | tried talking to him, but he's stil engey. cian work) ‘+ remember! forgot + to + infinitive, Please remember / don't forget to uy some rk, (= 2 job forthe future) ‘+ remember forget + gerund. | remember // never forget hearing that {une the tst time. (= an exneriance in the past + goon to. infinitive. After explaining the theory Vga on to deseribe some examples. (= stop ane thing and start the next) + goon 1 gerund, The professur went wm lathing for over an hour. (iat sto) didit but it ‘9 stop can be followed bya gerund, or an infinitive of purpose: | stopped drinking cufee. (=| don't arin It now) | stopped ta drink cifee. (= | stopped because | wanted to drink rnfee inacalé) (FHI Sense verbs Verbs connected will series tan be followed by ait ubject att verb + ‘ng. €.8. lok at see / watch / notice /abserve / hear / listen to / feel / srmel tate) | watched the people walking around. ' could smell something bunting 6B The passive (@ NBER We can use the nassive + when we don't know wo did something / wnat caused something, or when this is nat important These words were writen thousands of years ag. + when the agent (the door is very abwious Which languages are spoken in your kil? ‘+ when tne main tina we are talline abi the objoct of the verb, (FIEEB Prepositions ater made ‘We can use a range af prepositions after passives with made: + Made + by-+ method: These cakes are made by hand / ‘by mixing corntiakes with chocolate. ‘+ Mace + mitn+ took: fink these marks were made with fread ety ising ce ey tata arene. Sa. waar ign mae fy song top arn aing fee nit Thepaiseisomnt whew bine opposites + Male fom out ag cic ur table made pare fom’ wt of no dor | Active Passive [Pestle | Teo rl Past simnle Thay weed teas used. Present conis |The ming? tag wed (restos | eye este weg | Preerptec—| Tyo wets harem Pate | Tay tnd ev [nd ano rae Theyitase wt se Inova ene tise spon tbe }__ Heel | bint oa fer | There ase | te ages | aeons 0 | eeeeet || Girexsrimaiero/oeeotm oer 144x Grammar Focus 6A Gerunds and infinitives a Underline the correct verb form, | was looking forward to hear / waning your ideas. ‘We need to book an annnintment to eae socing them again ''m sill geting usod to be / being a manasor ging an elephant is sitar fo rida ridings horse, Ho dooen't find it casy a vk taming to anvone, a aene b Match the sentence halves. 1 LI oh not forgot 2. own the mach be hard bu wee sti at a chance, 2 Ci ritnever torget b “totumof te as bere ouvert 3 LJ Why don't you try © eves ie test — 7 [J Bid you romember & fot tincmettata its - voise? | can't concentra 9. | Start with the easy questions and then gn an i meeting the President — it was the mast rable day of my -] We stated in the morning and went on Louying Wiese slives Are you sure they're mine? © Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Ibe happy _tahelp thelp) you find somewhere lu sly. He spent two years without ___ speak) fo ancther narsan Live) in another country isthe easiest way of. (eat) a foreign language Can | borrow your laptop ___(check) my emails? Suddenly, | noticed a young man (un) towards me Vm afraid of. (Ge) alone in the dark, (20010) the isk of misunderstandings, I expan everyting twice, ‘Would it be possible (leave) five minutes early? (Spend) a year as a volunteer teacher was om othe best experiences of my if, ‘Ac ho waited for his aul, ne could feel his heart (beat) in his chest Sowvousune dB Now go back to p.69 6B The passive ‘@ Complete the centences with the correct passive form of the verb in brackets. 2 The ical People are angry because these old trees, _amagaing tale uk (cut) down not wok ‘The fst email between two organisations (send) in 1971. 2 2 Currerty, Englich —_(use) as an oftcial language in almast 60 countries 4 | promise that you ___tinform) ae coon aa your bags erie 5 6 ‘The thiet (not catch) ye, but 'm sure theyll caich him scan By the lime we arved, all the hest seats (already / take), so we had to stright tthe back, b Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 1. I wrote that repent That report __wanwuituenbyme 2 My sister tld ts ahout this rostourant WO 3 We can only dream ofthe technology of 2100, The technology uf 2100 4 Someone had altacy built this bridge 1000 years ago. The bridge ————. ‘fou can't always uepena on Martina, a 6 fm sure they nok ator you well I'm sure you — © Complete the sentence with the correct preposition. 1 Jam's made __out of __ fruit, This toy car was made an old shoe box ‘can't beteve nis music is made computer, {you want a perfet pay avroplane, i must be made ‘Windows in a plane are maria 2 3 4 scissors and glue. 5 6 Allour clothes are made ap Special glass, su they GoM break easily {cal woo! and __lacal peopl. Now go back to p.73TA too / enough; so / such (© ton and enough ‘Wie use (ov and nol enough fo explain problems, when something Is more than the right amount or ls than the right aunt (O11, there are tow enany people and there ist enough food! What's everyheiy ening a eat? We often use enough ta tll somebody not to worry ‘Don't wory. We've got enough food. | Lough os of food this morning We use adiactive + eannugh ane annugh = noun Iwore nan ine night mount | ne ngnt amount Less than tne rgnt amount Wi auctives Jes to0 warm © pay tennis. 1 warm enougn ogo ist warm enough to neve tho bosch 2 pienia With counlablenours There ave ta many pevte Ther ae anough cle for | There aren't nough people {cont see anything gare of vl al fora game of ot. ‘With uncountable nouns | I spond tao much tne in have enough time fo bake There isn enough ime fo internet chat rooms. a cake. 80 shopping. , aa a = Tip we can use such a+ noun to express a postive or negative ] Tip. After t00 and enough, we often use fo-+ ‘opinion: snnnive srs sue apy sname you msset tne begunng(= 1m So sorry Sac.) 1 a0 lato to walk hoe but I don't hove enough |_| Youve such a geniu - Your co covet | money tpayratac, |_| Te meal was such 2 wast of money? re 115 aluays sucha pleasure to ak to you We use soand such to draw attention to the extreme XRD quality of something. We can usa sobfore an Aer so /such, we often use a thot claus: adjective and suct before adjactive + noun, ‘twas such a nice place that we decided to stay another week. ‘20+ adjective: My are you s happy? why ore cided to slay because it was extremely rice) you 3s happy ws you ae”) J ale soc food tat fn 1+ such 4 a /an 4 adjective « singular noun. i such 2 beautiful day! (= i's 2 very beauntul ay) ‘© such + adjective + plural noun: Theyre eueh ‘avenuly pepe 7B Causative have / get ‘We use the structure have / e+ object + pas patciple to tak about things that we arrange or pay for but dont actualy do ourselves, Have is slighty more formal than get om have! eet | Obit | Poot prtcile Thevre ana | their ihon | pointed | When are you going to get |Your hair cut? | ree tuad | mycar | tet She wants to have ‘her book | published | \Wic can mention the agent (the person who di the action) after byt She had her cess mace ay atop designer. oma ae @ tp We use renexve pronoun (eg. mse, hese, curses) tocmphosze that we tan arrange or py or comebody oe tran sometie: Tad it ey oor dare ut pe resp at soll mse ‘We can use the structure have + somthing + past participle to talk about experiences that are caused by ‘thor people. These experiences are usually negative: ‘He had his phone stolen. (= He experienced the situation ‘whore somabody stole his phone) ‘We can use the structure get + something + past particle to focus onthe end results of an activity rather than the activity set | don't care how vou doit just eet this work done! (Girish it or pay for somebody to finish it) i.Grammar Focus” 7A too / enough; so / such a Complete the sentences wth ne plvave ftom the €. Rewrite the second sentence s that I mans the same as box in each spare. Use each phrase twice. the first. Use the words in brackets and so, suci, lov or poeliielelnraabacntaisian enous ‘enough too too many too much 1 They went by plane because they're rich. (that) 1 Se spats quteaucny bt she makes scomary YTS went by poe akan. Ite. that we didn't sce you. 2 Onno. wenaventgx—__mik Canyougo gS tale dt ce Ate Poe a Sore He isn't, be a doctor. 3 Ineyrence crn tut teak ace, Meet dt, 4 Wo wand ogo, bl wan cal {aera 5 They spend —____time watching TV. It's not > That player's so gond that he lays for his national foam. (auch) Lae - He's __he plays for his national team, a pole nome 8 ed 6 vas sacha sins she al ty a cal ho pole. 0) 7 don sl lartowale The situain aya ca te police a SUSRN pio cded re moet rea ‘was talking at the same time and they couldn't make 4 D Now g0 back to p.81 tony decisions, b Match the sentence halves. (1 They're so CT i was suet a [5 Yourwe read that book so many (5) she wrote her complaint in such a (5) There was sa much (theyre sucn times that you must know every word by now. way that we thought she was being kind. ice people thal sure you'l ke them! fring film that wo lat halfway through. lazy that ty rever do any homework. fond that we couldn't eat it al 7B Causative have/get ‘a Match the sentences with reasons A-C for using causative have/eet, “Hove you hd your har done? I ook oven [1 My boss isnt very good at getting his team motivated, od my heat tne ey mes 1 dot wan fine agin (| need tet my are cherkod ean eae sey et “| Miyreiantours hd theca stolen ast week (51 ust want get this wrk done quiely eo san relex again {bad my portal painted by 8 wonder artist. CJ Last time | went to the centist I had to have two teeth taken ‘oul, AA The subject arrangoe or paye for sometauy ty do something, The subject las a bad expenence caused by sameone alsa The speaker focises on the and resuit rather than the activly set wvouaone b_ Rewrite the phrases in bold with causative have/gct. Don't include ‘the words in brackets. 1m going to (pay s4) to clean my fat. 2 (arrange tor sb) to install the new programs, 2 Can you try to finch the project a> yuivhly 8s possibie? 4 (sb) stole my email password last week 5 Robert, would you like to start the meeting? ‘We reanly neea to tay the flat ~ it's sich a mess, GB Now go back to p.848A First and second conditionals (©IBEA Wie can use bath frst conitonals and second conuitonals to talk We often use other past present tensos in the ifclouse: about future onsite. {fst finshed sour fest and you're wating to leave you should come oy desk The ts condos soso a The ts. cotoal escorts posse or ey ue evens and te We canal use mperatvesin he msi ase expected results of those events: " It you've finished your test and you're waiting to leave ie preset sine, ne isso vw 2 det Ir sauna lite vey moth Mb abl afl roca son We on use ter models than wl wun he main clause (e.g. mig, cout, can, eX.) The second contin: IF waren’ oling otro, | might go fr 3 ‘We use the second concitonal to talk about imagined events or states and their consequences. They can be about the unreal present or unlikely = a Tau oe (lam sitteorey tied foro 1 pact simple, would \infsies one Mibe able co” ) (ume ie neat 19 mad Tor everytime Ive heard that. he a mili afford a ew car {ide amulonaire 1H) saved £50 overy month, I have enough fora new computer by the ‘end othe year. Tp we wee prrasewere you tose aden: {1c yo, wee boron 0 noch money (Tip We can se guia ted or wan ast conatona Serences 11136 he tomorom. oie el her my news 8B Third conditional; should have + past participle ((EXERA should bave + past participle Wie can use le structure should have + past participle to ericise other people's past actions You shouldnt have told ther about tho party I wanted itt be a surprise Third oond ‘We use the third conditional to talk abrust imagined past events or states and their consequences; MV arived five minutes carter, Fl have seen ie roblery. (But | atived after the robbery, so | didn" see ft.) ‘telause i Main clause i + pastpertect would + have past participle ‘you naan tora rie tne answer, I'd have checked othe internet | ‘ranere had teen wore ce, we woulde't have fad to furry. Tip Be careful mtn ots in the ifclause but would in the main clause. If known ead, Pd We can use past petect continuous inthe ifclaee We can also use might or could inthe main clause has 9 nasty accidont. f hadnt been wearing a hele, | might have been very badly hurt. (But | was wearing ‘helmet, so! wasnt badty hurt.) (CIEE Mixed conditionals ‘We combine couse from the second and the tid condtional to talk about past conditions wih a result in the resent, of present conditions wi a result in the pas. inclause Main else dus burglars hadn't damaged that painting ast year, ‘t would be worth a fortune now. i (Thre condita ~ unreal past) [Second conditional - unreal present] | IF ida’ have such a good relationship with ey family would have lof tho ity yoare ago [Second conditional - unreal present) [Third conaitional - unreal past) | 1408A First and second conditionals @ Complete the sentences with a first or a second conditional. 1. likely: Bo careful with my phone! If you —_loze (lose) t,|__tLbze (be) very any. 2 unlikely] somebody _ spoke _ (speak) to me ike thet, |_idbe (ve) realy anery. 3 [likely] it —_— (be) much cheaper if you (come) by bus. 4. Gikaly} Hf you advertising, your sales 5 (unlikely) I think you (study) abroad. 6 Iikaly) Tory —____ (not finish) work soon, he ‘nor be) nere on time, 7 unreal H you (lenow) how ta drive, 1 (ot have to drive you everywhere. 8 [advico) IF (be) you, 1 anything about this to Richy, 9 Likely] I'm sure they. tel them the truth, 10 [unroall She (not have) a uhanve uf getung that ob if she {not speak) English so well LL lkeyl It (aot rain) tomorrow snoring, | (walk) to work. (oot touch) that wine if {not epond) mors maney on (G0) down, (have) a great time if you (not say) (not be) anggy if you 12 [advico) | (be) you. 8B Third conditional; should have + past participle a Write sentences about each situation. Use the {nlrd conditional with the past pertect simple or continuous in the iFelauee, 1 I it take the exam hecause | didn't know about it 1 ave Laks Le ava if id knw abut Fy 2. They went tothe same university s0 thay met and fl in love " tt was raining so we took the metro, a 4 We didn't buy the picture because war We ee 5 You l't hear the phone because you were listening to 1 ees © My parents gare ine sume money so | Was able to buy a car. He 1 50 expensive ¢ Match the sentence halves. 1 C1 trwe'd had more time, 2 (_] I'm sure Walter would have lent vou some money 3 LI If you hadn't driven me home, 3 C] they bea et rener 5 C1 | wouldn't have bought so much food sl > if Gloria wasert so nice, dD Now go back to p.96 Grammar Focus b Look at the pictures, Write senterues using the rompts. Use the first or the second conditional. ty 1 Ok, 901 promise awe 2 Sorry. — i youBOpifyouwashmyear | tae youDup/ wasn /my love go dancing tonight? car) rot /have / so much work, b ES 3 —= 4 Watch out) — TEAL Fv buy fnew shoes) G1 fall / igh hat yay | oS) © OF course its nat workne! 3 Wow ~ just imagines (it otf work turn ton Lit/we /tina tat go ch © By Now go back to p.93 'b Write sentences about these situations using should have + past participle. Use the words in brackets 1 Oh no, theyre going tobe ate again. leawe home earlier] Jngy show nave lefbhomesarlen 2 The customer was rally rude (he /not speak tome ike thal 3 You've made tho alarm go of [nt ens that buon] 4 Thad no idea it was your birthday. (you ten mo 5 That car drove across the red light. i top] 6 ‘Sho filo hor criving test {sm / ake more diving lessons) I they sold ther at when prices wore sti high "still be atthe slaon row. 1 YoU tld me any four pooplo were coming, wo wouldn't have invited her to stay with us, We'd have done a bit mora sightseeing if you's asked him,JA Relative clauses (© Non- Thoy ached me whora lived. NOT Fheyaskectme whore ia tive. ‘Are you famous?” > They weren't sure it/ whether! was Tip With negatives use otto + infinitive or mot + gerund We acre atte £0 ‘He apologised for mot stopping at the red light. "150Grammar Focus QA Relative clauses 2 Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun. If no word is needed , put (-) 11 This is my bestfriend, Kim, "ve kro since we were liny, > There are three things | need to tall you about today's event. 3 Everybody congratulated the learn, —___hard work had won the contract. 4. The receptionist recammended the restaurant __ we ate. 9) We never wun! abuut mioriey unl the year we ought our first nouse. & Who are the penne arrived lato? 7 My job, —____| love, is also realy demanding. & They discrwered a treatment. had no side-effects. 9. | wish could move Ww a seat __ | cout see out of the window. 10 The singer, ___voice | hava loved all my life, seemed to be singing dcctly to me. b Correct une mistake in each sentence. © Rewrite the two sentences into one making all necessary changes 11 This is the book what | was telling you about. to punctuation and word order. Remember tu cut unnecessary ‘There's a new machine at the gym | think words. ‘you would really ike i. 1 The band didn't come on stage until nine otlack They ware supposed to 8 We're traveling to Dual, where I've always start at ight thir waited to vist 2 Thera company reunds passengers, The passonger rains are delayed 4 | was worrying ahout my luggage, thot Pe Hooked in all the places. thou night hiawe fe my phone thre, forgotten to weigh before we left 4 The idea worked won wll We came up with the iden tog 5 Chris, who his father owns the company, 5. Morocco s my favourite place fora hulday. We spent our honeymron alway works telly Nar, there. 6 ye finally had to replace my old car, t've G-The neighbours get back fom holiday lamorow. 'm ooking ater the rad since | passed my test neighbours! cat dB Now go back to p.106 9B Reported speech; reporting verbs {2 Look at the direct apeech in the lefl-lrand column, Complete the reported speech or thoughts in the right-hand column 1. “don't understand what you want. He tnime that hed understand wl wanted 2 ‘Hany can't ski? Ulitao 3. “You may fee alte sleepy after you take the tablets" “The doctor warmod hor that 4. “The exam wil be realy easy. Lassumet 5 Nu, | woo alk past te bank When I heard the alarm.’ The witness denied ‘We've heen hyngta cll you cince we heard the ems The Informed Us that 7 “Margaret won't be happy when she finds out I warned you "1 concn anen the door because I'd forgotten my key.” He aiscovered that Look at the questions from a job interview in the left-hand column. Complete the reported questions “What do you know about this company’? They started by asking me |ubat ines about the con pay. then oe tane any exerence ofthis sot of wet | they wanted throw” any experience hast of er They “Nowe fot can ou type?" even asked me $ —typal Then | had to explain ny | “Why di vou leave vour last jh los jolt Tine mart question was wen they asked? goog ‘Are you good at dealing with customers?” | dealing with cuisomes. They also wanted to know © team =| “Have you ever managed a team?” Aidt now wal tos By the end, | was sure "Yor the out Why have you applied for this jou? | © Complete the reported speech, thoughts and questions with one ar two words in each gap, Contractions (e.2. didn’t) count as one word. 1 "1 promise that Il be really careful \ promised tobe — veally ware 2 "You must explain what youre doing here,’ The guard ordered ‘explain what ws were duing there, 3. "Yes, OF. | ull sunnebuuy about the accident’ ‘Amanda admitted somebody about the accident ‘How did they find out” wondered haw found out 5‘ pay forthe meat ~ no discussion! Robert insisted {or the meal 6 ‘ll send you a postearl" Sam told send me a postcard 7 "We've really sory that we lost your orden They apologized —__our order. ‘OK, | can giva you the money? Patricia aereert te the money. dB Now gn hark top 108Fantenad Tioyem) 10A Past Modals of deduction (Sacete nie) eye ie We can use medal vers tn chow that we are making 3 deduction, not stating a fact. We use le madal verbs must, ‘may, might, could and can't + have-+ past participle to make deductions about the past Ora Deduction Meaning | | They are late rom fr certain that thy | are ate. They are never late. They must | believe they've got lost. | Ihave got ost | They may mig coud nave iw is possi | | ‘gone the wrong way. thoyve got at. They might not have four the ight street They cant have got ost They | | befeve they havn't got The opposite of musttor deductions is can’. have a satnaw hos Thy hover et bt eno | Aron rafting | WEAN ase may rt have ih at ave mi ave tnem coming up the sect ow | nave go iy caling them toe, They might not have gore ou (Ms _ = ' eS st ‘possible that they haven't gone out). 10B wishes and regrets @IEED Wen we make a Wish, we imagine an unre situation inthe past, present or future wisnes avout | We use would to make wishes about the | T wish it weve stan raining the future | future. Don't use would to make a wish about | , wis 2 better job but | haven't got enough Micki wiaviten ‘wish | could get a better job but | haven't got enough | ctpenence | [EF hd nro { et shin nt te od Wis aot | Wea ee pat po wis | wish had ne in fl wl esha re tne.) Menset | abut resent Wacanskn oko WES | jw ean sk Fecha beat reer | | eehereentatn cure, | STS ebook Fd, bat Wis abut | le ein recat mak wanes | wha eon 30 yt ch wes ey when [Mem | abate pes ‘toa snow ropa Q Tip To talk about something thal me see as realise, possible or ikely in the future use haps, no ws 1 hope you get bctcr soon, NOT tml er NEHNE ger Bete SOR, Twist. W ony. {any means the some ae wh... and we use in Uwe Se Way Tip Whon making wishes about |e / she i, we can use were instead of was. Were is peter norma! ngs, but in normal spoken Frais, both versions aa commen ‘only itware that spl. (Or. twas that simple) (CIBER stot haves post pce We use should have + pas! article to express _ fegeaatr om ps won use Tan iilieart ‘ny fal {shoul ave acked tho studied learnt eo atte tins (Ketel) 5 4 Chate ‘Then t could be rich 3 itr: Weis 9a) an XS 4 = aaGrammar Focus® 10A Past Modals of deduction Tick () the correct sentences. Correct the mistakes. 1 I said hello but he didn't reply. He mustn't have heard me. Oo can't have heard Sorry, | may nat have made myself clear w I can’t find my purse ... someone might stolen it QO | don't know who wrote the repo - it could had beon anybody. [-] “They can't have just disappeared! It's impossible! | might haven't been such a goad idea tn walk homa alone. — _) They look sad. They must love the match. H Wow! That's 2 nice car! It had to cost a fortune! h Complete the sentences with one of the phraces in the box and the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use some of the phrases twice, ‘must have may have can’t have might rot have 1A: We walkod al tho way home in the snow. B: Wow ~ that _musthave been (be) cold! 2 A; I think | aw Angela on the bus today. ts: No, t___ {be} Angela - she's an holiday in the mountain this weok. 2 As Leaw a boauifl ewoator in the shop but | uid buy II's probably t00 late no, B: Maybe, but les 20 back and cherk — they {ool ity 4c That's strange. My bicycle tyre's fat. Huw uid that happen? B: I'm not sure. You (rice) over some broken glass or something, 5A: Where have al the sandwiches gone? The plate’s empty: B; Tom ___ (eal) thern He was the only parcon who came into this room al day 6 A: I think Ive broken my arm ~ it really hurts B: I don't know .. you (break) it. 'm not an expert, but it doesnt look broken, © B Now Ro back to p.11/ 1MB wishes and regrets @ Match the sentence halves, 1 LJ Hmm... dont ike the look of those dark clouds. @ fon twere that smoke. 2 () | reaity regret leaving my ofa job, 'b Thope nothing has happened to therm, 3 [5] twas eure the bank would lend us the murs i we fe If afew forms. CI WSN YOU'D Kept quiet about it 45] tes reat annoying that you told me the match result. wish you'd help outa bit more. 5 LJ I don't know why they're so late. © Ihope it doesn't rain, 6 L] | realty miss you. only it weron't so expensive! 7.) You never do any caning around the house. wh | hadn't resigned from it & 1 It 100k tke a lovely place fora holiday. 1 tony I could sce you again b Write wisites ur topes for each of these situations. Use If only, J wish oF ! hope 1 Why didnt you remind us? tEonly wid pended 2 | don't know what todo. 2. IF do this course, | might be abe tu speak norean next vear. 4. They didn't warn us in advance, unfortunatly, Ps ee 5 Maybe Rebecca will help me. 6 I'm angry that they cancelled the fii. OO © Write sentences about these situations using should have + past participle. Use the words in brackets. 41 Of no, wete going to be late. leave home eartior! 9 Hee! tebe ater running so tar, [stop earlier) Li regret buying nat new bag. It was too expensive. [not buy it) = Lee 4 really wanted Wo see that new fim and newts too ate eS eee ea [go tothe cinema yestarday] ee dB Now go back to 0.120