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Lecture No. 9
Classification of Pumps
Pumps may be classified on the basis of the applications they serve, the
materials from which they are constructed, the liquids they handle, and even
their orientation in space.
A more basic system of classification, the one used in this course, first
defines the principle by which energy is added to the fluid, goes on to
identify the means by which this principle is implemented, and finally
delineates specific geometries commonly employed.
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Pumps
Positive‐displacement machines
Closed volume is used to squeeze or suck fluid.
Pump: human heart
Dynamic machines
No closed volume. Instead, rotating blades supply or
extract energy.
Enclosed/Ducted Pumps: home “Centrifugal” pump
Open Pumps: propeller or helicopter rotor
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Pumps
Non-Positive Displacement Pumps Positive Displacement Pumps
Hydrodynamic Pumps Hydrostatic Pumps
Hydraulic Pumps
Non Positive displacement Positive displacement
Centrifugal (impeller) type Axial (propeller) type Gear pumps vane pumps piston pumps
Gerotor
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Selection Of Pumps
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Impeller Pump
The number of blades can vary from
1 to 10 or more. They operate over a
wide speed range ‐‐ from less than 30
to more than 3000 RPM.
Impeller pumps are excellent for
moving impure liquids since they do
not clog very easily. For very impure
liquids such as sludge, a single blade
is sometimes used.
Impeller pumps range in diameter
from less than a quarter inch to 10
feet or more.
Sometimes the output of one
impeller is fed directly into another
impeller to increase the head. As
many as six or ten might be linked
together, or connected in two facing
sets to double the output and even
the pressures on the shaft and pump
casing.
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Positive Displacement Pumps
Gear Pumps
Vane Pumps
Piston Pumps
Other Types
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Operation Theory
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Piston Pump
The basic Piston Pump is very
simple having just two valves
and one stuffing box.
In this example the
reciprocating piston is driven
back and forth by a rotating
mechanism.
This piston pump uses
suction to raise water into the
chamber. The lower valve can
be placed below water level.
The piston must be within
about 25 feet of the water
level, but the water can then
be raised quite high.
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Performance Curves
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Performance Equations
N
Q Th Vd
60
Q Actual
Vol
QTh
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Diaphragm Pump
Cars often use a Diaphragm Pump to move
gasoline from the gas tank to the
carburetor or fuel injection plugs.
The gasoline diaphragm pump is operated
by a cam geared directly to rotating parts of
the engine. The cam pushes a pushrod.
The brown rod shown in this drawing is
moved by the pushrod. It pushes the
diaphragm in (a spring forces it back out.)
Fuel pumps like this one operate
continuously but have a safety valve which
returns fuel to the input side of the pump
if pressure rises above a set level.
Diaphragm pumps are very common and
come in many sizes. Modern plastics are
flexible and long lasting making this an
ideal low‐maintenance pump for many
applications.
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Gear Pump
The teeth on Gear Pumps can be
spur (straight), helical (slanted),
herringbone, etc. There can be
two, or more teeth on each gear ‐‐
twenty is not uncommon. The
diameter of the gears and their
thickness varies widely.
The many variations have
different effects on the efficiency,
strength, smoothness and other
areas of operation.
•This is a type of Rotary Force This pump will pump in the
Pump. Gear pumps are extremely reverse direction if you reverse
simple and reliable. the direction of rotation of the
gears. Two pairs of valves can be
•Depending on the number of added to make this a Reversing
teeth, the "idler" gear might be Gear Pump, which pumps in the
driven directly by the "drive" gear. same direction regardless of
Generally with six or more teeth which direction the gears rotate.
this is possible. In other cases an
extra gear external to the pump
drives the secondary gear at the
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same rate.
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Balanced Gear Pump
This is a modification of a
regular Gear Pump.
The tubing around the
edges of this pump returns
pressure ‐‐ not liquid ‐‐ to
opposite sides of the shafts.
Very little fluid is
transferred anywhere by
these extra tubes.
By equalizing pressure on
each side of the shafts,
friction and wear are both
reduced in comparison to
the standard gear pump.
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Gear Pump, 2‐Lobe
This type of gear pump has
two lobes on each shaft.
The lobes nearly touch each
other in the center forming
a fairly tight seal.
They also nearly touch the
casing and when they
revolve they carry fluid
around the outer edge to
the outlet, at the top in this
drawing.
This type of gear pump is
often used as a
supercharger for diesel
engines, forcing air (not
liquid) into the power
cylinder.
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Gear Pump, 3‐Lobe
This is a basically a type of
Gear Pump but with lobes
instead of gears.
The three‐lobe gear pump,
like the two‐lobe version, is
commonly used to force high‐
pressure air into combustion
compartments of a diesel
engine.
The output of these pumps is
more pulsed than the output
of a gear pump because there
are fewer teeth. The fluid is
delivered in comparatively
larger packets.
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Crescent Pump (Internal Gear)
This pump consists of two rotating
gears; an Internal Gear with the teeth
on the outside, and an External gear
with the teeth on the inside. The
External Gear is larger and has more
teeth, but the teeth are the same size.
As the teeth separate (lower left side in
this drawing) they pass over the intake
hole they "suck" in fluid, then the
gears are separated by a Crescent Seal
(shown in brown.)
When the teeth start to come together
again (upper right here) they squeeze
the fluid through the outlet hole
Normally the inner gear is attached to
a drive shaft and the outer gear is
turned by the inner gear at the point
of contact (upper left area of this
drawing.)
Advantages of the crescent pump
include its simple design and low
maintenance requirements.
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Quimby Screw Pump
Quimby Screw Pumps use closely
matched screws which mesh to form
pockets of fluid. Each shaft has a
left‐hand screw and a right‐hand
screw, for hydraulic pressure
balance.
On the left is a side view and a top
(or bottom) view. The inlet is at each
end and the outlet is in the middle.
The two shafts are geared together
and revolve at the same rate, up to
about 1750 RPM.
Quimby Screws often pump oil,
which lubricates the meshing gears.
They have no valves or small parts to
wear out or break, and the stuffing
boxes are in the low pressure part of
the pump where they are less prone
to wear.
A Quimby Screw can pump 4,000
gallons per minute at 1,000 P.S.I.
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Vane Pump The vanes are in slots in the rotor. When
the rotor spins, centrifugal force pushes
the vanes out to touch the casing, where
they trap and propel fluid. Sometimes
springs also push the vanes outward.
When the vanes reach the return side
they are pushed back into the rotor by
the casing. Fluid escapes through a
channel or groove cut into the casing,
shown here on the lower right side in
black.
On this vane pump there is considerable
unbalanced force on the drive shaft,
since the high‐pressure, outlet area is all
•A very common type of pump, on one side. Vane pumps can be
this is one of many variations. designed in balanced configurations
where there are two inlet and two outlet
•Power steering units often rely ports.
on a vane pump to obtain the
pressure needed for the Power
Cylinder. Automatic
transmissions often use them
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too.
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In this pump, the pistons are at
Bent Axis Pump an angle to the drive shaft and
Thrust Plate. The piston block
shaft is connected to the drive
shaft by a universal joint, not
shown. The drive shaft, thrust
plate, piston block shaft, and
piston block all revolve.
The connecting rods are attached
to the thrust plate and revolve
with it, unlike the swash plate
pump where the piston rods slide
past a stationary swash plate.
The outlet ports are semi‐circular
holes in the Valve Plate.
As the pump revolves, half the
pistons suck in fluid as they pass
over the intake port. The other
pistons discharge their fluid
through the outlet port.
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Swash Plate Pump On edge on the far right is a
dark stationary disk. It
contains two semi‐circular
ports. It is shown again in a
head‐on view below, right.
These ports allow the pistons
to draw in fluid as they move
toward the swash plate (on the
backside) and discharge it as
they move away.
•Swash plate pumps have a For a given speed swash plate
rotating cylinder containing pumps can be of fixed
pistons. A spring pushes the displacement like this one, or
pistons against a stationary variable by having a variable
swash plate, which sits at an swash plate angle. The greater
angle to the cylinder. the slant the further the
•The pistons suck in fluid during pistons move and the more
half a revolution and push fluid fluid they transfer.
out during the other half.
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