ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

NAME ID NO

1.BETELHEM SOLOMON…………………………………………..A/UR15208/10

2.BEZA KIFLE………………………………………………………..A/UR 15122/10

3.KELELA FANTAYE………………………………………………...A/UR 15129/10

DEPARTEMENT ADVISOR NAME…………………

NAME OF THE HOSTING ORGANIZATION

ADDIS ABABA CITY ROAD AUTHORITY

NAME OF IMMEDIATE SUPERVISOR IN HOSTING ORGANIZATION

GIZACHEW BEHIRE

PERIOD OF INTERNSHIP

1 MONTH

SUBMISSION DATE

21/OCT/2021
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY

This internship program creates a joint relationship between the university and the hosting

company. These relationships basically focus on how engineering students are performing the

knowledge and the skill which grasp from the university and applied on practical aspect on

the hosting company.

This report presents our overall three-month internship program experience, including each of

the tasks we have performed on site and in the office, as well as the experience, knowledge,

and skills we have gained through this program. It also explores the brief history;

establishment, status, mission, level, organizational structure and services of AACRA

, which has been receiving and training us.

In our one months stay on this project we have been working and learning as site Engineer.

We have been working on , retainingwall and asphalt. We were also introduced

to the real-life application of the knowledge we acquired in university.

Generally, this internship report will give an overall work experience we had performed and

the learning attained from performing specific tasks while working in a professional environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we would like to praise ALMIGHTY GOD for his merciful and endless

guidance and who gave us strength to work on this internship report and complete it

successfully.

we would like to thank Adama science and technology University institute of technology for
giving the chance to take part in the internship program to upgrade our theoretical knowledge as
well practical skills. And also, we would like to express our gratefulness to Mr. Advisor. who

has not only taken the time and trouble to read this report, but also who has been for

sacrificing his time to advise us, check our progress, giving a guiding light and

monitoring in our practical work to make the internship program successful and

fruitful.

We would also like to forward a genuine thanks to the authority of Addis Ababa city road
construction,, for giving an opportunity to improve our skills and to the staff, for their irreplaceable
role in giving us sufficient information in all of their abilities. We appreciate the willingness and
assertiveness of the workers to help us what they want to know. Without their

support, the internship would not be beneficiary as it has to be.We would like extend our sincere
gratitude and appreciation to all of the participants who helped us during our internship, the Project
manager, Mr. Yetbarek. Special thanks to Site engineer Mr.Gizachew for the continuous follow
up and sharing of their knowledge and experience. Finally, Special thanks to all our families,
friends, and colleagues who endured the completing stage of t he internship. Thank you all for
your love, assistance, support, continued encouragement and having faith on us when we were
doubtful about our ability to complete this internship.
Catalog

1. OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP................................................................................................................ 1

2. BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION ......................................................................................... 1

1.1 vision................................................................................................................................................ 1

1, drainage purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 6

4. Mix design ................................................................................................................................................. 7

4.1 Asphalt ..................................................................................................................................................... 8

5. Pavement.................................................................................................................................................. 13

1. Flexible pavement.................................................................................................................................... 13

2. Rigid pavement ........................................................................................................................................ 13

Flexible pavement:............................................................................................................................... 13

Rigid pavement: ................................................................................................................................... 14

5.1 Flexible pavement:......................................................................................................................... 14

5.1.1 Rigid pavement: .......................................................................................................................... 16

Definition ............................................................................................................................................. 16

Advantages of Rigid Pavement ........................................................................................................... 16

5.1.2 Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Types of Pavements .................................................................... 16

HOW I JOINED THE COMPANY ..................................................................................................... 22

 1. OBJECTIVE OF INTERNSHIP

Our main objective of this internship is to expose us to a particular job and a profession or
industry. While we might have an idea about what a job is like, we won't know until we actually
perform it if it's what we thought it was, if we’ve the training and skills to do it and if it's something
we like.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION

Addis Ababa City Road Authority

vision

Enabling the Addis Ababa City to have efficient and reliable transport Services so that it could sustain being political city of Africa and
centre of International organizations and to be a model to other cities with both Management and Service delivery capabilities.

Mission

To be a safe,effective,efficient and fully integrated Road Authority which will best meet the needs of all the Residents of the City of
Addis Ababa, at improving Levels of Service and Reducing Costs of Living for Economic and Social Development, whilst being
Environmentally & Economically Sustainable.

Values

1. Commitment
2. Transparency
3. Integrity
4. Accountability

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5. Excellence
6. Creativity
7. Sustainability

The objective and exclusive powers of the authority.

1. The objectives of the authority shall be to administer, construct roads and undertake other related activities with in its jurisdiction.
2. The Authority shall, with in its jurisdiction, have exclusive powers with regard to the administration and construction of roads and other
related activities.

Powers and duties of the authority

1. Initiate policies and laws with regard to road net work, construction, protection and use of roads.
2. Determine design standards for roads and implement same.
3. Prepare long term, medium and short term plans and programs with respect to the construction of roads and other related activities,
and implement same upon approval.
4. Carry out or cause the carrying out of feasibility study and implement same.
5. Prepare design for the construction of roads or cause its preparation through qualified consultants.
6. Construct roads on its own or have them construct through contractors.
7. Determine the criteria for the selection of consultants and contractors for roads to be constructed by other bodies
8. Prepare and cause the preparation of work consultancy service contracts, conclude contracts and see to it that there is supervision with
(a contractor an ensuring that works are executed as per contracts concluded and supervise same)
9. Design or cause the designing of traffic signs with regard to roads, collect information from appropriate government offices and place
traffic signs on roads, and inform to concerned offices of that they do follow up and implement accordingly.
10. Erect and protect signs that indicate the direction of roads and squares.
11. Cause the installation and protection of traffic signs of the roads and squares.
12. Cause the installation and protection of roads/street lights
13. Determine the size of land required for pedestrian roads and standards for the construction thereof, and it shall also construct, cause
the construction of and protect pedestrian side walks’
14. See to it that the personnel necessary for the authority are trained and establish training institutions.
15. Manufacture materials that are necessary for road construction and use them and, where necessary, it shall sell such materials.

Organization and leadership of the Authority

As per the Authority’s re-establishment regulation since 2008/2009, the authority has been established under the bureau of works and
urban development having:

1. An Executive Board
2. A General Manager,
3. Necessary officials and workers

Roads types under construction by the Authority

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- Gravel Access
- Arterial
- sub Arterial
- Ring Road
- Interchange

Road network coverage of the city :

- Total width of the city is 54,000 hectare.

- Built up area of the city 169.02 Km2.
- Constructed Asphalt Road in 7 meter width 1280 Km.
- Constructed Gravel road in 7 meter width 1534 km.
- Total road network of the city in 7 meter width 2814 till 7 July, 2009.
- The coverage of the road compared with the built up area is 10.34%

3.Retaining Wall
Retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil,

when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of response of the

soil.

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3.1 What is the purpose of a retaining wall?
The purpose of all retaining walls is to hold soil behind them. However, the specific needs will
vary depending on the project. Walls can range from small landscape stone walls to surround a
garden to enormous soil-retaining projects along a highway. Others can help control erosion from
hard rains or create a terraced yard to reduce maintenance.

3.2 What is a retaining wall in construction?

A retaining wall is a structure that holds or retains soil behind it. There are many types of materials
that can be used to create retaining walls like concrete blocks, poured concrete, treated timbers,
rocks or boulders. Some are easy to use, others have a shorter life span, but all can retain soil.

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3.3 At what height do you need a retaining wall
between 3 and 4 feet high

On average, most retaining walls are between 3 and 4 feet high. This is optimal because it doesn't require any
anchors, or expensive engineering methods, though in some cases the wall must be higher. Variables that affect
the height of your retaining wall include: Extreme heights

3.4 what types of retaining walls is the best

Concrete and Masonry Retaining Walls

Poured concrete is the strongest and most durable choice for retaining walls. It may also be carved
and formed to look like mortared stone depending on your taste

And they have used cantilever retaining wall (basement wall)

A basement wall is thus one kind of retaining wall. But the term usually refers to a cantilevered
retaining wall without toe (L shaped )

These walls are made of reinforced cement concrete. It consists of a thin stem and a base slab

cast monolithically. This type of wall is found to be economical up to a height 6 to 8m

, which is a freestanding structure without lateral support at its top.

These are cantilevered from a footing and rise above the grade on one side to retain the

higher level on the opposite side. The must resist the lateral pressure generated by loose soil,

or in some case water pressures. In the entire of the structure side walls (retaining walls) are

used to protect the back fill around the building. The stability of soil is attained by giving a

gentle slope at the side but it requires a vast area so retaining wall is used as a solution. The

stability of the soil may be lost by water at rain season by the time of flood that will initiate

the movement of the soil. This is also protected by constructing a retaining wall.

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Cantilevered retaining wall are made from an internal stem of steel reinforced, cast-in-place

concrete or mortared masonry. These walls cantilever loads (like beam) to large structural

footing converting horizontal pressure from behind the wall to vertical pressure on the ground

below. In this building project has a reinforced concrete cantilevered retaining wall with a

thickness of35cm used starting from the foundation up to ground level.

Design consideration of retaining wall

➢ The type of soil and its water content. when the soil water content is high, the stability

of the soil lost and the soil tries to move and it increases the load on the retaining wall

➢ The load that can exist

➢ The height of retaining wall

➢ The slope of the soil (angle of repose) - when the slope of the soil at the back of the

wall is steep the wall will be exposed for high lateral load.

Procedures used for construction of retaining wall.

First of all, the outside form work was adjusted. After the rebar of the foundation slab and

mat beams are placed the reinforcing bar are fixed in place on the face of the slope to be

supported. These rebar’s are then enclosed with construction plywood that will serve as a cast

for the concrete they are very hard and very expensive, can be reused again and again . The
alignment is checked. The concrete which contains admixture (retarder) is then poured into place
and allowed to harden.

As shown below they have used cascading,for

1, drainage purpose

2.differential settlement

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3.it decease excavation cost and concrete cost

4.expansion joint

4. Mix design

Can be categorised into two:-

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 1) Asphalt mix design
2) Concrete mix design

Here our major concern will be Asphalt mix design

4.1 Asphalt
Asphalt, also known as bitumen is a sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form
of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as
a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The word is derived from
the Ancient Greek . The largest natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to contain 10
million tons, is the Pitch Lake located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad .

Natural bitumen from the Dead Sea

Refined asphalt

The primary use (70%) of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder
mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous
waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
In material sciences and engineering, the terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used
interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance, although there is

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regional variation as to which term is most common. Worldwide, geologists tend to favor the term
"bitumen" for the naturally occurring material. For the manufactured material, which is a refined
residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils, "bitumen" is the prevalent term in much
of the world; however, in American English, "asphalt" is more commonly used. To help avoid
confusion, the phrases "liquid asphalt", "asphalt binder", or "asphalt cement" are used in the U.S.
Colloquially, various forms of asphalt are sometimes referred to as "tar", as in the name of the La
Brea Tar Pits, although tar is a different material.
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Its viscosity is
similar to that of cold molasses while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude
oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen".
Asphalt properties change with temperature, which means that there is a specific range where
viscosity permits adequate compaction by providing lubrication between particles during the
compaction process. Low temperature prevents aggregate particles from moving, and the required
density is not possible to achieve. Computer simulations of simplified model systems are able to
reproduce some of asphalt's characteristic properties.

4.2 Asphalt mix design is the process of determining what aggregate to use, what asphalt
binder to use and what the optimum combination of these two ingredients ought to be.

There are several different methods used to go about this process, of which the Marshall and
Superpave methods are the most common.

4.2.1 Marshall Mix Design Method

The basic concepts of the Marshall Mix design method were originally developed by Bruce
Marshall of the Mississippi Highway Department around 1939 and then refined by the U.S.
Army. Typically, the Marshall Mix design method consists of three basic steps:

1. Aggregate selection: Different agencies/owners specify different methods of aggregate

acceptance. Private labs may or may not run periodic aggregate physical tests on a
particular aggregate source. For each mix design, gradation and size requirements are
checked. Often, aggregate from more than one source is required to meet gradation
requirements.

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2. Asphalt binder selection: Review the contract document to determine the specified
binder grade.

3. Optimum asphalt binder content determination: In the Marshall method, this step can be
broken up into 5 sub steps:

I. Prepare a series of initial samples, each at different asphalt binder content. For
instance, two to three samples each might be made at 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0 and 6.5
percent asphalt by dry weight for a total of 10 to 15 samples. There should be at
least two samples above and two below the estimated optimum asphalt content.

II. Compact these trial mixes using the Marshall drop hammer. This hammer is
specific to the Marshall Mix design method.

III. Test the samples in the Marshall testing machine for stability and flow. This
testing machine is specific to the Marshall Mix design method. Passing values of stability
and flow depend upon the mix class being evaluated.

IV. Determine the density and other volumetric properties of the samples. Select
the optimum asphalt binder content. The asphalt binder content corresponding to 4 percent
air voids is selected as long as this binder content passes stability and flow requirements.

V. A quicker way is to run trials based on aggregate blending, test properties,

varying asphalt cement content – the trial blend that gives 4 percent air voids and
meets specifications is selected.

4.2.2 Superpave

Superpave- Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement

▪︎Superpave asphalt binder tests measure physical properties that can be directly related to field
performance through engineering principles.

▪︎Superpave binder tests are conducted at in-service pavement temperatures.

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▪︎Superpave specification attempts to measure properties that are directly related to pavement field
performance.

●Intended to improve pavement performance by reducing the potential to:-

▪︎permanent deformation
▪︎fatigue cracking
▪︎low-temperature cracking
▪︎excessive ageing from volatilization
▪︎pumping and handling

The Superpave mix design method was designed and developed to replace the Marshall Mix design
method and Hveem mix design method.

The Superpave system ties asphalt binder and aggregate selection into the mix design process, and
considers traffic and climate as well.

The volumetric mix design is accomplished in four steps-

I. Selection of component materials

II. Selection of design aggregate structure
III. Selection of design Asphalt content
IV. Evaluation of moisture susceptibility

The Superpave mix design consists of seven stages-

I. Aggregate selection
II. Asphalt binder selection
III. Sample preparation, including compaction
IV. Performance tests
V. Density and voids calculations
VI. Optimum asphalt binder content selection
VII. Moisture susceptibility evaluation

The primary issue that led to the development of the Superpave paving system was pavement
deformation in the form of rutting.

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And designed to match the expected traffic loads and the high and low expected temperatures
(climates) of the pavements.

Main difference between the Marshall Mix design and the Superpave system is

▪︎ Marshall Mix design primarily address the determination of asphalt binder content, while
Superpave addresses all element of mix design. The Marshall design or construction method
requires in most cases compaction 95% or greater of the maximum lab value.

▪︎ The Superpave system ties asphalt binder and aggregate selection into the mix design process
and considers traffic and climate as well. The compaction devices from the Hveem and Marshall
procedures have been replaced by a gyratory compactor and the compaction effort in mix design
is tied to expected traffic.

4.3 Types of cutback asphalt

On the basis of the relative speed of evaporation, cutback asphalts are divided into three types:
rapid curing (RC), medium curing (MC) and slow curing (SC).

As I observe on the site working place Medium curing (MC) is being applied.

MC-30 and MC-70

MC-30 is used in the road maintenance industry where it is used as a prime coat of the base course
prior to placing of the bituminous surface course.

And also used to reduce asphalt absorption and for bondage purpose.

MC-70 is a cutback bitumen which is a penetration bitumen asphalt blended with kerosene.
Kerosene and other petroleum derived products are added as cutback agents reducing the viscosity.
MC-70 means solvent is medium curing which express that the solvent will vapour at medium
speed.

The difference between MC-30 and MC-70 bitumen

Is that their kinematic viscosity. For MC-30 the kinematic viscosity is 30 to 60 centistoke, but for
MC-70 bitumen it is 70 to 140 centistoke.

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5. Pavement

Following are the two main types of pavements:

1. Flexible pavement
2. Rigid pavement

Flexible pavement:

Are those pavements which reflect the deformation of subgrade and the subsequent layers to the
surface.

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Rigid pavement:

The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab
action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil.

5.1 Flexible pavement:

Definition

Flexible pavements are those pavements which reflect the deformation of subgrade and the
subsequent layers to the surface. Flexible, usually asphalt, is laid with no reinforcement or with a
specialized fabric reinforcement that permits limited flow or repositioning of the roadbed under
ground changes.

The design of flexible pavement is based on load distributing characteristic of the component
layers. The black top pavement including water & gravel bound macadam fall in this category.

Flexible pavement on the whole has low or negligible flexible strength flexible in their structural
action). The flexible pavement layers transmit the vertical or compressive stresses to the lower
layers by grain transfer through contact points of granular structure.

The vertical compressive stress is maximum on the pavement surface directly under the wheel
load and is equal to contact pressure under the wheels. Due to the ability to distribute the stress to
large area in the shape of truncated cone the stresses get decreased in the lower layer.

As such the flexible pavement may be constructed in a number of layers and the top layer has to
be strongest as the highest compressive stresses.

To be sustained by this layer, in addition to wear and tear, the lower layer have to take up
only lesser magnitude of stress as there is no direct wearing action due to traffic loads.
Therefore, inferior material with lower cast can be used in the lower layers.

A typical flexible pavement structure consists of:

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• Surface Course. The layer in contact with traffic loads. It provides characteristics such as friction,
smoothness, noise control, rut resistance and drainage. In addition, it prevents entrance of surface
water into the underlying base, sub base and subgrade. This top structural layer of material is
sometimes subdivided into two layers: the wearing course (top) and binder course (bottom). Surface
courses are most often constructed out of HMA.
• Base Course. The layer immediately beneath the surface course. It provides additional load
distribution and contributes to drainage. Base courses are usually constructed out of crushed
aggregate or HMA.
• Sub base Course. The layer between the base course and subgrade. It functions primarily as
structural support but it can also minimize the intrusion of fines from the subgrade into the
pavement structure and improve drainage. The sub base generally consists of lower quality
materials than the base course but better than the subgrade soils. A sub base course is not always
needed or used. Sub base courses are generally constructed out of crushed aggregate or engineered
fill.

Wearing course

• The wearing course is the upper layer in roadway, airfield, and dockyard construction. The term
'surface course' is sometimes used, however this term is slightly different as it can be used to
describe very thin surface layers such as chip seal. In rigid pavements the upper layer is a Portland
cement concrete slab. In flexible pavements, the upper layer consists of asphalt concrete, that is
a construction aggregate with a bituminous binder. The wearing course is typically placed on the
binder course which is then laid on the base course, which is normally placed on the sub base,
which rests on the subgrade.

Binder Course

• The hot mix asphalt course immediately below the surface course, generally consisting of larger
aggregates and less asphalt (by weight) than the surface.

• A coarse aggregate bound with bitumen between the foundation and the wearing course
of an asphalt pavement.

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5.1.1 Rigid pavement:
Definition

The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab
action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs
with steel reinforcement.

The rigid pavements are made of cement concrete either plan, reinforced or pre-stressed concrete.

Critical condition of stress in the rigid pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring in the
slab due to wheel load and the temperature changes.

Rigid pavement is designed and analyzed by using the elastic theory.

Advantages of Rigid Pavement

1. Rigid lasts much, much longer i.e. 30+ years compared to 5-10 years of flexible pavements.
2. In the long run it is about half the cost to install and maintain. But the initial costs are
somewhat high.
3. Rigid pavement has the ability to bridge small imperfections in the subgrade.
4. Less Maintenance cost and Continuous Traffic and Flow.
5. High efficiency in terms of functionality

5.1.2 Comparison of Flexible and Rigid Types of Pavements

1. Deformation in the sub grade is transferred
to the upper layers
2. Design is based on load distributing
characteristics of the component layers
3. Have low flexural strength
4. Load is transferred by grain to grain contact
5. Have low completion cost but repairing
cost is high
6. Have low life span
1. Deformation in the sub grade is not transferred
to subsequent layers
2. Design is based on flexural strength or slab
action
3. Have high flexural strength
4. No such phenomenon of grain to grain load
transfer exists
5. Have low repairing cost but completion cost is
high

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 7. Surfacing cannot be laid directly on the sub
grade but a sub base is needed
8. No thermal stresses are induced as the
pavement have the ability to contract and
expand freely
9. That’s why expansion joints are not needed
10. Strength of the road is highly dependent on
the strength of the sub grade
11. Rolling of the surfacing is needed
12. Road can be used for traffic within 24 hours
13. Force of friction is less Deformation in the
sub grade is not transferred to the upper
layers.
6. Life span is more as compare to flexible
7. Surfacing can be directly laid on the sub grade
8. Thermal stresses are more vulnerable to be
induced as the ability to contract and expand is
very less in concrete
9. That's why expansion joints are needed
10. Strength of the road is less dependent on the
strength of the sub grade
11. Rolling of the surfacing in not needed
12. Road cannot be used until 14 days of curing
13. Force of friction is high

As you can see the picture attached here is one of the road construction constructed as a flexible
pavement

6. Shear Wall
A Shear wall is a structural member in a reinforced concrete framed structure to resist lateral

forces such as wind forces. Shear walls are generally used in high-rise buildings subject to

lateral wind and seismic forces. In multi-story structures, shear walls are critical, because in

addition to preventing the failure of exterior walls, they also support the multi floors of the

building, ensuring that they do not collapse as a result of lateral movement in an earthquake.

Generally, shear walls are either plane or flanged in section, while core walls consist of

channel sections. In many cases, the wall is pierced by openings. These are called coupled

shear walls because they behave as individual continuous wall sections coupled by the

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connecting beams or slabs. Normally the walls are connected directly to the foundations.

However, in a few cases where the lateral loads are relatively small and there no appreciable

dynamic effects, then they can be supported on columns connected by a transfer beam to

provide clear space.

Reinforced concrete shear walls represent a structurally efficient solution to stiffen a building

structural system under lateral loads. The main function of a shear wall is to increase the

rigidity and strength of the building for lateral resistance.

The behavior of shear wall depends on material used the wall thickness,length and position of the
wall in the building frame these wall usually begin from the foundation level along the length and
width of building

Their thickness can be above 150mm or below 400mm in a tall building they are like vertical
oriented wide beam that carry the earthquake load towards the foundation

A shear wall may fail either in one of these 3 modes the modes are flexural shear failure,the
horizontal shear failure and vertical shear failure

6.1 WHY AND WHERE SHEAR WALL IS PROVIDED

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 ❖ This wall resists the lateral loads that are imposed on the structure due to wind,earthquake
or sometimes due to hydrostatic or lateral earth pressure
❖ Shear wall buildings are a common choice in many earthquake pronp countries
❖ They are efficient in reducing in construction costs
❖ Also reduces earthquake damage in structural and non structural elements such as glass
windows and construction materials
❖ Buildings with shear wall have shown very good performance during earthquake in high
seismic areas

6.1.1 LOCATION AND DESIGN CLASSIFICATION OF THE SHEAR

WALL

The location of the shear wall depends on the

1.structure plan

2.core location

3.building symmetry

4.the lateral force of the structure

The design classifications of the shear wall will depends on

1.the thickness of the wall

2.the diameter of bars of the wall thickness

3.minimum reinforcement of the gross area of the section

4.certain reinforcement thickness

6.2 TYPES OF SHEAR WALL

1.REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALL

Used for residential buildings.the reinforcement is provided in both horizontal and vertical
directions.but at the end of each wall,bars are closely spaced and anchored. So, the end zones of
RC shear walls are called boundary elements or barbells. The wall thickness of RC shear wall is

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varied depending upon many factors like thermal insulation requirements of the building,age of
the building, number of floors of buildings

2.CONCRETE BLOCK SHEAR WALL

Constructed using hollow concrete blocks along with steel reinforcement bars. Reinforcement is
generally used to maximize the effect of concrete block masonry against seismic loads. The
reinforcement bars are arranged through spaces of concrete blocks in both vertical and horizontal
directions.after placing bars in concrete block masonry, fresh concrete grout is poured into the
hollow space and is allowed to set.

3.STEEL SHEAR WALL

Consists of a steel plate wall,boundary column and horizontal floor beam.the action of the steel
shear wall is more like a plate girder.steel plate wall acts as a web of a plate girder , boundary
columns act as flanges and horizontal beams act as stiffeners of a plate girder.

4.PLYWOOD SHEAR WALL

Consists of plywood sheets and studs.plywood sheets trsnsfer shear force while studs resist the
tension or compression.

5.MID-PLY SHEAR WALL

This type of shear wall comes with an extra plywood sheet that is arranged at the center of normal
plywood wall and a series of pairs of studs are positioned on both sides of mid-ply

Classification of shear walls based on location arrangenment

1.column supported shear wall

2.core type shear walls

3.rigid frame shear walls

4.framed walls with infilled frames

5.simple rectangular type and flanged shear walls

6.coupled shear walls

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7.cantilever shear wall

6.2.2 MATERIALS USED FOR SHEAR WALL CONSTRUCTION

A shear wall usually is designed as a braced moment resisting fram usually made of structural
steel or the reinforced concrete wall.though it may also be made using plywood or masonry
structure

The braced frame (steel) used as a shear wall

Moment resisting frame (steel) used as a shear wall

Continuous rigid structures with few openings either made of reinforced concerte or masonry are
used as shear walls

6.5 APPLICATION OF SHEAR WALL

❖ Shear wall are designed to resist gravity/vertical loads and earthquake/wind lateral loads
❖ These type of walls are structurally combined with the roof or the floor
❖ Other lateral walls run at right angles to provide 3 dimensional stability to structures
❖ The walls have to resist uplift forces due to air drag
❖ These walls resist the shear forces that try to push the wall up and the lateral forces of air
drag
❖ These wall resist the shear forces that try to push the wall up and the lateral forces of air
that push the walls in and out of the structure
❖ This shear walls structural system is extra stable
❖ The supporting area is comparatively high compared to RCC framed structures

6.6 Procedures used for construction of shear wall.

In this site during construction of shear wall placement of vertical and horizontal bars are

prior. Before casting of concrete, spacers inserted between the bars and form work for

concrete cover. Then, the vertical alignment using plum bob (tumbi) is checked by the

supervisor then casting of C-50 concrete was started.

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. 6.7 OVER ALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIEANCE

HOW I JOINED THE COMPANY

Initially, there were two options given by the university to get willing companies the other one
was to search and find by ourselves

In searching of a host company I managed to get accepted at The Addis Ababa road
authority.and noah real-estate..

The noah realestate assigned me in a sit near by my house but the construction was almost done,
not much for me to learn. So as The Addis Ababa road authority. had going vaster and interesting
project at the time of my internship schedule that makes it my one and only option.

6.7.1 Tasks We Have Been Executed

The main aim of internship program is to show the students about the real work situation and

making them familiar with practical works. It also helps the students to activate on different

tasks based on their theoretical knowledge.

When we started our internship program our aim was gaining different practical skills. Over

the internship period we have been executed different tasks with the help of the site engineer,

office engineer, Forman’s and all skilled labors. Some of the works are discussed below

THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE

The internship program has given me a chance to enhance my theoretical knowledge

to a great extent. When observing the activities performed on the site ; there were

various points which attract and require the closer analysis and assistance from

professionals working there. Since I have been working on an RC structure; I have

utilized the knowledge I have got from the previous courses.

I have tried to focus on relating the concepts from the courses taken with working

principles and mechanisms followed on the site.

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LEADERSHIP SKILLS

Leadership skills; as another important type of practical skill has also been given

attention while conducting activities and participating in assigned tasks which are

important in deciding the perfection and accuracy of some work types. Sometimes

the appropriate and well analyzed decisions are absolutely essential in undertaking

activities since problems arise which makes things difficult and require certain

specific actions to fix problems and complete that piece of work successfully.

Decision making skills are also important by giving a chance to enhance self

confidence in handling work tasks and leading group of workers to perform a certain

activity with the required quality and speed of work.

6.7.2 Challenges We Faced and Measures We Took to Overcome

These Challenges

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Some of the Challenges we faced: -

✓ The shortage of cement in the country has hampered the concrete filling and made

it difficult to carry out the planned work as per schedule.

✓ Addis Ababa city heavy vehicle time limit proclamation poses significant

challenge to site supply of various construction materials (including concrete).

✓ Changes in design over time have made it difficult for us to understand and keep

track of they are being implemented.

✓ Project leaders’ weakness, management problems, hesitation and delays in

decision making; the illiteracy gap between the various stakeholders was

disturbing the sprint of the work environment.

✓ The delay in the work forced us to look at the recurring activities during our stay,

which was very boring.

✓ The lack of safety wears of construction like safety shoes, helmet, gloves.

✓ Get used to the real world of work and the work environment.

✓ Unfamiliar to words that being used at the site.

✓ Weakness of daily laborers and failure to fulfill their responsibilities in

accordance with their instruction.

6.7.3 Measure taken: -

With due care; wearing a mouth and nose mask, while entering, exiting and

working on the site washing our hands often with soap. Construction work is

difficult to maintain physical distance (social distancing), but we have properly

implemented various provision of the organization.

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 Due to the shortage of cement and proclamation of time limit of movement of

heavy vehicles; it makes difficult to work concrete pouring on normal working

days. However, we have been tried to see concrete filling works even on

weekends.

Regarding design changes; requesting an explanation that is difficult to

understand, we were able to find out what works has been done in accordance

with the revised design. The project manager and site engineers have been very

helpful in this regard.

When problems arise on the site, trying to understand the source of the problem

and take the necessary steps to create a comfortable work environment for

ourselves. We also spent our time discussing various ideas.

We tried to see different sites by changing place so that we would not get bored of

repeating then same tasks.

We have benefited from safety clothing by requesting the purchase of safety

clothing and equipment’s.

Ask and practice what the real world of work and working environment looks like

by communicating and making friends with employees at all levels.

Being new to the site language was a problem during our first stay, but over time

we were able to get used to by asking the site engineers, Forman’s, day laborers

and by reading the list of materials.

6.7.4 OVERALL INTERNSHIP BENEFITS

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The primary goal of the Internship Program is to allow civil engineering students to

incorporate and emphasize the lessons learned in the previous year or theoretical part into a

real-world experience set in a professional practice-oriented environment. During the

internship period we have performed different types of task which helps us to upgrade our

skill and more experienced at building construction. Some of these skills we have gained are;

In Terms of Improving Practical Skill

This program gave us many opportunities to test and refine our skills. All in our learning

years our knowledge has been theoretical. This program has changed this and now we have

developed practical knowledge which helped us to build and improve our confidence. We

were practically able to see how construction materials are managed and controlled in a way

that is efficient and wastage reducing. Controlling construction materials starting from the

time it is taken out of store up to the time it is implemented on the work.

We gain a lot of practical skills among this

✓ Creativity and an innovative approach to solving problems

✓ The ability to analyze and interpret diverse, complex data

✓ Clear written and oral communication skills

✓ Awareness of ethical issues and the wider impact of your work.

✓ Construction of formworks

✓ Casting and curing of concrete

✓ Improved our ability of understanding and reading working drawings

✓ Supervising the work done on the site

In Terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

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It was a good time in developing and upgrading theoretical skills for the future. We

experienced how to calculate volume works, take off sheets for rebar and concrete works.

Some of the theoretical knowledge those we gained during our internship training include: -

➢ How to write a given report either weekly or monthly

➢ Purpose of shear wall on buildings

➢ Purpose of stirrups

➢ How reinforcements are placed to resist moment and shear

6.8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

6.8.1 CONCLUSION

The company trains the interns as a regular worker and gives attention about their practical work.
All the company workers show respect and they always help the internship practicing students to

improve many skills.Since the purpose of internship program is to help students to know what they
have learnt theoretically in practice and introduce students with working condition. Practically we
have worked on retaining wall shear wall asphalt .

This internship program helped us to see and know what the real work world looks like.

During this practice time we have learnt many sites and some office works like takeoff sheet,

bar scheduling, report writing and etc. The internship program also helped us to differentiate

the responsibilities of different workers that we will work with for the future as: Project

manager manages the whole project by dividing work units and assigning it to individual staff

members and is responsible in motivating individuals, avoiding wastages of materials and

resources considering its benefits and pure workmanship, resident engineer oversees the

whole project in terms of time, cost and quality and reports regarding the progress, issues and

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problems and development of the project, site engineer makes sure work is executed

according to specification and drawing and checks the construction and makes it necessary to

report it to the project manager, office engineer collects data from data collector or surveyor

and reports it to the project manager and makes detail drawings to be easy for construction,

surveyor conducts the work like alignment, setting out and checking depth by using level and

total station; time keeper keeps track of each and every employee’s punctuality, store Keeper

controls materials that come in and out of the store.

This internship program is very important for students to integrate their theoretical concept to

practice. The internship program has been helpful experience in introducing us to the real

engineering work. It can be expressed as an exciting and essential academic opportunity to

relate and implement theoretical knowledge into practical and really applicable structures.

Finally, the aim of this Internship program was to introduce students with working condition

and it made us familiar to the real construction world. We can conclude that the internship

program that we have completed was effective and productive.

6.8.2 RECOMMENDATION

Recommendation for the company;

✓ Health and safety rules and regulation are not practiced constantly in the site so

this has to be changed and the company should have to fulfill every material

which is needed for the employees and enforce the employees to use safety

materials such as helmet, safety shoe, and safety rope when they are working on

the height.

✓ Provide the necessary row materials, these will the firm to avoid unnecessary

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delay of projects due to shortage of raw materials.

✓ Avoid miss communication between the employees, this can be done by arranging

company meetings.

✓ Not arrange the necessary materials and office for interns, this will danger the

interns to incited and work with responsibility

✓ The removal of formworks and panels shouldn’t done without skilled man power,

which highly disturbs the setting/hardening concrete.

✓ We would like to recommend to the company, and to all its staffs to continue their

positive assistance, to create properly learned and experienced future generations.

✓ We would like to recommend to the company, it should continue in creating job

opportunities for many people who are looking for jobs. This has a nice effect on

the development of the country and reducing unemployment.

✓ We also suggest that the company should keep applying the prize program for the

active w

orkers as it motivates the workers and makes them more honest.

REFERENCE

Ministry of works and urban development, (1995). EBCS-2, Design of concrete

structures. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Design of concrete structures by Nilson.

Design of reinforced concrete structures, S.Ramamrutham, R.Narayan.

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