Global Political Processes

 The spill-over of International and

Transnational Organizations across national - The notion of - Nations’ ability
borders territory to control their
defines and borders are
nature of nation-states and scope of its distinguishes constantly
administrative and political authority them as challenged by
EXCLUSIVE the global flow
State COMMUNITI of people
ES WITH (refugees and
 State is a political and legal entity. FIXED undocumented
BORDERS immigrants)
Characteristics:
- More and more
1. BORDERS that define its territories people defined
2. Permanent POPULATION themselves as
3. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT global citizens
o Territorial control
o Administrative control
o Create LAWS, RULES, and Autonomy Autonomy
REGULATIONS
4. SOVEREIGN
5. RECOGNIZED each other
6. MONOPOLY on the use of FORCE - Internal and - State’s territory
external no longer defines
(Changes in how nation-states behave as a political affairs the domestic
consequence of the emergence od global and of a state is (internal
regional organizations cutting across their borders. clearly ) and foreign
To demonstrate the manner through which distinguished (external)
globalization has transformed world politics.) political affairs.

Globalization’s transformative process - Nation-states

have become
Has over run the world’s nation states as more penetrable
globalization intensified over the last six decades and are unable to
and the shifts from STATE – CENTRIC control the
GLOBAL POLITICS GEO – CENTRIC power and
GLOBAL POLITICS influence of:
1. Global
Characteristics from the shift: institutions
(internation
STATE – CENTRIC al;
GLOBAL monetary
GEO – CENTRIC
POLITICS fund &
GLOBAL POLITICS
world
bank)
Territory Territory 2. Social
movements
 and
political
activists (
3. Internation
al non- POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
governmen
t org’s. - Has called into question the state-centric
conception of world politics
- Challenges the understanding that states
Sovereignty Sovereignty exist and are in constant struggle with each
other for power

POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
- The STATE or - STATES are
government gradually loss of - The growth and expansion of worldwide
has the its supreme, political system
SUPREME, unqualified, and (Both in school and complexity)
UNQUALIFIE exclusive
D, and political
EXCLUSIVE authority
political and GLOBAL POLITICAL SYSTEM INCLUDES
legal authority Example: NATIONS STATES

United Nations 1. Emergence of International &

declaration of Universal transactional Organizations
 SUPREME, no Human Rights…
other political In terms of its composition political
and legal - Human rights as globalization includes
authority a global matter
existed beyond and not an - nation states or national government
the STATE exclusive - governmental or intergovernmental
 UNQUALIFIE concern of the organizations
D, within its state ,
territories, - Global human intergovernmental organizations (IGO’s)
rulers had rights groups can
complete intervene about - or international-governmental
authority over what is done to organizations
their subjects people within - consists three or more nation states that
 EXCLUSIVE, and between have signed treaty legally establishing the
no ruler had sovereign states, organization and specifying its purposes
the right to - to achieve their purpose, they create a
intervene in number of organs to help them in the
the sovereign formulation of policies, in decision making
affairs of the and policy implementation
other - example: 6 principal organs of the United
NATION- Nations
STATES  The United Nations General
Assembly
 The United Nations Security Council
  The United Nations Economic and
Social Council
 The United Nations Trusteeship
Council
 The International Board of Justice
(ICG)
 The United Nations Secretariat
International non-government organizations
(international NGO’s)
- Either work at the international level or
have international members
- These organizations are mixed bag
- best described as those organizations that
are not intergovernmental, they are not
business entities and certainly not terrorist
organizations
- example: (accredited orgs)
 Great Peace
 International committee of the Red
Cross
 Amnesty International
 Aids Free World
 Asia Pacific Disability Forum
 The Center for International
Rehabilitation
 Save the Children
Hybrid International Organizations (HIOs)
- Are those international organizations whose
membership comprises both states and non-
governmental or civil society organizations
- Example:
 International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
 Which deals with the
preservation of the
environment and whose
members include government
agencies and non-
government organizations
from all corners of the globe
2. Growing Power of Global Political
Institutions
The growing power of institutions of global
politics and governance
 A vast number of international and
regional institution have evolve
seeking more influence in the
governance of global affairs
 These institutions have become
increasingly powerful and influential
in the formulation and
implementation of public policies in
virtually all nation states, within the
scope of their nexus
IMF (International Monetary Fund) – has
gained over 183 more member countries that were
provided with short term financial assistance
World Bank – able to exercise its power and
influence by providing technical guidance
and advice to governments and businesses
in developing countries through its
international financing corporation. World
bank now has a total 174 member countries
loan ledger it has also invested in a total of
78 countries to date
3. Diminishing Importance of the
States
- It acknowledges that Power in the global
political system is not solely held by
nation’s state but it has distributed among a
diverse ary of public and private of networks
of intergovernmental organizations and
others
- Highly debatable
- Nation states no longer perform as the
central and sole actors in the field of politics
much as their boundaries are losing its
significance
4. Enormity of Inequalities and
Exclusion
 - Enormity and inequalities of power between
nation states
- This is further reflected in the fact that the
global political system is being governed by
intergovernmental policies and other
unwritten constitution that tends to favor the
vested economic and political interest and
hidden agenda of major capitalistic highly
industrialized and wealthy nations and
because of this intergovernmental
organizations in the global political system
are being dominated and controlled by an
elite of technical experts coming from these
wealthy and industrialized countries much
global decision-making from universal
health concerns to global security agenda
tends to exclude many other countries that
have lesser economic resources and political
influence.
The Global Political Structure
Key Concepts and Theories
State
- The most important actor in global politics
- The dynamic nature of the STATE drives
global politics the way it does
- STATE is a political and legal entity
- State Characteristics
1. Borders that define its territories
2. Permanent Population
3. Central Government
 Territorial control
 Administrative control
 Create LAWS, RULES, and
REGULATIONS
4. Sovereign
5. Recognized each other
(State A recognizes State B and vice versa)
6. Monopoly on the use of force
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF
INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
o Idealism
- GLOBAL POLITICS should be conducted
on the bases of MORAL and LEGAL
standards.
- Acts committed by any STATE or its
RULER are judged based on an agreed upon
or universally accepted moral and legal
standards.
- Idealism became the driving force of a
growing sense of trend of internationalism
which brought the creation of International
Organizations such as League of Nations
and United Nations
- Thomas Woodrow Wilson(28th US
President) is a believer of Idealism, became
the prime mover of the League of Nations
and argued that:
 The First World War resulted from the
old politics of militarism and
expansionism pursued by multinational
empires.
 the best antidote to war is the
construction of a world of democratic
nation-states that are prepared to
cooperate in areas of common interest
and had no intention to embark upon
conquest or plunder.
- NEO-IDEALISM
 is a brand-new form of IDEALISM
reflected in the emergence of PEACE
MOVEMENTS.
 These MOVEMENTS embraced global
policies which reject WAR and all forms
of violence.
 Stresses the importance of GLOBAL
INTERDEPENDENCE and FREE
TRADE.
 Envisions the creation of world society
Global Politics- Human political affairs should be
organized according to universal principles which
emphasize harmonious and collective conduct of
domestic and international political affairs
o Realism (Political Realism)
- this school of thought traces back to the:
 historical accounts of THUCYDIDES of
 PLURALISM
the PELOPONNESIAN War in 431 BCE.
 Sun Tzu’s work on war tactics and
strategies in his book, THE ART OF WAR
 Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian politician and
author of THE PRINCE
 Thomas Hobbes, English political
philosopher
- Thoughts of this Realism as political tradition
claims to be the oldest theory of International
politics
- Basic Tenets of Political Realism
 Primary of the STATE
 the STATE is the principal actor on the
international or global stage of politics
 STATES as sovereign entities can act
independently in the pursuit of their
national interest.
 Power Politics
 SOVEREIGN STATES participate in
international relations and politics in
order to gain POWER and achieve their
interests.
 International political systems should be
conducted to enable countries to survive
and defend its territories.
 Achieving international cooperation will
be far-fetched
 Balance of Power
 STATES act to preserve a BALANCE of
POWER in the POLITICAL SYSTEM
 States watch each other in an attempt to
prevent one to dominate another.
1. Increasing their own power
2. Building of Alliances
o Pluralism
o Neomarxism
Global Political Structures: The Concept of the
State and the Perspectives of IDEALISM and
REALISM
The Global Political Structure (Key Concepts and
Theories)
PLURALISM AND MARXISM / NEOMARXISM
As a significant perspective on global politics
 1960’s and 1970’s particularly in United
States
 The Pluralists’ Contentions (look at how
pluralist view the entire global political
system)
o Pluralism (contrary to what realist believe)
looks at the global political system as:
1. NOT A STATE-CENTRIC POLITICAL
SYSTEM
o As being consisted on not just nation state
as a main protagonist but also various
group and institution that are economic
and ideological in nature. In a big circle as
interpretation of international system
(business, companies or transnational
(triangle) and group different ideological
political organization (square) inside the
system.
PRESENCE OF PRESSURE GROUPS in
the system
o  possessing the power to create or pressure
or influence not just public opinion but the
public policies and laws that the different
nation stage in the system are able to
create and implement
o from a pluralist perspective this power to
pressure or influence is not held or
controlled by a single pressure group a
pluralist would argue on the other hand that
this form of power is shared by all actors in
the system
2. POWER is DIFFUSED and ACQUIRED
by all in the system.
o A for of counter baiting power which means
this power enables or used by any group or
states that matter to check or balance that
particular group that exhibits the controlling
authorities or monopolizing business
interest in the system
3. COUNTERVAILING POWER
 4. NATION-STATES AS ARBITER or
REFERRE to SET RULES and
MEDIATE
 NUETRAL
 NO HIDDEN INTEREST
 embraces all social and political groups,
organizations, and individuals as part of the
international political system
 driven by the belief that DIVERSITY is
BENEFICIAL to the international system
and society
 NEOMARXISM
In the context of International Politics
Marxism and neo Marxism offers a different point
of view for understanding on international politics
in
 Political Power
 Idealism
 Realism
 Pluralism `
 Neo- marxism
- Economic power
- Concerned with analyzing the structure of
NATIONAL and GLOBAL CAPITALIST
SYSTEM
perspectives of idealism realism and pluralism in
which the discussion of our is focused on the
concept of politics neo marxism instead stresses
economic power and the significant role played by
international capital and international system
instead of analyzing the nature of nation-states
power Marxist and neo-Marxist are primarily
concerned with analyzing the structure of national
capitalism and the global capitalist system
 NEOMARXISM
The INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM is a SYSTEM of
UNEQUAL’ EXCHANGE in which CORE
countries prosper and develop through the
exploitation of the PERIPHERAL countries
- importance to economic power and the
development of global capitalism in their
perspective view this international system as
basically and economic system governed by the
flow of global capital for a neo marxist therefore
the central feature of the international system or
the global capitalist system is the emergence of
multinational corporations
- business organizations or companies established
in a particular country and which manufacture
or sells goods or services will why they
normally established subsidiary companies in
other countries which facilitate their import and
export business operations having said that i will
also add more smaller triangles to represent
those subsidiary or partner business companies
- multinational corporations these are developed
northern economies of the world and health
benefit from technological advancement sustain
capital investment on the development or an
equal exchange of goods, services

1. Views the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM as a

GLOBAL CAPITALIST SYSTEM
2. Emergence of MUTLI-NATIONAL CORP.
(MNCs)
3. Nation-states are no longer dominant actors
4. DIVISION of the WORLD into CORE and
PERIPHERAL areas.