Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Carotenoides
Carotenoides
1 2 2
1 2
Department of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung Marine University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Aquaculture,
National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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Carotenoid type None (C0) Astaxanthin (AX) b-carotene (BC) 1/2 AX + 1/2 BC (MX)
Diet notation C0 AX-10 AX-20 AX-40 BC-10 BC-20 BC-40 MX-10 MX-20 MX-40
Proximate analysis
Crude protein (g kg)1) 303.5 307.6 304.4 308.1 303.8 304.4 304.5 305.6 301.2 305.8
Crude fat (g kg)1) 54 56.8 54.4 55.4 55.8 57.4 58.0 52.3 50.4 54.7
Ash (g kg)1) 94.8 92.8 93.5 92.6 93.4 93.5 92.7 93.4 92.5 93.6
Moisture (g kg)1) 132.8 134.7 132.0 134.3 135.0 134.7 134.0 134.7 133.0 134.7
NFE + CF1 (g kg)1) 409.3 398.5 397.5 402.5 399.5 405.1 401.4 403.0 404.7 403.5
Astaxanthin (mg kg)1) 16 108.6 225.5 416.7 16 16 16 48 12.7 217.4
b-carotene(mg kg)1) 22 22 22 22 120.4 234.2 422.2 63 10.8 20.8
1
Nitrogen-free extracts and crude fibre.
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Under the same factor, values with different superscript are significantly different (P £ 0.05).
Probability of significance for * is 0.01 < P £ 0.05.
1
Diets were supplemented with astaxanthin and/or b-carotene at various concentration.
2
Fish were stressed by 15 mg L)1 TAN for 72 h.
3
Body astaxanthin content (mg kg)1).
4
Total antioxidative status (mmol L)1serum).
5
Superoxide dismutase (U mg)1 protein).
6
Glutathione peroxidase (U mg)1 protein).
7
Alanine transaminase (U mg)1 protein).
8
Aspartate transaminase (U mg)1 protein).
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Control AX MX BC 10 20 40 T·C
3 a a b y y x
AX 5.22 (1.12) 19.10 (2.96) 20.24 (3.62) 15.08 (1.17) 16.01 (1.93) 17.79 (2.49) 20.61 (3.96) ns
TAS4 1.17 (0.02) 1.21a (0.04) 1.25a (0.04) 1.21a (0.07) 1.23x (0.05) 1.21x (0.06) 1.23x (0.05) ns
SOD5 8.71 (1.65) 1.77b (0.10) 2.68b (0.56) 4.32a (1.41) 4.30x (1.37) 2.50y (1.94) 1.99y (1.49) ns
GPx6 95.30 (7.92) 49.53a (12.15) 40.68a (1.70) 50.45a (26.62) 60.75x (15.94) 48.22xy (19.12) 31.70y (4.49) ns
ALT7 9.35 (0.78) 4.51a (1.17) 4.63a (2.30) 4.58a (2.32) 6.10x (1.14) 4.11xy (1.53) 3.52y (1.28) *
AST8 31.15 (2.33) 11.18a (7.11) 9.92a (7.96) 12.86a (7.77) 20.03x (3.90) 9.41y (3.30) 4.52z (1.58) *
Under the same factor, values without a common superscript are significantly different (P £ 0.05).
Probability of significance for * is 0.01 < P £ 0.05.
1
AX-astaxanthin, BC-b-carotene, MX- mix of half AX and BC.
2
Total concentration of the supplement carotenoid (mg kg)1).
3
Body astaxanthin content (mg kg)1).
4
Total antioxidative Status (mmol L)1serum).
5
Superoxide dismutase (U mg)1 protein).
6
Glutathione peroxidase (U mg)1 protein).
7
Alanine transaminase (U mg)1 protein).
8
Aspartate transaminase (U mg)1 protein).
Table 2 presents the body AX content and activities of Table 4 The correlation matrix among body astaxanthin content
serum antioxidation enzymes of control and CD-fed fish and activities of five serum antioxidation enzymes under (a) normal
exposed to normal and ammonia-stressed environment. The environment and (b) high ammonia-stressed environment. The cor-
CD-fed fish had three times higher body AX content and relation between two parameters is shown by correlation coefficient
(r) value and significant level
lower SOD, GPx, ALT and AST activities than the control
fish. There were no differences in TAS between two groups of (a) SOD1 GPx2 ALT3 AST4 AX5
fish. Ammonia stress did not affect fishÕs body AX content TAS6 ns ns ns ns 0.4935*
but resulted in higher activities of all serum antioxidation SOD 0.5925** ns 0.6102** )0.6738**
GPx 0.7015** 0.5861** )0.8257***
enzymes except ALT. There was significant interaction effect
ALT 0.7908*** )0.6145**
of dietary carotenoid supplement and ammonia stress on AST )0.6326**
fishÕs SOD and GPx.
(b) SOD GPx ALT AST AX
Table 3 presents the body AX content and activities of
serum antioxidation enzymes in fish-fed diets supplemented TAS )0.4931* ns ns ns ns
SOD 0.7168** 0.6650** 0.8192*** )0.8010***
with various types and concentrations of CD after high GPx 0.7773*** 0.8476*** )0.7362**
ammonia stress. Dietary CD type only affected body AX ALT 0.8322*** )0.6494**
content and SOD. BC-fed fish had lower body AX content AST )0.8116***
and higher SOD than MX- and AX-fed fish. After high Probabilities of significance are ns, P ‡ 0.05; *, 0.01 < P £ 0.05;
ammonia stress, body AX content of the fish fed 40 mg kg)1 **, 0.0001 < P £ 0.01 and ***, P £ 0.0001.
1
Superoxide dismutase (U mg)1 protein).
CD was higher than those fed 20 and 10 mg kg)1 CD 2
Glutathione peroxidase (U mg)1 protein).
(referred hereafter as 40-, 20-, and 10-fish). Decreasing trends 3
Alanine transaminase (U mg)1 protein).
in SOD, GPx, ALT and AST activities with increasing die- 4
Aspartate transaminase (U mg)1 protein).
tary CD concentration were also observed. The descending
5
Body astaxanthin content (mg kg)1).
6
Total antioxidative status (mmol L)1serum).
orders were 10-fish > (20-fish = 40-fish) for SOD, 10-
fish ‡ 20-fish ‡ 40-fish for GPx, 10-fish ‡ 20-fish ‡ 40-fish
for ALT and 10-fish > 20-fish > 40-fish for AST. Dietary under normal environment (Table 4). Among those
CD type and concentration had interaction effects on ALT correlations, body AX content had negative correlations with
and AST, but not on body AX content, TAS, SOD and GPx. SOD, GPx, ALT and AST. TAS positively correlated with
Under either normal or high ammonia-stressed environ- body AX content under normal environment and nega-
ment, close correlations among body AX content, SOD, GPx, tively correlated with SOD under high ammonia-stressed
ALT and AST were observed except between SOD and ALT environment.
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