Pumps

CM4120
D. Caspary
February, 2004
Outline

 Intro to Pumping
 Classifications of pumps
 Positive Displacement Pump – Examples and
Applications
 Centrifugal Pumps – Examples and Applications
 Pump Curves
 History of Pumps

 First pumps were driven by water wheels or animal

powered
 Water was lifted w/ paddles and dumped at a higher
elevation
 Over 2200 years ago in Greece, Persia, the Orient , some
still in use today

 Electric motor is most common machine in use today,

the pump is second most common

 Agriculture  Automobile  Construction  Chemical

Manufacturing  Household  Hydraulic Systems 
Submarines  Space Station  Zeeland to Zimbabwe
Pump Applications

Used to increase the potential and/or kinetic energy

state of a fluid
 Liquid – water, chemical, fuels, coolants,
refrigerants, hydraulic fluids, boiler feed,
condensate return, etc.
 Vapor/gas – foams, air, other gases
 Slurries – concrete, quarry slurries, mud for
drilling, precipitates, sewage, pulp stock, etc.
Two Primary Classifications of Pumps

 Dynamic (or Centrifugal) – Use a spinning

impeller to induce centrifugal forces, increasing
pressure at the discharge side of the housing.

 Positive Displacement – Transfers a fixed

volume of fluid thru the pump housing with each
cycle of operation.
Classifications of Pumps

Overwhelming majority of all pumps are some

type of Centrifugal Pump.
 Lower initial cost
 Reduced maintenance costs

Positive Displacement Pumps are widely

used but for specific applications.
 Comparison between
Positive Displacement and Centrifugal Pumps

Positive
Centrifugal
Displacement
Max. Viscosity
1,320,000 550
(cSt)
Max. Capacity
3,300 120,000
(GPM)
Self-Priming Yes No
Used to Control Flow Yes Need control valve
Cost Higher Less expensive
Head vs. Flow Comparison between Positive
Displacement and Centrifugal Pumps
Effect of Increasing Viscosity on Flow for Positive
Displacement and Centrifugal Pumps
 Comparison of Efficiency vs. Head between
Positive Displacement and Centrifugal Pumps
Positive Displacement Pump “Family Tree”

Pumps

Centrifugal Positive Displacement Other Types

Reciprocating Rotary

Diaphragm Piston, Plunger Multiple Rotor Single Rotor

Vane
Gear
Piston
Lobe
Progressing Cavity
Circumferential Piston
Screw
Screw
Peristaltic
Types of PD Pumps – Gear Pumps

 External Gear Pump

• High speed
• Quiet operation
• Fuel, lubricants, hydraulic
fluid power systems,
metering
• No solids

 Internal Gear Pump

• Non-pulsating discharge
pressure
• Low NPSHR
• Low to moderate speed
• High viscosity fluids
 Other Common Types of PD Pumps

 Lobe Pump
 No metal to metal
contact
 Can handle solids
without damaging
them
 Applications are found
in food processing,
pharmaceutical,
personal care, etc.

 Diaphragm Pump
Centrifugal Pump “Family Tree”

Pumps

Centrifugal Positive
Displacement

Single Stage Multi-Stage

Horizontal Vertical

Open Impeller Closed Impeller

 How a Centrifugal Pump Works

 Pump housing must be primed

 Impeller rotates, imparting an
outward velocity to the fluid –
kinetic energy
 Fluid velocity reaches maximum
at the outside diameter of the
impeller
 Fluid enters the volute where it
is channeled to the discharge
 Resistance to flow, starting at the volute, reduces
velocity creating pressure energy
 Vapor pressure of fluid causes new fluid to be drawn
into the eye of the impeller
 A Centrifugal Pump/Driver Installation

Discharge line Electric Motor

Pump Housing

Coupling

Suction line Bearing Support

Stuffing Box and External Cooling

Packing Gland
Single Stage, Horizontal Shaft, Closed Impeller
Flowserve Pump Co.
Horizontal, Split Case, Single Stage Fire Pump
Patterson Pump, Div. of Gorman-Rupp
 Vertical Pumps
Carver Pump Co.
Horizontal, Multi-Stage Pump Cut-away
Types of Impellers

 Closed vane

 Open vane

 Open vane,
cut impeller
Pump Curve for a Goulds Model HSC centrifugal
pump at 3500 rpm

When selecting new

pump or changing
capacity of existing
pumps:
Capacity for 6
impeller sizes
NPSHR
Req’d horsepower
Efficiency
Pumping Affinity Laws

Used for estimating pump performance when changing

impeller size or RPM

 Q1/Q2=N1/N2

 H1/H2=(N1/N2)2

 P1/P2=(N1/N2)3
 Pump Efficiency
Overall Efficiency

PP, Pump Input power, BHP

PW, Pump
Output Power

PMOT, Driver Input Power

Pump Maintenance

 Seals
 Shaft packing vs. mechanical seals
 Monitor for leaks
 Bearings
 Overhung vs. double support
 Monitor vibration
 Wetted parts corrosion
 Cavitation
 monitor suction-side pressure
 listen for rattling
References

 Viking Pump product literature

 Gorman-Rupp product literature
 Goulds Pump product literature
 Flowserve product literature
 Carver Pump product literature
 Pump Handbook, Karassik, Krutzsch, Fraser,
Messina, McGraw-Hill, 1976
 www.pumpschool.com, Viking Pump, Feb. 2004.
 www.engineeringtoolbox.com, The Engineering
Toolbox, March 2004.
Pumping Terminology

 Head
 Gauge head (hg)
 Velocity head (hv)
 Elevation head (Z)
 Atmospheric head (hatm)
 Total suction head or suction lift (hs)
 Total discharge head (hd)
 Total head (H)
 NPSHA
 NPSHR