CHAPTER 4:

THE GLOBAL INTERSTATE SYSTEM

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Global Interstate System
Is the interaction of various states in international relations to provide
stability of all nations around the globe through the implementation
of international treaties.

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Global Governance in 21 Century st

Series of specific factor behind the emergence of global governance:

 Declining power of nation states
 Vast flows of all sorts of things that run into the often night through the boarders
of nation-states.
 Mass migration of people and their entry, often illegally, into various nation-states.
 Horrendous events within nation-states that the states themselves either foment
and carry out, or are unable to control (Nordstorm, 2004);
 Global problems that single nation-state cannot hope to tackle on their own.

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 Effects of Globalization to
Governance
One of the key aspects of state sovereignty is the Traditional Challenges Challenges from
National/Identity Movements

government -- It is a group of people who have the

ultimate authority to act on behalf of a state. Each state
has its own right to self-determination and that other
country should not intervene in the affairs of that state
unless there are extraordinary reasons to do so. In
additionally, the policy is developed and implemented in
the interest of the people of a state by a specific
government. A civil society within a state can also act as
a counterweight or as a supplement to government. Civil
society includes the private economy, educational
institutions, churches, hospitals, fraternal organizations,
and other non-profit organizations. Global Economics Global Social
Movements

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 Traditional Challenges Challenges to Government and
State Autonomy

External intervention can generally be

described as invasion by other countries.
For example, when Saddam Hussein
was the ruler of Iraq in 1990, he decided
he was going to take over the oil fields
of Kuwait. He invaded Kuwait and took
it over. As a result, he was dislodged by
an international coalition led by the
united states.

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 Challenges from National/Identity
Movements Challenges to Government and
State Autonomy
Challenges are part of national identity or
movement. It is important to know that a nation has
cultural identity that people attached to, while a
state is a definite entity due to its specific
boundaries. However, different people with
different identities can live in different states.
In 2014, great Britain had a vote in Scotland to
decide whether Scotland was going to become its
own autonomous state apart from Great Britain.
They voted against it but Scotland has significant
degree of autonomy now as compared to more than
two decades years ago.
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 Global Economics Challenges to Government and
State Autonomy

Global economy demands the states to conform

to the rules of free-market capitalism,
Government austerity comes from development
of organization that cooperate across countries,
such as WTO and regional agreement NAFTA.
European Union (EU) and the Association of
Southeast Asia Nation (ASEAN).

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Neoliberal Economics or Neoliberal Capitalism
 “Neoliberalism” was proposed by Colloque Walter Lippman in 1938. It was
described as “a certain set of economics belief”.
 The colloquium define the concept of neoliberalism as involving “the priority of
the price mechanism, free enterprise, the system of competition, and a strong
and impartial state”.
 To be “neoliberal” meant advocating a modern economic policy with state
intervention.

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 Global Social Movements Challenges to Government and
State Autonomy
Global and Social Movement most of the
time they are not seen as a threat, but they
definitely challenge state sovereignty.
Social movements are movements of
people that are spontaneous or that emerge
through enormous grass roots organization.
These social movements are transnational
movements which means they occur across
countries and across borders. Therefor,
states have less control over them.

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 The Relevance of the State amid Globalization

The state is a distinctive political community with its own set of rules and
practices and that is more or less separate from other communities. It has four
elements: people, territory, government, and sovereignty.
People — or the permanent population a permanent presence in one
location is strengthened by the second element of the state.
Territory — has a clear boundaries and has effectively controlled by the third
element, which is Government.
 Government — regulates relations among its own people and with other
states.
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Government — That means that the states is a formally constituted
sovereign political structure encompass people, territory, and its institution
on the one hand, and maintaining its autonomy from other states on the other
hand.
Sovereignty — a supreme power especially over a body politics.
That means that the states is a formally constituted sovereign political structure
encompass people, territory, and its institution on the one hand, and
maintaining its autonomy from other states on the other hand.

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 Nation
o Refers to a people rather than
any kind of formal territorial
boundaries or institutions.
o A collective identity grounded
on a notion of shared history
and culture.
o A cultural concept.
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State
o May refer to Philippine
government, the Philippine
territory, and its internal and
external sovereignty.
o Political concept .
Nation State — It is a territorially bounded sovereign institution that governs
individuals sharing collective history, identity, and culture.
A variety of arguments are made including that nation-states continue to be the
major players on the global stage (Gilpin, 2001) that they “retain at least some
power in the face of globalization” (Conley, 2002, pp. 378-399), that they very
greatly in “ their efficacy In the face of globalization” (Mann, 2007, p,472),
and that the rumors and the demise of the nation-state are greatly exaggerated.
Beland (2008) argued that “the role of the state is enduring-and even
increasing-in advanced industrial societies” (p. 48).
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 The Relevance of the State amid Globalization

He saw greater demands being placed on the state because of four major
sources of collective insecurity: terrorism: economic globalization, leading to
problem such as outsourcing and pressures toward downsizing, as well as the
current economic crisis; threats to national idendtity due to immigration; and
spread the global diseases such as AIDs

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 Institutions That Govern International Relations

There are several international organization that government of countries around

the world and individuals participate in. these include the United Nations, the
International Court of Justice, NAFTA, and NATO. There are also non-
governmental organizations promoting social and economic growth.

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 Peace Treaties and Military Alliances: The UN and
NATO
Global politics entails relationship of countries and different governments and
non-governmental organization. The United Nations (UN) is one of the leading
political organizations in the world where nation-states meet and deliberate.
However it remains as an independent actor in global politics. The term “United
Nations” was coined by former U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1942. Its
operation began on October 24, 1945. It started with 50 representatives from
different countries. Generally, it function in four areas: military issues, economic
issues, environmental issues, and human protection. Its made up of 193
countries, with the Republic of Sudan as its latest member (UN, 2011).
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The UN, with its headquarters in New York, was designed to be a place where
countries could come to discuss their issues without resorting the violence and war,
which had plagued our planet for several years in the past. Maintaining peace and
building friendships is the number one goal of the UN, as well as providing a forum
where countries could discuss global issues. There are five permanent members of
UN Security council — the United States, Britain, Russia, China and France. As of
the moment there were 10 additional countries join permanent members for two-
terms.
The UN is not all about fights. It has a program called UNICEF or the United
Nations Children’s Emergency Fund. Its primary goal is to help children around the
world.
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In terms of economic issues, the main focus of UN is the reduction of global
inequality. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) cover a range of
concerns for the improvement of all aspects of life encompasses economic
prosperity, social-well being, and environmental protection.

Environmental issues, such as pollution and hazardous wastes, are addressed

through United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) .

The UN also has the International Court of Justice (ICJ), usually referred to as
the World Court.
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UN promotes and protect human rights through different organizations and
mechanism such as: Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
(OHCHR), the Human Rights Council, the UN Development Group’s Human
Rights Mainstreaming Mechanism (UNDG-HRM), and the Special Advisers on
the Prevention of Genocide and the Responsibility to Protect.

NATO is a defensive treaty military alliance between the United States, Canada
and 25 European countries. This treaty and international organization basically
agreed to combine militaries and announce to the world that if a country messes
with one of its members, the other countries will come to defense.
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 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Another example of an international organization that was developed out of war is the
Red Cross (Red Crescent in Muslim countries). It’s considered as a non-governmental
organization (NGO). NGOs are not tied to any country which allows them to operate
freely throughout the world. They provide emergency relief such as food, water, medical
supplies for those whose homes or towns have been destroyed by a disaster or war. Red
Cross began as an organization to help those who were wounded during wars.
In addition to Red Cross, there are many NGOs dedicated to help people around the
world. Doctors Without Boarders provide free emergency healthcare in disaster area;
Oxfam fights famine and disease; Amnesty International speaks out for human rights and
political prisoners; and Save the Children helps kids get healthcare and education.
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 Global Economic Associations: The WTO and
NAFTA
WTO is made up of 162 countries around the world and was created with the
goal of increasing free trade. Countries, therefore, can buy and sell goods from
one another without placing taxes on imports or tariffs. In addition, tariffs are
used to protect business and companies inside their country. Though good in
nature, WTO is not without criticism. In fact a protest in settle at 1999 WTO
conference led to a major riot as some said that WTO was more about helping
large companies and corporation that it was about helping people.

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Another famous economic organization is NAFTA — this is an economic treaty
between the United States, Canada, and Mexico in which the three countries
trade freely without taxing each other. NAFTA is not without critics either.
Some American outworkers protested against NAFTA as several car companies
moved their factories to Mexico in search for cheaper labor. NAFTA, like WTO,
represent the challenge in America for keeping manufacturing factories.

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 Globalization
 Is the spread of technology, products, information, and jobs across
nations.
 Involves increasing interconnection between people and regions
throughout the worlds.
Globalism

 Is an ideology based on the belief that people, information, and

goods should be able to cross national boards unrestricted.
 The ideological component of globalization

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 Informationalism

— is the technological paradigm that constitutes the material basis of

early 21 century society.
st

— is a concept of strengthening the capacity of information

processing and communication, made possible by technological
innovations.

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 Global Citizenship

Citizenship is associated with rights and obligations, for instance, the right to
vote and the obligation to pay taxes. Both rights and obligations link the
individual to the state. It also has to do with our attitudes. We need to be willing
to engage and to spend time and efforts to the community of which we feel part
of. Community has traditionally been regarded as something very local.
Global citizens are the glue which binds local communities together in an
increasingly globalized world.

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There are three approaches to global economic resistance:
1. Trade Perfectionism — involves the systematic government intervention in
foreign trade through tariffs and non-tariff barriers in order to encourage
domestic producers and deter their foreign competitors (McAleese, 2007)
2. Fair Trade — is a different approach to economic globalization, which
emerged as a counter to neoliberal “free trade” principle (Nicholls and
Opal, 2005). Its ability to supply a mass market and its applicability to
manufacture products are also doubted.
3. Helping the bottom billion based on Coillier (2007) — Increasing aid is
only one of the many measures that are required.
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 The reduction of trade barriers would also reduce the economic marginalization
of these people and their nations.
Global citizenship is a term used to described the social, environmental, and
economic actions taken by individuals and communities who recognize that
every person is a citizen of the world. Promoting global globalization in
sustainable development will allow individuals to embrace their social
responsibility to act for the benefit of all societies, not just their.

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 THANK YOU!
Have a great day ahead!