Pump and open channel flow

Dr. P. I. Ayantha Gomes

1
• Principles and applications relating to pumps and pumping
systems (PART I)- 1/3 weight
• Principles and applications relating to open channel flows
(PART II)- 2/3 weight

2
Pumps -outline
• Introduction
• Positive displacement pumps and rotodynamic pumps.
• Pump and pipeline system.
• Pump characteristics and performances.
• Multiple pump systems.
• Hydraulic similarity and Dimensional analysis.

3
Introduction
• Energy can be in many forms.
• Hydraulic energy is the energy that is possessed by a fluid.
• Different forms of hydraulic energy : kinetic; pressure; potential; strain; and
thermal energy
• Then machines (rotating and/or moving) have mechanical energy;
machines transmit power/energy
• Purpose of hydraulic machines is to transform mechanical energy to
hydraulic energy or vise versa.
• If hydraulic energy to transformed into mechanical (rotating shaft/moving part),
those machines are known as turbines or motors (work done by fluid and energy is
subtracted from it)
• Whereas pumps transform mechanical energy to hydraulic energy (energy is added
to the fluid)

4
 PT
Pumps are used to
raised water over a
certain vertical
height

5
 Raise head

Raise pressure 𝑃 𝑣 2
+ +𝐻
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Energy (e.g. Raise velocity
via a motor) Energy used to
Pump transport water

Energy loss
6
Tube well/hand
pump

7
Pump classification
• Pumps are classified according to mechanical principle (also can be
classified according to nature of service such as high lift pumps, low
lift pumps etc.)
• According to mechanical principle: positive displacement and
centrifugal pumps

8
 Positive displacement pumps
• Operates by alternate filling of a cavity and
displaced volume of liquid
• During the intake stroke suction valve is opened whereas
the delivery valve is closed; water will be filled in the
cylinder/compartment/chamber
• On the delivery stroke, the delivery value is opened where
the water is forced through the delivery valve, while the
suction valve is kept closed

• Delivers a constant volume of liquid for each

cycle against varying discharge pressure or head

9
 Single acting PD pumps Double acting PD pumps

Water only discharged on the forward

(or delivery) stroke

Water is discharged on the forward

stroke as well as on the return stroke
(every stroke has a delivery as well as a
suction) 10
Advantages of positive displacement pumps
• Constant discharge (constant output rate)
• Pumping Fluids with High Solid Content and viscous fluids (but has
limits)
• Self priming, therefore easy to operate

11
Disadvantages of positive displacement
pumps
• Initial cost is high
• Large space is needed
• Frequent adjustments are needed, as the pump has moving parts

12
 Rotodynamic pumps (also known as dynamic or Turbo machines)
• Free passage of fluid between inlet and outlet (without any sealing such as in positive displacement pumps)
• Force is applied to fluid by rotating vanes or propeller blades

13
 Classification of Rotodynamic pumps

Uncased Propeller/Axial

Rotodynamic Propeller/Axial
machines

Cased Mixed

Centrifugal

14
 Centrifugal pumps

Eye

• Consists with an impeller rotating within a casing

• Fluid enters through the eye is caught up in the impeller blades
• Then is whirled tangentially and radially outward until it leaves through all circumferential parts of the
impeller into the diffuser part of the casing
• The fluid gains both velocity and pressure while passing through the impeller
• The doughnut shaped diffuser decelerates the flow and further increases the pressure
• Lifting of fluid is due to centrifugal action, that why it is called centrifugal pumps
• Impeller blades are usually backward curved (but there are also radial and forward-curved ones) 15
 Propeller (axial flow) pumps

• Fluid particles, in course of the flow through the pump, do not change their radial locations since the
change in radius at the entry (suction) and the exit (discharge) of the pump is very small. That is why the
name "axial" pump!
• In other words, the fluid enter the impeller axially and discharge the fluid nearly axially.
• Momentum is converted along the plane of the axis of the pump
16
 Positive displacement pumps (PDP) vs. Rotodynamic pumps (RDP)
• RDP generally provide a higher discharge than PDPs and a much steadier discharge but are
ineffective in handling high-viscosity liquids.
• RDP need priming; i.e., if they are filled with gas, they cannot suck up a liquid from below
into their inlet. The PDP, is self-priming for most of the applications. Therefore, RDP needs
to be provided with a foot valve at the bottom of the suction pipe in lieu filling water to
prime when the pump is used.
• RDP can provide very high flow rates (~2 m3/s)but usually with moderate pressure rises (a
few atmospheres). In contrast, a PDP can operate up to very high pressures (300 atm) but
typically produces low flow rates (0.006 m3/s).
• Discharge of RDP varies with head, not the case for PDP
• Initial and maintenance cost is comparatively less in RDP (no moving parts or valves, so
durable)
• RDPs are compacted and can be installed at limited space, unlike PDPs
• RDPs can be operated at higher speeds
• Relative performance (Δp vs. Q) is also different between PDP and RDP

17
 • At constant shaft rotation speed, the PDP produces nearly
constant discharge and virtually unlimited pressure rise,
with little effect of viscosity.
• The discharge of a PDP cannot be varied except by changing
speed. The reliable constant-speed discharge from PDPs has
led to their wide use in metering flows
• The RDP provides a continuous constant-speed variation of
performance, from near-maximum Δp at zero flow (shutoff
conditions) to zero p at maximum discharge.
• High-viscosity fluids sharply degrade the performance of a
RDP.

Relative performance (Δp vs. Q); µ =viscosity

18
Output parameters of pumps- quantitative analysis

H is a primary output parameter for any pump. hs is the pump head supplied, and hf is for losses.
Above equation is correct for incompressible flows, therefore for gases not correct (compressible and
density changes)! 19
 An approximation for H

Power delivered to fluid (also known as water horse power)

Power required to drive the pump is called break horse power

Pump efficiency

Pumps should be designed to make efficiency as high as possible

for a wide range of discharges
20
 Efficiency of a pump

Volumetric Hydraulic Mechanical

In pump design improving all three is needed as overall efficiency is given by

• QL is the loss of fluid due to leakage in the impeller-casing

• hf is the summation of shock loss (imperfect match between inlet flow and blade entrances);
friction loss (in blades); and circulation loss (imperfect matching at the exit side)
• Pf is power loss due to mechanical friction in bearings, packing and similar contact points

21
 η = 𝜂𝑣 𝜂ℎ 𝜂𝑚 = 𝜂𝑝
Also,

𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻
𝜂𝑝 =
𝜏𝜔
Overall efficiency of the pump can be
calculated from above two equations.
Then the efficiency of the motor can be
found by;
𝜏𝜔
𝜂𝑀 = Motor
𝑉𝐼 Pump
Product of overall efficiency of the pump and efficiency of the motor will give the efficiency of the
complete system (i.e. the system consisting of the motor and the pump)

𝜂𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚/𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜂𝑀 × 𝜂𝑝
22
Pump (efficiency)- examples
• Example 1: A pump delivers 1500 L/min of water at 20°C against a pressure rise of 270
kPa. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. If the driving motor supplies 9
kW, what is the overall efficiency?

• Example 2: A centrifugal pump delivers 2.1 m3/min of water at 20°C (ρ =1000 kg/m3)
when the brake horsepower is 16.5 kW and the efficiency is 71%. (a) Estimate the head
rise in ft and the pressure rise in kPa. (b) Also estimate the horsepower if instead the
delivery is 2.1 m3/min of gasoline at same efficiency (ρ =680 kg/m3) at 20°C.

• Example 3: A pump must move a discharge of 0.031 m3/s against a head of 9.1 m. Total
head loss in the pipelines is 1.2 m. If the pump is driven by a 5 KW motor with an
efficiency of 75%, calculate the pump efficiency and break horse power?

23
Elementary pump theory

• Simple one-dimensional flow formula

• Complex computer aided models that account
three-dimensionality and viscosity

24
By angular momentum theory

Vt1 and Vt2 are absolute circumferential velocity components of the flow; then Power
delivered to fluid can be calculated as

Referred as Euler equations for pumps. It shows torque, power and head are functions of
rotor-tip velocities (u) and absolute fluid velocities (v) only; in other words independent of
any axial velocities through the machine

Bernoulli equation in rotating coordinates

25
 • As radial velocity Vn can be expressed as 𝑉𝑛 = 𝑉𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ∝

• Therefore, by continuity equation power of the pump can

be expressed as :
• b1 and b2 are inlet and outlet blade widths. This
equation also can be used to calculate the design flow
rate and usually estimated assuming the flow enters
exactly normal to the impeller (i.e. α1 is 90°)

Example: Given are the following data for a commercial centrifugal water pump: r = 4 in, r1 2 =7
in, β1= 30°, β2= 20°, speed = 1440 r/min. Estimate (a) the design-point discharge, (b) the water horse
power, and (c) the head if b1 = b2 = 1.75 in.

26
Effect of blade angle on pump head

27
 Effect of blade angle on pump head
• You already know by application of angular momentum theory, that

• If inlet angular momentum is neglected

• Where Vt2 is

• Then H becomes

𝑦 = 𝑐 − 𝑚𝑥

28
Pump performance and characteristics

29
Use of characteristic pump curves
• Pump performance most commonly shown by means of plotted
curves
• Even though a pump is designed for specific conditions (e.g. specified
speed and flow rate), in reality it may operate under different
conditions
• In such cases to predict the behavior (output) under varying
conditions, the pump curves are important.
• These curves are derived after running several pumps of the same
design

30
Pump performance
Actually only two curves are
needed as head, power and
Shut off head
efficiency is related through
the following equation
Head/Power/Efficiency

will be discussed
later

Operating at a constant 31
impeller speed
Pump efficiency vs discharge
Overall pump efficiency (refer slide 21)
Efficiency

Discharge

32
 Head vs discharge
Overall pump efficiency (refer slide 21)

Shut off
head
• Head developed by the pump at zero discharge
is called shut-off head
• Represents rise in pressure head across the
pump when the discharge valve is closed
Head

• As no discharge (flow) the efficiency is zero, and

the energy supplied to the pump (i.e. bhp at
Q=0) will be dissipated as heat
• Discharge valve of centrifugal pumps can be
kept closed for a short period. Prolonged closed
Discharge valves will damage the pump due to
overheating and mechanical stress

33
(break) Horse
Horse power vs discharge

Horse power
or
power

Discharge Discharge

34
 Efficiency maximum #The points on different curves
that corresponds to maximum
efficiency is refereed as best
efficiency points

Efficiency
#It is advisable to operate a pump
near its maximum efficiency

Q optimum
Discharge
Head

Head

Q optimum
Discharge Q optimum 35
Discharge
Best efficiency
points

36
Measured performance curves Impellers with different diameters
may be used in a given casing.
Performances of different diamater
impellers can be shown like this.

Relationship is
same for
decreased speed

Decreasing
diameter

Head
Discharge

37
Iso-efficiency lines

38
It should be noted that pumps has to supply
power (head) to overcome losses in pipes (e.g.
friction loss)
Therefore, the head required is elevation the
water needed to pump + losses

39
 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
• NPSH is the head required at the pump inlet to keep the
fluid from cavitation ! (a noisy, vibrating pump with a
sharp drop of pump head and discharge)
• The pump inlet (suction side) is the low pressure point
where cavitation first occurs
• NPSH is defined as (pv is the vapour pressure)

Needs to be greater than

NPSH to avoid cavitation

• If the pump inlet is at a height z1 above the reservoir (;

i.e. free water surface is zi m below the pump), whose
free water surface is at pressure pa NPSH can be written
as (hf is the friction loss);
NPSH(approximate) =
Therefore, NPSH is the difference between
suction head and liquids vapour head.
Vapour pressure can be obtained from
known charts/books. Depending on the Zi,
𝑝𝑎 𝑝 the required NPSH can be worked out
𝜌𝑔
− 𝜌𝑔𝑣
40
A few more details of cavitation!
• Formation of vapour cavities (bubbles/voids) in a
liquid (air bubbles/voids means cavities have low
pressure!)
• Occurs when a liquid is subjected to rapid changes of
pressure that cause the formation of cavities.
• Once subjected to higher pressure, these cavities will
crash/explode and can generate an intense shockwave.
• Collapsing voids that implode near to a metal surface
cause surface fatigue of the metal of impeller and/or
casing
• Also a sharp drop of discharge and a higher power
(electrical) consumption
• Cavitation occur when the local static pressure in a
fluid reach a level below the vapor pressure of the
liquid

41
Cavitation- quantitative explanation
• A pump delivers 1500 L/min of water at 20 °C against a pressure rise of 270 kPa,
to a 10 m elevation. Inlet diameter is 150 mm and the delivery diameter is 100
mm. (a) Estimate the useful energy supplied by the pump if its locates on the
ground level? (b)What would be the pressure at suction inlet (friction loss in the
suction pipe is given by 2v2/2g; v is the velocity of the suction pipe)
• (b) What would be the suction inlet’s pressure if the reservoir is 10 m below the level of (a)

42
Recommended books
• Civil Engineering Hydraulics- Featherstone & Nalluri , ISBN 0-
632-02201-9
• Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications-Daugherty,
Franzini and Fimemore, McGraw-Hill S1 Metric Edition
• Fundamental of fluid mechanics- Bruce, R. Munson, 4th Edition
2002, John Wiley & Sons
• Fluid Mechanics-Donald F.Young, 2nd Edition, John Wiley &
Sons
• Fluid Mechanics (5th Edition)-J. F. Douglas, J. M. Gasoriek, John
Swaffield, Lynne Jack

43
References
• https://www.google.lk/search?q=wind+pump&rlz=1C1VFKB_enLK609LK609&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=667&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=7l70VJrrKY6SuATlkIDADA&ved=0CA
YQ_AUoAQ#tbm=isch&q=wind+pump+netherland&imgdii=_&imgrc=Z9giOaULse9QBM%253A%3BgGvKghk74r2wbM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fupload.wikimedia.org%252Fwiki
pedia%252Fcommons%252F1%252F15%252FGoliath_Poldermolen.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fen.wikipedia.org%252Fwiki%252FWindmill%3B3266%3B2449
• https://www.google.lk/search?q=wind+pump+netherlands&rlz=1C1VFKB_enLK609LK609&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=667&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=J2H0VM2mKcKruQS_
woLQBw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ#imgdii=_&imgrc=ksn9kU4mLhYOaM%253A%3B6I8FBwAUezeXqM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.iamexpat.nl%252Fapp%252Fwebroot%252Fu
pload%252Ffiles%252FTopics%252FExpat-page%252FSurvival-kit%252Fwindmill_23.png%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.iamexpat.nl%252Fexpat-page%252Fthe-
netherlands%252Fthe-dutch-and-water-in-the-netherlands%3B470%3B296
• https://www.google.lk/search?q=wind+pump&rlz=1C1VFKB_enLK609LK609&espv=2&biw=1366&bih=667&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=7l70VJrrKY6SuATlkIDADA&ved=0CA
YQ_AUoAQ#imgdii=_&imgrc=oFmIN6Dd2qZTFM%253A%3BcjM5Bja8GQFliM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fih3.redbubble.net%252Fimage.3310997.0175%252Fflat%252C550x550
%252C075%252Cf.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.redbubble.com%252Fpeople%252Frobjbez%252Fworks%252F110175-wind-pump%3B550%3B395
• http://fixpacifica.blogspot.com/2014/12/north-county-groundwater-storage.html
• http://www.fosdoo.org/
• http://www.wildenpumps.org/wilden-pumps-positive-displacement-pumps/
• https://www.google.com/search?q=single+acting+reciprocating+pump&espv=2&biw=1517&bih=693&tbm=isch&imgil=MjsRs17Be0YHDM%253A%253BTZrhT5wAdaREcM%253B
http%25253A%25252F%25252Fhawsepipe.net%25252Fchiefhelp%25252Fpumps%25252Fpositive_displacment%25252Freciprocating.htm&source=iu&pf=m&fir=MjsRs17Be0YH
DM%253A%252CTZrhT5wAdaREcM%252C_&usg=__iq9P9lxAd0rdLL1RjMAeVTrLGEU%3D&dpr=0.9&ved=0CCYQyjc&ei=1-
YAVfn0Nta68gXaqYDoAQ#imgrc=MjsRs17Be0YHDM%253A%3BTZrhT5wAdaREcM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fhawsepipe.net%252Fchiefhelp%252Fsimplex_Single.gif%3Bhttp%2
53A%252F%252Fhawsepipe.net%252Fchiefhelp%252Fpumps%252Fpositive_displacment%252Freciprocating.htm%3B385%3B136
• https://www.google.com/search?q=double+acting+reciprocating+pump&espv=2&biw=1517&bih=693&tbm=isch&imgil=zxbv1SyWRutLvM%253A%253Bp36fT4wgt3cCZM%253Bh
ttp%25253A%25252F%25252Fmybasicconcepts.blogspot.com%25252F2012%25252F10%25252Fsingle-acting-and-double-
acting.html&source=iu&pf=m&fir=zxbv1SyWRutLvM%253A%252Cp36fT4wgt3cCZM%252C_&usg=__g1HGM8g4T9A-dQ3on0186_cGE-
w%3D&dpr=0.9&ved=0CCYQyjc&ei=EOcAVeywHtL_8QXhz4LwDw#imgrc=zxbv1SyWRutLvM%253A%3Bp36fT4wgt3cCZM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252F1.bp.blogspot.com%252F-
QCcBKziyxeQ%252FUIOc6o7H9FI%252FAAAAAAAABXY%252FGYIN_arb220%252Fs1600%252Fimages%252B(2).jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmybasicconcepts.blogspot.com%2
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