Hydraulic Pumps

Hydraulic Pumps,
Motors and Actuators
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What is a pump?
 Pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or

reciprocates to move fluid from one place to another.
 It converts Prime mover energy in to mechanical

energy , then mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy ( flow, pressure ).
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Pump
Need Of a Pump
 Used to pump a liquid from lower pressure area to a

High pressure area.
 To increase Flow rate.
 To move liquid from lower elevation to higher

elevation.
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Rotodynamic & Positive Displacement Pumps
Concept:
• Classification of Pump:
– Positive Displacement Pump
– Non Positive Displacement Pump
• Positive Displacement Pump (PDP):
– The displacement is positive, means irrespective of increase
in pressure the pump discharge remains same.
– As hydraulic systems have to develop large amount of force,
only PDP can be used to deliver discharge under high
pressure.
– Rotary pump
– Reciprocating pump.
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Concept:
• Non Positive Displacement Pump (NPDP):
– Discharge does not remain constant.
– With increase in pressure discharge reduces and at
maximum pressure it is becomes zero.
– Oil can not be deliver by pump at high pressure.
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Static & Dynamic Head
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Pump Performance Characterstics
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PUMPS
Based on Based on Based on NO. Based on TYPE OF

PUMPING ACTION ORIENTATION OF STAGES SHAFT SEALING
GLAND MECHANICAL
VERTICAL HORIZONTAL PACKING SEAL
POSTIVE DYNAMIC SINGLE STAGE MULTI STAGE Based on Speed

DISPLACEMENT Variability
CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL Based on Based on

Fixed Variable PORTABILITY Location
ROTARY RECIPROCATING Speed speed
Based on
PORTABLE (Wilden, FIXED Prime
DIAPHRAGM PISTON/PLUNGER Oil Transfer etc.) mover
GEAR SCREW
ENGINE ROOM CARGO SPACE OTHER SPACES
Electric Steam Steam Reciprocating Diesel Compressed Hydraulic

Motor Turbine Mechanism Engine Air Motor@Autogurukul
Different types of pump
Pumps
Hydrostatic or
Hydro
positive
Dynamic
displacement pump
Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial
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Reciprocating Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive Positive

Displacement Pump
Displacement Pumps
Rotary Reciprocating
Diaphragm Piston Plunger
Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

pump pump pump pump pump pump
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Concept:
• PDP can pump oil at high pressure,
– The moving component carries the liquid
– As moving component moves, liquid has to move with it.
– In NPDP, the high speed moving component gives off its
kinetic energy to the liquid and with the KE it moves from
inlet to outlet.
– In case of high pressure, opposing pressure at outlet is more
due to that liquid can not move and starts rotating within the
casing.
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Hydrostatic or Positive Displacement Pump
Working Principle:
 A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by
trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that
trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
 Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding

cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the
discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity
on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the
discharge as the cavity collapses
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Positive Displacement Pump
 For each pump revolution
• Fixed amount of liquid taken from one end
• Positively discharged at other end
• a specific amount of fluid passes through the pump for each
rotation
 If pipe blocked
• Pressure rises
• Can damage pump
• In order to avoid this happening, Relief valve is required
 Used for pumping fluids other than water
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Positive Displacement Pump
Positive Displacement pumps apply pressure directly to the liquid
by a reciprocating piston, or by rotating members.
Uses:
• can handle shear sensitive liquid.
• Use for high pressure application
• Use for variable viscosity applications.
Different Types
1. Reciprocating pump
2. Rotary pump
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Slip
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Losses in Positive Displacement Pump
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Concept:
• Reasons for preferring Rotary pump,
– Rate of flow remains constant.
– No fluctuating loads so no need of flywheel.
– Discharge is smooth and not pulsating.
– Very less vibration and noise. No need of strong foundation.
– Due to lesser parts, pumps are very compact.
– Cost is comparatively less.
– Easy maintenance and less maintenance cost.
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Hydrostatic or Positive Displacement Pump
Working Principle:
 A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by
trapping a fixed amount and forcing (displacing) that
trapped volume into the discharge pipe.
 Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding

cavity on the suction side and a decreasing cavity on the
discharge side. Liquid flows into the pump as the cavity
on the suction side expands and the liquid flows out of the
discharge as the cavity collapses
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Different Types Of Positive Displacement Pump
Positive
Displacement Pump

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Classification of Rotary Pumps :
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Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps
The working of all the rotary type positive displacement
pumps are based on the same principle, i.e pumping of the liquid
with the help of rotating elements. The rotating elements can be
gears, screws, vanes or cam, etc.
The different types are
1. Gear pump
2. Lobe pump
3. Screw pump
4. Cam pump
5. Vane pump
6. Peristaltic pump
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1.Gear pump
A gear pump uses the meshing and De-meshing of gears
to pump fluid by displacement. They are one of the most common
types of pump for hydraulic fluid power applications. There are
two types of gear pumps, they are
1. External gear pump

2. Internal gear pump
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1.1 External Gear pump
External gear pump

uses two identical gears
rotating against each other.
one gear is driven by a motor
and it in turn drives the other
gear. Each gear is supported
by a shaft with bearings on
both sides of the gear.
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External Gear Pump :
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 As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding
volume on the inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into
the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.
 Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the
pockets between the teeth and the casing -- it does not
pass between the gears.
 Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the
outlet port under pressure.
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1.1External Gear pump
ADVANTAGES
 High speed
 High pressure
 No overhung bearing loads
 Relatively quiet operation
 Design accommodates wide variety of material
 Low weight
 Relatively high working pressures
 Wide range of speeds
 Wide temperature and viscosity range (i.e. flexibility)
 Low cost
DISADVANTAGES
 Four bushings in liquid area
 No solids allowed
 Fixed End Clearances
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APPLICATIONS
 Various fuel oils and lube oils
 Chemical additive and polymer metering
 Chemical mixing and blending (double pump)
 Industrial and mobile hydraulic applications (log splitters, lifts,
etc.)
 Acids and caustic (stainless steel or composite construction)
 Low volume transfer or application
 Lubrication pumps in machine tools
 Fluid power transfer units and oil pumps in engines
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1.2 Internal gear pump

Internal gear pumps are
primarily used in non-mobile
hydraulics (e.g. machines for
plastics and machine tools,
presses, etc.) and in vehicles
that operate in an enclosed
space (electric fork-lifts, etc.).
The internal gear pump is
exceptionally versatile and also
capable of handling thick
fluids.
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 Liquid enters the suction port between the rotor (large exterior gear)
and idler (small interior gear) teeth. The arrows indicate the direction
of the pump and liquid.
 Liquid travels through the pump between the teeth of the "gear-
within-a-gear" principle. The crescent shape divides the liquid and
acts as a seal between the suction and discharge ports.
 The pump head is now nearly flooded, just prior to forcing the liquid
out of the discharge port. Intermeshing gears of the idler and rotor
form locked pockets for the liquid which assures volume control.
 Rotor and idler teeth mesh completely to form a seal equidistant
from the discharge and suction ports. This seal forces the liquid out
of the discharge port
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Internal Gear Pump :
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Generated Rotor Pump :
A gerotor is a positive displacement pump. The name gerotor is derived
from "generated rotor". A gerotor unit consists of an inner and outer rotor.
The inner rotor has n teeth, while the outer rotor has n+1 teeth;
with n defined as a natural number greater than or equal to 2. The axis of
the inner rotor is offset from the axis of the outer rotor and both rotors
rotate on their respective axes. The geometry of the two rotors partitions
the volume between them into n different dynamically-changing volumes.
During the assembly's rotation cycle, each of these volumes changes
continuously, so any given volume first increases, and then decreases. An
increase creates a vacuum. This vacuum creates suction, and hence, this
part of the cycle is where the inlet is located. As a volume
decreases compression occurs. During this compression
period, fluids can be pumped, or, if they are gaseous fluids, compressed.
Gerotor pumps are generally designed using a trochoidal inner rotor and
an outer rotor formed by a circle with intersecting circular arcs.
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Generated Rotor Pump :
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• ADVANTAGES
 This pump can transport liquids of any viscosity
 Can work at even high and low temperatures.
 Only two moving parts
 Can create strong vacuum
 Can be used as self vacuum pump for air and gases
 Non-pulsating discharge
 Excellent for high-viscosity liquids
 Good suction and NPSH
 Constant and even discharge regardless of pressure conditions
 Operates well in either direction
 Single adjustable end clearance
 Easy to maintain
 Flexible design offers application customization @Autogurukul

DISADVANTAGES
Usually requires moderate speeds
Medium pressure limitations
One bearing runs in the product pumped
Overhung load on shaft bearing
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APPLICATIONS
 All varieties of fuel oil, Cooking oil and lube oil
 Resins and Polymers
 Alcohols and solvents
 Asphalt, Bitumen, and Tar
 Polyurethane foam (Isocyanate and polyol)
 Food products such as corn syrup, chocolate, and peanut butter
 Paint, inks, and pigments
 Soaps and surfactants
 Glycol
 Plastics, oil soap liquid, phenol resin, formalin, polycarbonate
resin, acrylics, liquid calcium, inks, latex compounds, high
viscosity adhesives, cleansers, hot melt, epoxy resin.
 LPG, benzene, gasoline, alcohol, liquid Freon, heavy oils, coal
tar, pitches, greases, asphalt, Bitumen acid pitch.
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2.Screw pump
A screw pump is a
positivedisplacement pump
that use one or several screws
to move fluids or solids along
the screw(s) axis. In its
simplest form the (Archimedes'
screw pump), a single screw
rotates in a cylindrical cavity,
thereby moving the material
along the screw's spindle. This
ancient construction is still
used in many low- tech
applications, such as irrigation
systems and in agricultural
machinery for transporting
grain and other solids.
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Screw Pump :
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2.Screw pump
ADVANTAGES
 Slow Speed, Simple and Rugged design
 Pumps raw water with heavy solids and floating debris
 No collection sump required = minimum head
 'Gentle handling' of biological flock
 Long lifetime ( > 20-40 years)
 Pump capacity is self-regulating with incoming level
 Easy maintenance (no 'high skilled' staff required)
 Constant high efficiency with variable capacity
 Can run without water
 Screw pumps allow a wide range of flows and pressures
 They can also accommodate a wide range of liquids and viscosities
 Screw pumps have high speed capability and this allows the freedom of
driver selection
 All the screw pumps are Self-priming which allows them to have good
suction characteristics
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2.Screw pump
DISADVANTAGES
 Cost of manufacturing is high because of close
tolerances and running clearances
 Any changes in the viscosity of the fluid results in high
fluctuations in the
performance.
 A screw pump with high pressure capability will require
high pumping elements which increases the overall size of
the pump.
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Rotary
RotaryPositive
PositiveDisplacement
DisplacementPumps
Pumps
2.Screw pump
APPLICATIONS
 chemical-processing
 liquid delivery
 marine
 biotechnology
 pharmaceutical
 food, dairy, and beverage processing.
 fuel-injection
 oil burners
 lubrication
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3.Lobe pump
Lobe pumps are similar
to external gear pumps in
operation in that fluid flows
around the interior of the
casing. Unlike external gear
pumps, however, the lobes do
not make contact. Lobe contact
is prevented by external timing
gears located in the gearbox.
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Lobe Pump :
44
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3.Lobe pump
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Pass medium solids  Requires timing gears
 No metal-to-metal contact  Requires two seals
 Reduced lift with thin
 Long term dry run (with
liquids
lubrication to seals)
 Non-pulsating discharge
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3.Lobe pump
APPLICATIONS
 Polymers
 Paper coatings
 Soaps and surfactants
 Paints and dyes
 Rubber and adhesives
 Pharmaceuticals
 Food applications
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4.Cam pump
The main part of the pump is a cam which is mounted on
a rotating shaft that rotates in a cylindrical casing. The cam is
designed in such a way that it always maintains contact with the
walls of the casing as it rotates. A spring loaded blade acts as the
cam follower and moves in an accurately machined slot in the
casing. This blade separates suction and delivery sides of the
pump. Inlet and outlet ports are placed on either sides of this
blade. The discharge from the pump is continuous. It also
eliminates the crank and connecting rod mechanisms and delivers
a smooth operation.
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4.Cam pump
(a) The water is sucked in during the counter clockwise rotation of the cam.
(b) The apex of the cam is at top, displacing the follower blade to maximum.
At current position, the whole cavity is filled completely by water. Now
suction process is complete.
(c) further advancement of the cam pushes the water out via the outlet port,
which is connected to the delivery pipe.
(a) (b) (c)

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4.Cam pump
ADVANTAGES
 The pump operates smoothly.
 It has less noise and vibration.
 The delivery is at a constant rate.
 The suction and discharge happens simultaneously.
 The absence of unidirectional valves and other linkages like
crank and connecting rods reduce the complexity and floor
space required.
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4.Cam pump
DISADVANTAGES
 The discharge was found to be decreasing with increase of
head due to the increase of leakage around the cam with
increase in pressure.
 The tolerances are not close enough to seal the leakages.
 There is excessive leakage through the rectangular groove
provided for the movement of the follower blade, at high
pressures.
 The volumetric efficiency was also found to be decreasing with
increase of head.
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5.Vane pump
A rotary vane pump is a
positive-displacement pump
that consists of vanes mounted
to a rotor that rotates inside of a
cavity. In some cases these
vanes can be variable length
and/or tensioned to maintain
contact with the walls as the
pump rotates.
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• 5.Vane pump
• ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
 Handles thin liquids at
 Can have two stuffing boxes
relatively higher pressures
 Complex housing and many
 Compensates for wear
parts
• through vane extension  Not suitable for high
 Sometimes preferred for pressures
solvents, LPG  Not suitable for high viscosity
 Can run dry for short periods  Not good with abrasives
 Can have one seal or stuffing
• box
 Develops good vacuum
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Unbalanced Vane Pump :
53
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1.4 Radial piston pump
ADVANTAGES
 high efficiency
 high pressure (up to 1,000 bar)
 low flow and pressure ripple (due
to the small dead volume in the
workspace of the pumping piston)
 low noise level
 very high load at lowest speed due
to the hydrostatically balanced
parts possible
 no axial internal forces at the drive
shaft bearing
Inside impinged radial piston pump
 high reliability
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Rotating Cylinder Radial Piston Pump :
55
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Variable Displacement Vane Pump :
56
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Balanced Vane Pump :
57
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5.Vane pump
APPLICATIONS
 Aerosol and Propellants
 Aviation Service - Fuel Transfer, Deicing
 Auto Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants
 Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3
 LPG Cylinder Filling
 Alcohols
 Refrigeration – Freons, Ammonia
 Solvents
 Aqueous solutions
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6.Peristaltic pump
A peristaltic pump is a
type of positive displacement
pump used for pumping a
variety of fluids. The fluid is
contained within a flexible
tube fitted inside a circular
pump casing. A rotor with a
number of "rollers", "shoes",
"wipers", or "lobes" attached to
the external circumference of
the rotor compresses the
flexible tube. As the rotor turns,
the part of the tube under
compression is pinched closed
(or "occludes") thus forcing the
fluid to be pumped to move
through the tube.
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6.Peristaltic pump
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6.Peristaltic pump
ADVANTAGES
 No contamination. Because the only part of the pump in
contact with the fluid being pumped is the interior of the tube,
it is easy to sterilize and clean the inside surfaces of the pump.
 Low maintenance needs. Their lack of valves, seals
and glands makes them comparatively inexpensive to maintain.
 They are able to handle slurries, viscous, shear-sensitive and
aggressive fluids.
 Pump design prevents backflow and syphoning without valves
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6.Peristaltic pump
DISADVANTAGES
 The flexible tubing will tend to degrade with time and require
periodic replacement.
 The flow is pulsed, particularly at low rotational speeds.
Therefore, these pumps are less suitable where a smooth
consistent flow is required.
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6.Peristaltic pump
APPLICATIONS
 Medicine
 Dialysis machines
 Open-heart bypass pump machines
 Medical infusion pumps
 Testing and research
 Auto Analyzer
 Analytical chemistry experiments
 Carbon monoxide monitors
 Media dispensers
 Agriculture
 'Sapsucker' pumps to extract maple tree sap
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6.Peristaltic pump
APPLICATIONS
 Food manufacturing and sales
 Liquid food fountains
 Beverage dispensing
 Food-service Washing Machine fluid pump
 Chemical handling
 Printing, paint and pigments
 Pharmaceutical production
 Dosing systems for dishwasher and laundry chemicals
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6.Peristaltic pump
APPLICATIONS
 Engineering and manufacturing
 Concrete pump
 Pulp and paper plants
 Minimum quantity lubrication
 Water and Waste
 Chemical treatment in water purification plant
 Sewage sludge
 Aquariums, particularly calcium reactors
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Different Types Of Positive Displacement Pump
Positive
Displacement Pump

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Reciprocating
Positive Positive
Displacement Pump
Displacement Pumps

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 Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more

oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms),
while valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.
 Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder,

to in some cases quad (four) cylinders, or more. Many
reciprocating-type pumps are duplex (two) or triplex (three)
cylinder. They can be either single-acting with suction during
one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other,
or double-acting with suction and discharge in both directions.
The pumps can be powered manually, by air or steam, or by a
belt driven by an engine.
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1.Piston pump
A piston pump is a type of positive displacement
pump where the high-pressure seal reciprocates with the
piston. Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or
compress gases.
Types
1. Lift pump
2. Force pump
3. Axial piston pump
4. Radial piston pump
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1.1 Lift pump
In a lift pump, the
upstroke of the piston draws
water, through a valve, into the
lower part of the cylinder. On
the down stroke, water passes
through valves, set in the
piston, into the upper part of
the cylinder. On the next
upstroke, water is discharged
from the upper part of the
cylinder via a spout.
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1.2 Force pump
In a force pump,
the upstroke of the
piston draws water,
through a valve, into
the cylinder. On the
down stroke, the
water is discharged,
through a valve, into
the outlet pipe. And this
has the same mode of
application as a lift
pump.
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1.3 Axial Piston Pump
An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump

that has a number of pistons arranged in a circular array within
a housing which is commonly referred to as a cylinder
block, rotor or barrel. This cylinder block is driven to rotate
about its axis of symmetry by an integral shaft that is, more or
less, aligned with the pumping pistons (usually parallel but not
necessarily).
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Straight Axis Piston Pump :
75
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76
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77
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78
79
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80
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Bent Axis Piston Pump :
81
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ADVANTAGES
 high efficiency
 high pressure
 low noise level
 very high load at lowest speed due to the hydrostatically
balanced parts
possible
 high reliability
DISADVANTAGES
 Piston pumps cost more per unit to run compared to
centrifugal and roller pumps.
 The mechanical parts are prone to wear , so the maintenance
costs can be
high.
 Piston pumps are heavy due to their large
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COMPATIBILITY
Due to the hydrostatically balanced parts it is possible
to use the pump with various hydraulic fluids like
 Mineral oil
 Biodegradable oil
 HFA (oil in water)
 HFC (water-glycol)
 HFD (synthetic ester) or cutting emulsion
APPLICATION
 automotive sector (e.g., automatic transmission, hydraulic
suspension control in
upper-class cars)
 hydraulic systems of jet aircraft, being gear-driven off of the
turbine engine's main shaft
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A radial piston pump
is a form of hydraulic pump.
The working pistons extend in
a radial direction
symmetrically around the
drive shaft, in contrast to
the axial piston pump.
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@Autogurukul
 The stroke of each piston is
caused by an eccentric drive
shaft or an external eccentric
tappet.
 When filling the workspace
of the pumping pistons from
"inside" (e.g., over a hollow
shaft) it is called an inside
impinged radial piston pump.
If the workspace is filled
from "outside" it's called
an outside impinged radial
piston pump. Outside impinged radial piston pump
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Stationary Cylinder Radial Piston Pump :
87
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DISADVANTAGES
 A disadvantage are the bigger radial dimensions in comparison to
the axial piston pump, but it could be compensated with the shorter
construction in axial direction.
COMPATIBILITY
Due to the hydrostatically balanced parts it is possible to use
the pump with various hydraulic fluids like
 Mineral oil
 Biodegradable oil
 HFA (oil in water)
 HFC (water-glycol)
 HFD (synthetic ester) or cutting emulsion.
@Autogurukul
APPLICATIONS
 Radial piston pumps are used in applications that involve high
pressures (operating pressures above 400 bar and up to 700 bar),
such as presses, machines for processing plastic and machine tools
that clamp hydraulics. Radial piston pumps are the only pumps
capable of working satisfactorily at such high pressures, even under
continuous operation
 machine tools (e.g., displace of cutting emulsion, supply for
hydraulic equipment like cylinders)
 high pressure units (HPU) (e.g., for overload protection of presses)
 test rigs
 automotive sector (e.g., automatic transmission, hydraulic
suspension control in upper-class cars)
 plastic- and powder injection molding
 wind energy
 Oil industry
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2.Diaphragm Pump
A diaphragm pump (also
known as a Membrane pump, Air
Operated Double Diaphragm
Pump (AODD) or Pneumatic
Diaphragm Pump) is a positive
displacement pump that uses a
combination of the reciprocating
action of a rubber, thermoplastic
or Teflon diaphragm and suitable
valves on either side of the
diaphragm (check valve, butterfly
valves, flap valves, or any other
form of shut-off valves) to pump
a fluid.
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2.Diaphragm Pump
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2.Diaphragm Pump
WORKING
Suction stroke
To fill the pump cavity, positive
suction head (inlet pressure) is required.
When inlet valve A is lifted by the
pressure of the suction head, the slurry
completely fills the pump cavity. The
diaphragm returns to its normal convex
position and the air exhausts. Discharge
valve B, seated by line pressure, prevents
slurry from returning to the pump cavity.
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2.Diaphragm Pump
WORKING
Discharge stroke
Compressed air is admitted to
the chamber above the diaphragm.
The diaphragm descends, gradually
increasing the pressure in the pump
cavity. This in turn closes inlet
valve A and causes discharge valve
B to open when the line pressure is
exceeded. Further movement of the
diaphragm displaces the slurry from
the pump cavity.
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2.Diaphragm Pump
ADVANTAGES
 have good suction lift characteristics. They can handle sludge and
slurries with a relatively high amount of grit and solid content.
 Used for low pressure application like removing water from
trenches
 have good dry running characteristics.
 can be used to make artificial hearts.
 are used to make air pumps for the filters on small fish tanks.
 can be up to 97% efficient.
 have good self priming capabilities.
 can handle highly viscous liquids.
 Can handle tough corrosives, abrasives, temperatures to 200°F
and slurries containing up to 75% solids.
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2.Diaphragm Pump
DISADVANTAGES
 Most air diaphragm pumps require around 20 standard cubic-
feet per minute
and 100 psi of air intake to operate efficiently.
 Also, these types of pumps tend not to pump very accurately at

their bottom end. A functioning air diaphragm pump pulsates,
and a dampener must be fitted onto the pump to reduce
pulsing.
@Autogurukul
2.Diaphragm Pump
COMPATIBILITY
 Delicate crystal slurries
 Highly concentrated and unusually viscous
slurries
 Highly abrasive slurries
 Highly corrosive slurries
 Very large solids in slurries
 Extremely volatile slurries
 Delicate and unstable slurries
 Air-entrained slurries
 Shear-sensitive slurries
@Autogurukul
2.Diaphragm Pump
APPLICATIONS
 For drum and small tank transfer, pickling solutions, chemical feed.
 Filter press, tank cleaning systems, pigments and resins.
 Paints, latex, ceramic slip, slurries, polymers, tank car fill and empty,
foods.
 Handling optical lens grinding rouges, waste glass slurries and cutting
slurries.
 Ship cleaning, dewatering holds, bilges, coffer dams, fire-fighting,
sewage from holding tanks, offshore drilling, sand blast slurries.
 Mill scale, pickling tank chemicals, foundry sand slurries, palm oils,
cutting oils. Dewatering mines and construction sites, caissons, tunnels.
 Transfer of frits, enamels, solvents, latex, pigments, additives,
inhibitors, resins, dryers.
 Decanting and emptying of acid and alkaline bath solutions, pumping
of heavy contaminated sewage and slurries.
@Autogurukul
3.Plunger pump
A plunger
pump is a type of
positive displacement
pump where the high-
pressure seal is stationary
and a smooth cylindrical
plunger slides through
the seal. This makes
them different from
piston pumps and allows
them to be used at higher
pressures. This type of
pump is often used to
transfer municipal and
industrial sewage.
@Autogurukul
3.Plunger pump
ADVANTAGES
 Plunger pumps are used in applications that could range from
70 to 2,070 bar (1,000 to 30,000 psi)
 Pressure and flow rate changes have little effect on
performance.
 Pressure can be controlled without affecting flow rate.
 Wide pressure range - can achieve very high pressures
 Have high efficiency
 Capable of developing very high pressures.
 Low and easy maintenance
@Autogurukul
3.Plunger pump
APPLICATIONS
DISADVANTAGES
 Raw and Digested sewage sludge
 Pulsating flow Industrial and chemical waste and
 Typically only handles lower flow slurries
rates
 Lime putty and slurries
 Typically heavy and bulky
 Pulp and paper stock
 High operating and maintenance
costs.  Settled oil solids
 not be compatible for use with highly
acidic fluids
@Autogurukul
Concept:
• Reasons for not using Reciprocating pump,
– It has more number of moving components, piston, crank,
connecting rod, valve.
– Due to which cost, size and maintenance is more.
– Also strong foundation required to sustain vibration.
– Fluctuating load, flywheel is required.
– Overall size of plant increases and machine becomes bulky.
– Discharge during delivery stroke and no discharge during
suction stroke.
10
1
@Autogurukul
Comparison between PDP and NPDP :
10
2
@Autogurukul
Different types of pump
Pumps
Hydrostatic or
Hydro
positive
Dynamic
displacement pump
Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial
@Autogurukul
HYDRODYNAMIC
/
ROTO DYNAMIC
PUMP
@Autogurukul
Rotodynamic pumps (or dynamic pressure
pumps)
• In this a tangential acceleration is
imparted to the fluid. Depending
upon supply head they may
require a positive displacement
pump as a priming device. In
general they would be used for
medium to high discharge rates,
they usually are confined to low
viscosity fluids and generate only
low to moderate pressure
differentials.
@Autogurukul
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
@Autogurukul
INTRODUCTION
• It converts mechanical energy into hydraulic

energy (pressure energy) by virtue of
centrifugal force.
•It works on principle of forced vortex flow.
• Common uses include water, sewage,
petroleum and petrochemical pumping.
•Flow is in radial outward direction.
@Autogurukul
PRINCIPLE
• It works on the principle of forced vortex flow
means when a certain mass of fluid is rotated by
external torque rise in pressure head takes place.
• Conversion of energy occur by virtue of two main
parts of the pump:
a) Impeller
– Casing.
• Impeller converts driver energy into the kinetic
energy & diffuser converts the kinetic energy into
pressure energy.
@Autogurukul
Kinetic Pumps (Roto-dynamic)
Centrifugal Pumps
• Rotation of a centrifugal
pump impeller causes the
liquid it contains to move
outwards from the centre to
beyond the circumference
of the impeller. The
revolving liquid is impelled
by centrifugal effect. It can
only be projected into the
casing around the periphery
of the impeller if other
liquid in the casing can be
displaced. Displaced liquid
in moving from the casing
to the delivery pipe, causes
flow in the discharge side of
the system.
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pump duties are usually for
the movement of large volumes of liquid
at low pressures, although higher
pressures can be achieved with multi-
staging.
Energy input
Energy transformations inside the

Dump
Velocity and pressure levels Fluid flow

@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps
A centrifugal pump can be further defined as a machine which uses several

energy transformations in order to increase the pressure of a liquid. The
energy input into the pump is typically the fuel source energy used to power
the driver.
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps
Centrifugal pumps are generally used for movement of large volumes of
liquid at low pressures. Higher pressures can be obtained with multistaging
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps
@Autogurukul
Static & Dynamic Head
@Autogurukul
Pump Performance Characterstics
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal Pump Performance Curve
@Autogurukul
Frictional Losses in Centrifugal Pumps
@Autogurukul
Actual Performance Curve
@Autogurukul
Losses in Centrifugal Pump
@Autogurukul
When assessing the amount of power needed to operate a

centrifugal
pump you must always take into account the various
losses.
@Autogurukul
• - Friction loss in bearings and glands, surfaces of

impeller and casing. Some impellers are highly
polished to minimize friction loss.
• - Head loss in pumps due to shock at entry and exit
to impeller vanes and eddies formed by vane edges.
• - Leakage loss in thrust balance devices, gland
sealing and clearances between cut water and
casing and bearing seals.
@Autogurukul
Capacity reduction could be the result of

• A damaged sealing ring
• Leaking gland
• Obstruction (valve partly closed/foreign body)
• Incorrect rotational speed
Excessive vibration may be caused by
• Loose coupling
• Loose impeller
• Bearing damaged
• Impeller imbalance
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal Pump – Theory and
Characteristics
@Autogurukul
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
@Autogurukul
Net Positive Suction Head Available
(NPSHA)
@Autogurukul
Net Positive Suction Head Required
(NPSHR)
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pump characteristics at
constant speed
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pump characteristics
• The effects of throttling discharge valve on discharge pressure, efficiency,
power and npsh can be seen. The throughput of a centrifugal pump alters
with discharge head or back pressure. A slow rate of discharge by a
centrifugal cargo pump can be, explained by increasing head due to a
restricted or very long discharge pipe, high viscosity of the liquid,
discharge to a storage tank sited at a high level or even a partly open valve
on the discharge line. Depending on application, centrifugal pumps can be
designed with relatively flat H/Q curves or if required the curve can be
steep to give a relatively large shut-off head. We can see from the power
curve, that minimum power is consumed by the pump when there is no
flow and when the discharge head is at its highest. This equates to the
discharge valve being closed. Because maximum pressure with the
discharge closed is only moderately above working pressure, a relief valve
is not necessary for a centrifugal pump. It will be noticed that the
efficiency curve for the pump is convex which means that maximum
efficiency occurs at a point somewhere between maximum and minimum
discharge head and throughput conditions.
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps - Priming
Centrifugal pumps are not self priming and require

some means of removing air from the suction pipeline
and filling it with the liquid.
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal Pumps - Priming
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal Pumps -Priming
• The liquid in the impeller and casing of a centrifugal pump is
also essential to its operation. In moving out under the
influence of the centrifugal effect, it drops the pressure at the
centre, to which the suction or supply pipe delivers the liquid
to be pumped. The moving liquid acts in the same way as a
reciprocating pump piston on its suction stroke. Provided that
a centrifugal pump is filled initially with liquid and that flow is
maintained, the suction stroke action will continue. If such a
pump contains no liquid initially, it is as though an essential
part is missing.
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps-components
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal Pump - Components
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal pumps-components
@Autogurukul
COMPONENTS
• Impeller
• Casing
• Suction pipe
• Foot valve and strainer
• Delivery pipe
@Autogurukul
ROTATING COMPONENTS
• Impeller:
The impeller is the main rotating part that provides
the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
• Shaft:
Its purpose is to transmit the torques encountered
when starting and during operation.
Supports the impeller & other rotating parts.
@Autogurukul
STATIONARY COMPONENTS
• Casing:
The main purpose of casing is to convert kinetic energy
into pressure energy. Casings are generally of three types:
a) Volute : Used for higher head, eddy currents
formed
b)Vortex : Eddy currents are reduced.
c) Circular : Used for lower head.
1. A volute is a curved funnel increasing in area to the
discharge port. As the area of the cross-section increases,
the volute reduces the speed of the liquid and increases
the pressure of the liquid.
@Autogurukul
• Vortex Casing :A circular chamber is introduced
between casing and impeller. Efficiency of pump is
increased
• Circular casing :have stationary diffusion vanes
surrounding the impeller periphery that convert
velocity energy to pressure energy.
• Conventionally, the diffusers are applied to multi-
stage pumps.
@Autogurukul
Shaft sealing
• In the smaller pumps the
shaft gland seal is by water
cooled ordinary stuffing box.
Stuffing box type glands may
be packed with soft packing.
Great care must be taken on
these packings as they are
very prone to nip and score
the shaft severely if not
properly adjusted.
@Autogurukul
Mechanical seal
• This consists of a fixed clamp ring on the shaft driving another ring
cup, with packing rings on to the shaft, through driving pins. Ring
cup and rings are free to slide along the shaft under the action of
axial springs from the clamp ring. The cup ring presses on to a
fixed ball ring which in turn sits in a ball socket joint in the back
plate which bolts to the pump casting.
@Autogurukul
Mechanical Seal
@Autogurukul
How do they work?
• Liquid forced into impeller
• Vanes pass kinetic energy
to liquid: liquid rotates and
leaves impeller
• Volute casing converts
kinetic energy into
pressure energy
@Autogurukul
Cont..
• It consists of an IMPELLER
rotating within a casing.
• Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impeller’s vanes and
accelerated to a higher
velocity by the rotation of
the impeller and discharged
by centrifugal force into
the casing .
@Autogurukul
HEADS IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
@Autogurukul
HEADS IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
• Suction Head:- Vertical height of center line of

centrifugal pump above the water surface to the pump
from which water to be lifted.
• Delivery Head:- Vertical distance between center
line of the pump and the water surface in the tank to
which water is delivered.
• Static Head:- Sum of suction head and delivery
head.
• Manometric Head:- The head against which a
centrifugal pump has to work.
• Hm=hs+hd+hfs+hfd+(Vd*Vd)/2g
@Autogurukul
@Autogurukul
EFFICIENCIES OF PUMP
1. Hydraulic efficiency(h ):-
h  Pump' s Total Head (H )
Euler Head (H )e
gH
h 
Vw2U2
The normal value varies between 60% -
90%
2. Manomeric Efficiency( mano):-
Pump' s Manometric Head (Hm )
m 
Work done by impeller per sec/unit weight ( H ) i
gHm
m 
Vw2U 2 12
@Autogurukul
3. Volumetric efficiency( v):-
Q
v 
Q q
The normal value lies between 97% to 98%
4. Mechanical efficiency(m ):-

Power at impeller R.P.
m  
Power sup plied to pump S.P.
  (Q  q)Vw2U 2
m
P
The normal value is 95% - 98%
13
@Autogurukul
Overall Efficiency:-Ratio of power output of
the pump to power input to the pump or
shaft.
= wQHm/P
=WHm/P
@Autogurukul
4. Overall efficiency(o ):-
Water power QgH m
o  
Shaftpower P
Hm Q Q  qVw2U 2 
o   
 Vw2 U2  Q  q P
 
 g 
o  mano v m
The normal value is 71% - 86%
15
@Autogurukul
CAVITATION
• it is a phenomena of formation of vapour bubble
where the pressure falls below the vapour pressure of
flowing liquid .
• Collapsing of vapour bubble causes high pressure
results in pitting action on metallic surface.
• Erosion, noise & vibration are produced.
@Autogurukul
Cavitation
@Autogurukul
Centrifugal Pumps - Cavitation
@Autogurukul
Cavitation
@Autogurukul
@Autogurukul
EFFECT OF CAVITATION
• Metallic surface are damaged & cavities are
formed.
• Efficiency of pump decreases.
• Unwanted noise and vibrations are produced.
@Autogurukul
AXIAL PUMP
@Autogurukul
Axial-flow Pumps
Introduction
An axial-flow
pump uses a screw
propeller
to axially accelerate
the liquid. The outlet
passages and guide
vanes are arranged
to convert the
velocity increase of
the
liquid into a
pressure.
As distinct from the
centrifugal pump, the
axial flow pump
absorbs the
maximum power at
zero flow.
@Autogurukul
Axial-flow Pumps
A mechanical
seal prevents
leakage
where the
shaft leaves
the casing.
A thrust
bearing of the
tilting pad
type is fitted on
the drive shaft.
The
prime mover
may be an
electric
motor or a
steam turbine.
@Autogurukul
Axial-flow Pumps
The impeller
The pump casing is of gunmetal for condenser cooling

duties and cast iron for heeling and trimming pumps. The
impellers are of aluminium bronze and guide vanes of
gunmetal are arranged immediately after the impeller, the
pump shaft being of
stainless steel. @Autogurukul
Axial-flow Pumps
The axial flow pump is used where large quantities of water at a low
head are required , or example in condenser circulating. The efficiency
is equivalent to a low lift centrifugal pump, and the higher speed fs
possible enable a smaller driving motor to be used.
The axial-flow pump is also suitable for supplementary use in a

condense scoop circulating system, since the pump will offer little
resistance to flow when idling.
With scoop circulation, the normal movement of the ship will draw in
water; the pump would be in use only when the ship was moving slowly
or stopped. The pump is reversible and this, in conjunction with high
capacity flow, makes it suitable for trimming and heeling duties as well.
@Autogurukul
Axial Flow Pump
• When large capacity, wide variation of low lift head
at constant speed, conditions have to be met the
horizontal or vertically arranged axial pump is the
most suitable.
•
• An axial flow pump is one in which a screw propeller
is used to create an increase in pressure by causing
an axial acceleration of liquid within its blades. The
incidental rotation imparted to the liquid is
converted into straight axial movement by suitably
shaped outlet guide vanes.
@Autogurukul
Axial Flow Pump
@Autogurukul
Characteristic curves for an axial flow
pump
@Autogurukul
Axial Flow Pump
• Axial flow pumps are sometimes classed with centrifugal
pumps although centrifugal force plays no useful part in the
pumping action. A comparison of discharge characteristics
shows that H/Q and working efficiency characteristics for the
two pumps are quite different. Starting from the point of
normal duty, throttling of the discharge of an axial flow pump
reduces the flow but also causes a rise in pressure and power.
With the valve closed and zero discharge, the head can be
about three times greater and absorbed power about
doubled. The action of throttling to reduce throughput would
overload the electric motor and cause operation of protective
devices. If the discharge of the centrifugal pump is closed in as
previously described, the pressure rises by a moderate
amount and power demand actually drops.
@Autogurukul
Selection
Criteria for
Hydraulic
Pump
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@Autogurukul
Selection Criteria for Hydraulic Pump :
16
7
@Autogurukul
Comparison between
Gear, Vane and Piston
Pump:
16
8
@Autogurukul
Comparison between Gear, Vane and Piston Pump:
Construction
• Gear : consist of two gears in mesh with each other,
mounted inside a closed casing. One is driver and the
other is driven.
• Vane : consist of cylindrical rotor with radial slots.
Vanes are inserted in the slots. The rotor is mounted
with an offset in the casing.
• Piston : consist of a cylindrical block with axial or
radial bores. Pistons are inserted in the bores. One end
of the piston is connected to rotating component.
16
9
@Autogurukul
Comparison between Gear, Vane and Piston Pump:
Working :
• Gear : driver is rotated by means of prime mover that
rotates driven. The oil is sucked, trapped and carried
from inlet to outlet.
• Vane : rotor causes the size of the pockets to grow and
reduce alternately. This causes filling of oil on suction
side and delivery on the other side.
• Piston : rotation of the moving component causes the
pistons to reciprocate in the bores. Half rotation of the
cylinder block causes suction of oil into the bores and
the next half causes discharge.
17
0
@Autogurukul
Pump Calculations :
17
1
@Autogurukul
Pump Calculations :
17
2
@Autogurukul
Pump Calculations :
17
3
@Autogurukul
Pump Calculations :
17
4
@Autogurukul
Pump Calculations :
The displacement of a pump operating at 1000 rpm at
a pressure of 70 bar is 100 cm3. the input torque is
120 N-m. if the pump delivers 0.0015 m3/s of oil,
find : (1) Overall efficiency, (2) Theoretical torque.
17
5
@Autogurukul
Pump Calculations :
17
6
@Autogurukul
Actuators
17
7
@Autogurukul
Actuators :
• Actuators are those components of a fluid power
system, which produces mechanical work output.
• They develop force and displacement, which is required
to perform any specific task. The task may be of any
kind, to move, to press, to lift, to clamp.
• Actuators are common for both hydraulic and pneumatic
system.
• Hydraulic actuators are made stronger to with stand
pressure of oil and develop huge amount of force.
17
8
@Autogurukul
Actuators :
• Speed of actuator depends on rate of working fluid.
Rate of flow of working fluid can be controlled using
Flow Control Valve (FCV).
• Force developed by cylinder is the product of pressure
of working fluid and the piston area.
• Force of actuator is controlled by controlling the
pressure of working fluid using Pressure Control Valve
(PCV).
• Direction of motion of actuator is controlled by
controlling the direction of flow of fluid, by using
Direction Control Valve (DCV).
17
9
@Autogurukul
Actuators :
• Actuators are of two types:
– Linear actuator
– Rotary actuator
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0
@Autogurukul
Actuators :
• Linear actuator
– Rotating cylinder
– Non rotating cylinder
• Single acting cylinder
• Double acting cylinder
– Special type cylinder
• Diaphragm cylinder
• Tandem cylinder
• Double rod end cylinder
• Telescopic cylinder
• Cylinder with cushioning
18
1
@Autogurukul
Actuators :
• Rotary actuator
– Limited rotation actuators
• Vane type
• Piston type
– Continuous rotation actuators
• Based on direction
– Uni-directional motors
– Bi-directional motors
• Based on construction
– Gear type
– Vane type
– Piston type
18
2
@Autogurukul
Linear actuator :
Rotating cylinder :
183
@Autogurukul
Non Rotating Cylinder :
Single acting cylinder :
18
4
@Autogurukul
Non Rotating Cylinder :
Double acting cylinder :
Ajaypalsinh Barad 18
5
@Autogurukul
Special type Cylinder :
Diaphragm cylinder :
18
6
@Autogurukul
Tandem cylinder :
7
@Autogurukul
Double Rod End cylinder :
18
8
@Autogurukul
Telescopic Cylinder :
18
9
@Autogurukul
Cylinder with Cushioning :
19
0
@Autogurukul
Cylinder Mountings :
19
1
@Autogurukul
19
2
@Autogurukul
19
3
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
Limited Rotation Actuators :

Vane Type Motor:
19
4
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
Limited Rotation Actuators :
Piston Type Motor:
19
5
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
Continuous Rotation Actuators :
196
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :

@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
198
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
199
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
200
@Autogurukul
Rotary Actuator :
201
@Autogurukul
Motor calculations :
20
2
@Autogurukul
20
3
@Autogurukul
20
4
@Autogurukul
20
5
@Autogurukul
Comparison between Hydraulic Pump and Motor :
Hydraulic Pump Hydraulic Motor

Pumps the hydraulic oil to Produces rotation and torque
system
Mechanical energy converted Hydraulic energy converted
into hydraulic energy into mechanical energy
Work consuming device Work producing device
Construction of pump and motor are similar so both can be
used in place of one other.
20
6
@Autogurukul
Hydraulic
Transmission :
20
7
@Autogurukul
Hydraulic Transmission : :
Advantages :
• No need to apply clutch and gear.
• Controlled speed is possible in both direction
• Speed can be set to any value
• Single liver is used to control speed and direction
• Low maintenance
• High pressure oil can be used for power steering
• Less response time compared to gear transmission
• Power loss due to friction is minimized
20
8
@Autogurukul
Hydraulic Transmission : :
Disadvantages :
• More expensive
• Lower efficiency compared to mechanical transmission
• Cannot be towed, may damage the pump.
20
9
@Autogurukul
THANK YOU
@Autogurukul

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Hydraulic Pumps

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Hydraulic Pumps,

Motors and Actuators

 Pump is defined as a mechanical device that rotates or

 It converts Prime mover energy in to mechanical

 Used to pump a liquid from lower pressure area to a

 To increase Flow rate.

 To move liquid from lower elevation to higher

Based on Based on Based on NO. Based on TYPE OF

POSTIVE DYNAMIC SINGLE STAGE MULTI STAGE Based on Speed

CENTRIFUGAL AXIAL Based on Based on

Electric Steam Steam Reciprocating Diesel Compressed Hydraulic

Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial

Rotary Positive Positive

Diaphragm Piston Plunger

Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

 Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding

 Used for pumping fluids other than water

 Some positive displacement pumps use an expanding

Diaphragm Piston Plunger

Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

1. External gear pump

1.1 External Gear pump

External gear pump

1.2 Internal gear pump

1.2 Internal gear pump

1.2 Internal gear pump

(a) (b) (c)

Diaphragm Piston Plunger

Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

Diaphragm Piston Plunger

Gear Lobe Screw Cam vane peristaltic

 Reciprocating pumps move the fluid using one or more

 Pumps in this category range from simplex, with one cylinder,

1.3 Axial Piston Pump

An axial piston pump is a positive displacement pump

1.4 Radial piston pump

1.4 Radial piston pump

 Also, these types of pumps tend not to pump very accurately at

Rotary Reciprocating Centrifugal Axial

• It converts mechanical energy into hydraulic

Energy transformations inside the

Velocity and pressure levels Fluid flow

A centrifugal pump can be further defined as a machine which uses several

When assessing the amount of power needed to operate a

• - Friction loss in bearings and glands, surfaces of

Capacity reduction could be the result of

Centrifugal pumps are not self priming and require

• Liquid directed into the

• Suction Head:- Vertical height of center line of

4. Mechanical efficiency(m ):-

The normal value is 95% - 98%

The normal value is 71% - 86%

The pump casing is of gunmetal for condenser cooling

The axial-flow pump is also suitable for supplementary use in a

Single acting cylinder :

Double acting cylinder :

Double Rod End cylinder :

Cylinder with Cushioning :

Limited Rotation Actuators :

Continuous Rotation Actuators :

Continuous Rotation Actuators :

Ajaypalsinh Barad 197

Continuous Rotation Actuators :

Continuous Rotation Actuators :