LESSON 10 CITATION

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS: Read the specific directions carefully before answering the exercises and activities.
Accomplish this module on or before AUGUST 31, 2020. For online consultations, please refer to the given
schedule.

ESSENTIAL LEARNING PURPOSES: At the end of these lessons, I am expected to:

1. Cite specific sources to support your claim;
2. Understand the importance of bibliography;
3. Select an appropriate citation style.

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Before going further, let us see if you can answer this exercise. I know you can do it! This will help
you to determine your prior knowledge about this topic. Good luck!

Are references needed in the following situations?

You’ve just attended a seminar about “Federalism” which is your research

topic. The keynote speaker spoke lengthily about the topic. You’ve jotted down
important details and even copied the lecture electronically, with the intention to use
the information in your research.

Do you have to reference this information?

YES
NO

Comments: __________________________________________________________

While riding a taxi on your way home after class, you happen to hear someone
talking about millennials. The speaker, whose name you didn’t get (because you were
not in the taxi yet in time for the start of the radio program) cited some interesting
and original information that matched your own theory about millennials. Once
you’ve reached home, you summarized the ideas and included them in your writing
assignment.

Do you have to reference this information?

YES
NO

Comment: ___________________________________________________________

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 71
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
Guide Questions:
1. What happens if you do not cite your source/s?
2. With all the ideas that you have to consider, which ones do you retain and cite for your
writing assignment?

CITATION

A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another
source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including:

 information about the author

 the title of the work
 the name and location of the company that published your copy of the source
 the date your copy was published
 the page numbers of the material you are borrowing

Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way to use other people's work without
plagiarizing. But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:

 citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they
came from
 not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of
your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas
 citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
 citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas

Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge their source. The following situations almost
always require citation:

 whenever you use quotes

 whenever you paraphrase
 whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed
 whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
 whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 72
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
 WHAT IS CITATION?

A citation is a reference to the source of information used. Anytime you directly quote,
paraphrase and summarize the essential elements of someone else’s idea in your work, an in-
text citation should follow. An in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper
or presentation

A citation is a reference to the source of information used in your research. Any time you directly
quote, paraphrase or summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in your work, an in-text
citation should follow. An in-text citation is a brief notation within the text of your paper or presentation which
refers the reader to a fuller notation, or end-of-paper citation, that provides all necessary details about that source
of information.

The Importance of Citing Sources

In academic writing, the ability to cite sources is an important skill. Doing so would enable you to
elaborate on complex and controversial ideas. In cases where you did not rely on your original ideas or stock
knowledge, citation is called for. Citing your source would allow your readers to differentiate which parts are your
original ideas and which ones were appropriated. Everyone borrows ideas from one another and nobody can claim
sole ownership of an idea. By referencing, you are making it possible for your readers to countercheck your ideas
and to “track” them. In addition, referencing is a proof of having done extensive research on relevant resource
materials. Referencing is not only the ethical thing to do; it is also a necessary feature of academic writing.

Plagiarism
What happens when you reference incorrectly or fail to reference completely? You will be considered
guilty of academic misconduct or plagiarism, which is a serious offense both in academic and professional
contexts. English Oxford Living Dictionaries has defined plagiarism as “the practice of taking someone else’s
work or ideas and passing them off as one’s own.” Synonyms for plagiarism include: copying, infringement of
copyright, piracy, stealing; informal cribbing, library theft, academic misconduct—unfavorable words that anyone
would surely like to avoid.

Viewed unfavorably by educators and scholars, plagiarism is not always blatantly committed. You may
unknowingly commit plagiarism due to carelessness, as when you fail to cite all your sources and instead come up
with incomplete bibliographic entries in the reference list. Cases of students using only the URL address without
including the other
important details are common. More blatant, though easily preventable, cases of plagiarism include outright
copying and pasting, as well as paraphrasing or quoting ideas without acknowledging the source. In cases like
these, you can avoid plagiarism by referencing your sources when you quote facts and ideas verbatim or when you
paraphrase them and when you use statistical figures, graphs, or pictures from sources.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 73
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
Citation Styles

Citation styles vary to suit the type of academic writing, and they differ in terms of how the information to
be referenced is arranged within the paragraph and in the reference list; this is to distinguish the format from those
used for other academic disciplines. A slight variation also exists in the way parenthetical documentation or in-text
citations are written. In most types of writing and in most disciplines, the APA citation style is standard and
preferred. As seen in the table below, the APA style caters to a number of academic disciplines, unlike other
citation styles which cater to a specific academic realm only.

The table below shows the different citation styles and the academic
disciplines for which they are suited.

APA Citation Style

The American Psychological Association (APA) citation is the documentation style recommended for
researchers in the behavioral and social sciences including Psychology, Sociology, Education, and Economics. It is
also used in fields such as hotel and restaurant
management and business.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 74
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
 If you use the APA citation style, use a parenthetical documentation or in-text citation in appropriate
places within the paper and use References—not Works Cited—for a list of the sources you referred to. Use a
Bibliography page to indicate all sources including non-print and
electronic sources.

You will need the following information when you make a list of all your sources:
• author’s name
• title of the material
• publication details (date, publishing company, and place)

In-Text Citations

APA uses parenthetical citations in the text of a paper to acknowledge sources of information and to lead
the reader to the complete information about the source in the Reference List at the end of the paper.

The APA parenthetical citation includes three kinds of information: the author’s last name, the date of
publication of the source being cited, and the page number of any direct quote. Leave the author’s name out of the
parenthetical if it is clearly stated in your sentence. When citing a specific part of a source, also include a page
number or range, for example (Parker, 2020, p. 67) or (Johnson, 2017, pp. 39–41).

You should always provide parenthetical citations for the following:

 Direct quotes
 paraphrases (putting information into your own words)
 Summarized material
 words specific or unique to the author
 use of an author’s argument or line of thinking (ideas or theories)
 historical, statistical, or scientific facts
 articles or studies you refer to in your text

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 75
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
Parenthetical vs. narrative citations
The in-text citation can be placed in parentheses or naturally integrated into a sentence.
 Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in
teenagers (Parker, 2019).
 Narrative: Parker (2019) found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in
teenagers.
The publication year appears directly after the author’s name when using the narrative format. The
parenthetical citation can be placed within or at the end of a sentence, just before the period. 

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 76
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
Example paragraph with in-text citation

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 77
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
Citing a direct quote
To cite a quote in APA, you always include the author’s last name, the year the source was published, and
the page on which the quote can be found. The page number is preceded by “p.” (for a single page) or “pp.” (for a
page range).

There are two types of APA in-text citation: parenthetical and narrative.

In a parenthetical citation, you place the entire citation in parentheses directly after the quote and before
the period (or other punctuation mark).

In a narrative citation, the author(s) appear as part of your sentence. Place the year in parentheses directly
after the author’s name, and place the page number in parentheses directly after the quote.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 78
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
There are three main rules for quoting in APA Style:

 If the quote is under 40 words, place it in double quotation marks.

 If the quote is 40 words or more, format it as a block quote.
 Cite the author, year, and page number with an in-text citation.

A. Underline in red ink the part that needs to be referenced.

Glasgow & Hicks claim that a traditional content test sends wrong signals to the students about
what is important, arguing that “extending the experience by expanding it with a related
performance-based project, writing activity, or other application would be a better gauge of mastery than a
traditional test”. McMillan said, “traditional assessment emphasizes outcomes, tests isolate skills or facts, has
secret standards and criteria, gives little feedback to
learners, alternative assessment promotes a more effective means of students’ learning.”

B. Match the reference to the resource type. Write the correct letter on the blank provided

____1. Wagner, R. (2001). The early Chinese newspapers and the Chinese public sphere. European Journal of
East Asian Studies, Vol. 1 (1), 213. Retrieved from http://www.academia.
edu/19467749/The_Early_Chinese_Newspapers_and_the_Chinese_Public_Sphere

____2. Naughton, J. (2011, July 4). Thanks Marshall, I think we’ve finally got the message. The Guardian, p.4.
Retrieved from https://www.theguardian. com/technology/2011/jul/24/
marshall-mcluhan-media-john-naughton

____3. Gibb, J. (1961). Defensive communication. Journal of Communication, 11(2), 141–148.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 79
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
____4. Plagiarism.org (n.d.) What is plagiarism? Retrieved from http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/what-
is-plagiarism/

____5. Austin, J. L. (1962). How to do things with words. CA: Harvard University Press.

____6. Kim, L. (2017, March 23). 10 best social media advertising tips for content marketers [Blog post].
Retrieved from http://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2016/06/30/social-mediaadvertising-tips

____7. Stanford University School of Business. (2014, Dec 4). Think fast, think smart: Communication techniques.
Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HAnw168huqA

____8. Cruz, E. (2017, December 9). Educating the next generation. ThePhilippine Star, p.12.

____9. MacKaye, P. (2018). Sanctuary. Retrieved from http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/56704

____10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016).Understanding bullying. Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/bullying_factsheet.pdf

Give the in-text citation and reference page citation for the following resources. You should give
the citation for a direct quote without integrating it into your writing. An example quote is given
so that all you must do is give the citation afterward.

1. Author(s): Lynn Smith Year: 2010

Title: A Study of Undergraduate Students Page number: article pgs. 170-191; quote pg. 172
Journal: Collegiate Learning Review

In-Text: “… out of every five students feels unprepared for writing classes” __________________________

Reference: ______________________________________________________________________________________

2. Author(s): Allen Jameison and Susan Plette

Title: A Quick Look at the Symptoms of Adult-Onset Cardiac Disease in Diabetics
Journal: Journal of Medical Practices
Page number: article pgs. 80-85; quote on pg. 83
Year: 2013
Volume: 4
Issue: 2

In-Text: “…showed few symptoms after two weeks of treatment” _____________________________________

Reference: _________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Author(s): Steven Marisol Publisher: McGraw-Hill Publishing

Title: Mathematical Concepts for Non-Math Majors City of Publication: New York City, New York
Year: 2008 Page number: quote pg. 214

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 80
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
In-Text: “…to show the matrices’ values” _____________________________________________________________

Reference: __________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Author(s): Jan Plumm and Carol Neischke Publisher: Harley Publishing, Inc.
Title: A Creationist View of Sexuality City of Publication: New Brunswick, New Jersey
Year: 2008 Page number: quote pg. 113-114

In-Text: “…sexual habits leading to cohabitation” ____________________________________________________

Reference: _________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Author(s): John P. Ackran

Title of webpage: Statistics of Insurance Coverage of Elderly
Sponsoring Organization: Organization for Medical Reform
URL: http://www.medreform.org/statistics/insurance/elderly-coverage/233
Date of Publication: September 21, 2013
Date of Access: April 3, 2020

In-Text: “…no coverage available” _______________________________________________________________

Reference: ______________________________________________________________________________________

Circle each of the APA violations in the reference list examples below. And rewrite into the
proper APA format.

1. Bai, H., Wei, P. (2009-2010). A Multilevel Approach To Assessing The Interaction Effects
On College Student Retention. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory
and Practice, 11(1), 287-301.

2. Berkove, G. F. (1979). Perceptions of Husband Support by Returning Women Students.

The Family Coordinator, 28 (4), 451-457. Retrieved from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/583504.pdf

3. Erlich, M., and Grabelsky, J. (2005, November) Standing at a crossroads: the building
trades in the twenty-first century. Labor History, 46(4), 421-445.

4. Pearson, R. W. (2010). Statistics as relationships: Statistical persuasion (pp. 238, 219).

Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage.

5. Best, J. W., and Kahn, J. V. (2006). Research in Education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon

Explorer! Please take time to watch the following videos and exercise link attached in this
section before you proceed to the next lesson. For now, you may take your break.

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 81
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL
“What is Referencing?”
http://owll.massey.ac.nz/referencing/what-is-referencing.php

“What is Plagiarism?”
http://www.plagiarism.org/article/what-is-plagiarism

“How to Cite Sources & Not Steal People’s Content on the Internet”
https://blog.hubspot.com/blog/tabid/6307/bid/33098/how-not-to-stealpeople-
s-content-on-the-web.aspx

ENHANCE ENGLISH ENGAGEMENT

English for Academic and Professional Purposes
(Mishima Z. Miciano/Remedios Z. Miciano)

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

AND SKILLS AND STRATEGIES FOR ACADEMIC DISCOURSE 1st edition
(Lorna A. Billanes, Ph.D)

Revise and finalize your position paper. Identify the passages and
references that you incorporated in your paper. Be sure to reference
properly.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=opp259YvaoE&feature=emb_logo

HOLY TRINITY COLLEGE OF GENERAL SANTOS CITY | SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM 82
MODULE IN ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
APPLIED SUBJECT ABM, HUMSS, STEM, & TVL