Pump Basics

DAHN F. SUAN
INSTRUCTOR
 PRESENTATION OUTLINE
 Pump Terminology
 Pump Classification:
- Reciprocating Pumps
- Rotary Pumps
- Centrifugal Pumps
 Pumping Problems
 Power and Efficiency Calculations
 Pump Selection
 PUMP TERMINOLOGY

 Pumping, the addition of energy to a fluid

 Pumping action creates a partial vacuum while

atmospheric pressure forces liquid up.

 Pump performance, specified in terms of Q and

H:

Pd , g  Ps , g 2
Vd Vs
2
H  Q/t  ( )(  )  (Z d  Z s )
 2g 2g
 Displacement, the discharge of a fluid from a
vessel

 Centrifugal Force, used to produce kinetic

energy
 PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS ROTARY PUMPS

PISTON PUMPS GEAR PUMPS

PLUNGER PUMPS LOBE PUMPS

DIAPHRAGM PUMPS SCREW PUMPS

CAM PUMPS

VANE PUMPS
 RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Based on two stroke principles:
√ High pressure, high efficiency
√ Self-priming
X Small quantity, vibration, physical dimension,
uneven flow

 Used mainly for handling slurries in plant processes

and pipeline applications
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Two valves and one stuffing box
 A rotating mechanism for the
PISTON PUMPS reciprocating piston
PLUNGER PUMPS
 Uses suction to raise liquid into
the chamber.
DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS  Two ball check valves on each side

 Low pressure on the upward part,
high pressure on the downward part
PISTON PUMPS

PLUNGER PUMPS

DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

RECIPROCATING PUMPS
 Rod is moved to push and pull
the diaphragm.
 Can be used to make artificial
PISTON PUMPS

PLUNGER PUMPS

DIAPHRAGM PUMPS
hearts.
 ROTARY PUMPS
 Positive displacement type

CHigh pressure, high efficiency

DLiquids must be free of solids
CHandle viscous fluids
 Used mainly in, oil burners, soaps and
cosmetics, sugars, syrup, and molasses,
dyes, ink, bleaches, vegetable and
mineral oils
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS  Gears create voids as they come out

LOBE PUMPS of mesh and liquid flows into the
SCREW PUMPS cavities
CAM PUMPS  As the gears come back into mesh,
VANE PUMPS the volume is reduced and the liquid
is forced out of the discharge port
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS
 As the teeth come out of
LOBE PUMPS
mesh, liquid flows into the
SCREW PUMPS
pump and is carried between
CAM PUMPS
the teeth and the casing to the
VANE PUMPS
discharge side of the pump
 The teeth come back into
mesh and the liquid is forced
out the discharge port
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS
 Fluid is carried between the
LOBE PUMPS
rotor teeth and the pumping
SCREW PUMPS
chamber
 The rotor surfaces create
CAM PUMPS

continuous sealing
VANE PUMPS

 Rotors include bi-wing, tri-

lobe, and multi-lobe
configurations
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS

LOBE PUMPS  Screw pumps carry fluid in the

spaces between the screw threads.
SCREW PUMPS
 The fluid is displaced axially as the
CAM PUMPS
screws mesh.
VANE PUMPS
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS

LOBE PUMPS

Piston slide arm moves

SCREW PUMPS

around inside a slot in the
CAM PUMPS

VANE PUMPS
casing.
 An eccentric cam rotates the
circular plunger (shown in
gray) around the edge of the
casing, fluid is swirled around
the edge to the outlet port.
 It is not in use now and is
mainly of historical curiosity.
ROTARY PUMPS

GEAR PUMPS

LOBE PUMPS  The vanes are in slots in the rotor.

SCREW PUMPS
 Rotor spins, centrifugal force pushes
CAM PUMPS
the vanes out to touch the casing,
VANE PUMPS
where they trap and propel fluid.
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

 WHAT IS CENTRIFUGAL PUMP?

 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL
PUMP
 ADVANTEGAES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
 Centrifugal Pumps
A machine for moving fluid by
accelerating the fluid RADIALLY
outward.
From the Center
of a Circle

RADIAL DIRECTION
To the Outside of a Circle
 Centrifugal Pumps
 This machine consists of
an IMPELLER rotating
within a case (diffuser)

 Liquid directed into the

center of the rotating
impeller is picked up by
the impeller’s vanes and
accelerated to a higher
velocity by the rotation of
the impeller and
discharged by
centrifugal force into the
case (diffuser).
 Centrifugal Pumps
 A collection chamber in the casing
converts much of the Kinetic Energy
(energy due to velocity) into Head or
Pressure.
 Pump
Terminology
 Centrifugal Impellers
Impeller
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

 Thicker the Impeller- More Water

 Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
 Increase the Speed - More Water and
Pressure
 Two Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

 Twice the pressure

 Same amount of
 "Head"
 Head is a term for expressing feet of water
column
 Head can also be converted to pressure

Reservoir 100 feet

of Fluid
43.3 PSI
Pressure
Gauge
 Head
 Head and pressure are
interchangeable terms provided that
they are expressed in their correct
units.
 The conversion of all pressure terms
into units of equivalent head
simplifies most pump calculations.
 ADVANTAGES OF CENTRIGUGAL
PUMPS
Advantages

 Simple in construction and cheap

 Handle liquid with large amounts of solids
 No metal to metal fits
 No valves involved in pump operation
 Maintenance costs are lower
 DISADVANTAGES OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Disadvantages

 Cannot handle highly viscous fluids efficiently

 Cannot be operated at high heads
 Maximum efficiency holds over a narrow range of
conditions
 Specific speed that is
used to classify pumps
Q
nq  n  34
H
nq is the specific speed for a unit machine that is
geometrically similar to a machine with the head Hq = 1
m and flow rate Q = 1 m3/s

Specific speed is a concept developed for water turbines in

1915, which was later applied to centrifugal
pumps (Stepanoff, 1948). Specific speed is a way to
“normalize” the performance of these hydraulic machines.
 CAPACITY PRESSURE

LOW HIGH HIGHER SMALL OR MODERATE

MODERATE OR HIGH

GEAR LOBE CENTRIFUGAL

RECIPROCATING
or
RIGID SCREW
ROTARY
PLUNGER
or
ROTARY
PISTON
 Sample Problem 1

Calculate the specific speed of the

centrifugal pump given the following
details:
Head = 100 m
Volumetric Flow Rate = 0.5 m3/s
Rotation Speed (n) = 1000 rpm
 Solution

Specific speed:

Q 0,5
nq  n  34
 1000  34
 22 .4
H 100
 Affinity laws
Q1 n1

Q2 n 2
2 2
H1  u1   n1 
     
H2  u 2   n 2 
3
P1  n1 
  
P2  n 2 

Assumptions:
Geometrical similarity
Velocity triangles are
the same
 Sample Problem 2
• Find the flow rate, head and power
for a centrifugal pump that has
increased its speed
• Given data:
hh = 80 % P1 = 123 kW
n1 = 1000 rpm H1 = 100 m
n2 = 1100 rpm Q1 = 1 m3/s
 Solution
n2 1100
Q2   Q1  1  1.1 m s
3

n1 1000
2
 n2 
2
 1100 
H 2     H1    100  121 m
 n1   1000 

3
 n2 
3
 1100 
P2     P1    123  164 kW
 n1   1000 
 Sample Problem 3

How much force in tons is on an 8"

valve with 75 psi on one side?

tons of force ?

8“ 75 psi
 Solution

 Thanks
for listening