Unity University: Department of Construction Technology and Management & Civil Engineering Final Internship Report

Unity University
Department of Construction Technology and Management &

Civil Engineering
Final Internship Report
Group members: ID.NO
1. Faisal Musa…………………………................... UU69559R
2. Rihanna Genzeb.……………………………...… UU70933R
3. Rawda Abdulkadir…………………………….....UU70515R
4. Natnael Assefa………………………………..….UU74282R
PROJECT: - LAGARE RESIDENTIAL TOWER 1

OWNER: - EAGLE HILLS ETHIOPIA P.L.C
CONTRACTOR: - RAMA CONSTRUCTION P.L.C
CONSULTANT: - ZIAS DESIGN INTERNATIONAL
P.L.C
MENTOR: -GETACHEW TSEGAYE

SUPERVISOR: - YONAS FESHAYE
SUBMISSION DATE: - 28/02/2022
SECTION: - CTMR1N1/10
DECLARATION
We are 5th year Unity University students of Construction Technology and Management. We
have undertaken the internship program at Rama Construction P.L.C at La Gare Residential
Tower 1 project for a period of four months from November 01, 2021 to February 15, 2022
under the guidance of Mr. Getachew Tsegaye (Mentor) and Mr. Yonas Fesehaye (Rama
Construction site engineer).
We, Faisal Musa, Rihanna Genzeb, Rawda Abdulkadir, Natnael Assefa hereby declare that this
internship report is the prepared by us during the internship period and we approve it by our
signature below.
APPROVAL OF THE MENTOR AND THE SUPERVISOR
As the student’s academic advisor and supervisor, we certify that this internship report is
written by the students Faisal Musa, Rihanna Genzeb, Rawda Abdulkadir, Natnael Assefa, is
their original work.
Mr. Getachew Tsegaye ___________________ ___________________
(Mentor) Signature Date
Eng. Yonas Fesehaye ___________________ ___________________
(Supervisor) Signature Date
Faisal Musa ___________________ ___________________
(Student) Signature Date
Rihanna Genzeb ___________________ ___________________
Rawda Abdulkadir ___________________ ____________________
Natnael Assefa ____________________ ____________________
II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The internship students would like to express a sincere thanks to mentor Mr. Getachew Tsegaye
and to supervisor Eng. Yonas Fesehaye for their Guidance and advice during the internship
period and also deepest gratitude and thanks goes to Eng. Daniel, Eng. Ammanuel, Architect
Eyasu, office Engineer Hermela and Addis, Site Eng. Fekre, Eng. Henock and all engineers
and staff members who welcomed the interns with an open arm and supported them through
their internship program. The internship students would like to express their special thanks to
consultant Eng. Berhanu for all the kindness and persistent support.
Finally, the internship students would like to thank the hosting company Rama Construction
P.L.C for accepting the students request to join the company and allowing them to have the
work experience.
III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of this report is to put in writing the work experience that had been acquired by
performing specific tasks during the internship program which was planned to help apparent
students gain practical knowledge of engineering skills, design, implementation, evaluation
and management in general.
The contents of the report have been divided into five chapters and the topics covered include
the company background, overall internship experience, and the benefits gained from
internship, and conclusions and recommendations.
The first chapter of the report includes, brief description of the back grounds of the internship
hosting company (RAMA CONSTRUCTION PLC), including the history and objective of the
company, its main projects and services and the overall organization and work flow.
The second chapter of the report briefly explains the overall internship experience gained
during the practical period, which starts by explaining the process of getting into the company
and the work section that have been executed. The procedures used while performing tasks,
are also included in this part of the report.
The third chapter of the report explains about tasks performed and executed during the period
of the internship program which includes office work such as bar schedule, takeoff and
drawings as well as site work.
The fourth chapter of the report briefly explains about the overall benefits gained from the
internship in terms of improving practical skills, theoretical knowledge, interpersonal
communication skills, team playing skills, leadership skills, and work ethics.
The last chapter finalizes by concluding the above topics and grasp the whole idea of the
paper, including giving recommendations regarding the host company that might help improve
work flow.
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS Page
DECLARATION .................................................................................................................................... II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................................................... III
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... IV
LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. VII
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... VIII
GLOSSARY .......................................................................................................................................... IX
CHAPTETR ONE
1. BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY .................................................................. 1
1.1. Brief History of Rama Construction P.L.C .................................................................................. 1
1.2. Goals, Mission, Vision and Value of the Company ..................................................................... 1
1.3. Quality Policy .............................................................................................................................. 2
1.4. Joint Venture ................................................................................................................................ 2
1.5. Main Projects of the Company Completed .................................................................................. 3
1.6. The Overall Organization and Work Flow .................................................................................. 4
1.7. Roles and Responsibilities of the Professionals ........................................................................... 4
1.8. Project Profile .............................................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE .............................................................................. 10
2.1. How the Interns Joined the Company ........................................................................................ 10
2.2. The Section of the Company that the Interns Have Been Working ........................................... 10
2.3. The Work Flow in the Section ................................................................................................... 10
2.4. Work Tasks That Have Been Executed ..................................................................................... 11
2.5. Procedures Used While Performing Tasks ................................................................................ 12
2.6. Challenges That Have Been Faced While Performing Work Tasks .......................................... 12
CHAPTER THREE
3. OFFICE AND SITE WORK..................................................................................................... 13
3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13
3.2. Office Work ............................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1. Quantity Surveying (QS) .................................................................................................... 13
3.2.1.1. Preparation of Takeoff Sheet ...................................................................................... 14
3.2.1.2. Preparation of Bar Schedule ....................................................................................... 15
V
3.2.1.3. Preparation of BOQ .................................................................................................... 17
3.3. Site Work ................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3.1. Concrete Work .................................................................................................................... 19
3.3.2. Reinforcement Bar .............................................................................................................. 30
3.3.3. Formwork ............................................................................................................................ 35
3.3.4. Back Fill for Rigid Pavement.............................................................................................. 39
3.3.5. Tests Executed at the Site ................................................................................................... 40
3.3.6. Finishing Work ................................................................................................................... 47
3.3.7. Contract Handling ............................................................................................................... 48
3.3.8. Health and Safety on site .................................................................................................... 51
3.3.9. Supervision and Mentoring ................................................................................................. 54
CHAPTER FOUR
4. THE OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP .......................................... 55
4.1. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Practical Skills ................................................. 55
4.2. What has been Gained in Terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge ................................... 56
4.3. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Interpersonal Communication Skills ............... 56
4.4. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Team Playing Skills ......................................... 56
4.5. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Leadership Skill ............................................... 56
4.6. What has been Gained in Terms of Understanding About Work Ethics Issues ......................... 57
CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCULUSION AND RECOMMANDATION FOR RAMA CONSTRUCTION P.L.C ..... 58
5.1. Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 58
5.2. Recommendation ....................................................................................................................... 58
Reference .............................................................................................................................................. 60
VI
LIST OF FIGURES Page
Figure 1:Metehara Sugar Factory ........................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2:J.H Simex Intercontinental Hotel .............................................................................................. 3
Figure 3:Ashegoda Wind Farm ................................................................................................................ 3
Figure 4: Work Flow ................................................................................................................................ 4
Figure 5: Takeoff Sheet ......................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 6: Bar Schedule .......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 7:BOQ ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 8:Sand ........................................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 9:Aggregate ................................................................................................................................ 21
Figure 10:SASPlast SP60B Admixture.................................................................................................... 22
Figure 11:Batching Plant / EILON .......................................................................................................... 25
Figure 12:Concrete Pumper .................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 13: Vibrator ................................................................................................................................ 27
Figure 14:Leveling ................................................................................................................................. 27
Figure 15:Curing of Concrete ................................................................................................................ 28
Figure 16:Spacer ................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 17:Pumping Concrete ................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 18: Stirrups ................................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 19: Main Bars ............................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 20:Shear Reinforcement ............................................................................................................ 32
Figure 21:Shear Wall Reinforcement .................................................................................................... 34
Figure 22:Plywood ................................................................................................................................ 35
Figure 23:Panel ..................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 24:Plastic Formwork .................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 25:Column Formwork ................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 26:Slab Formwork ...................................................................................................................... 38
Figure 27:Compaction ........................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 28: Back Fill ................................................................................................................................ 39
Figure 29:Cone Standard Size ............................................................................................................... 40
Figure 30: Slump Result Meaning ......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 31:OPC Slump Test ..................................................................................................................... 41
Figure 32:SCC Slump Test...................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 33: SCC Slump Result ................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 34: Container + weighing instrument ........................................................................................ 44
Figure 35: Feild Density Plate................................................................................................................ 44
Figure 36:Dish ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Figure 37:Pan ........................................................................................................................................ 45
Figure 38:Jar .......................................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 39:Weighing the Jar ................................................................................................................... 46
Figure 40:Concerete Cubes ................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 41:Curing the Concrete Cubes ................................................................................................... 47
Figure 42: Prime Coat............................................................................................................................ 48
Figure 43:OHSAS Certificate Award ...................................................................................................... 51
VII
Figure 44:Safety Signs ........................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 45:Personal Protective Equipment ............................................................................................ 53
Figure 46:Staffs and Supervisors........................................................................................................... 54
Figure 47:Concrete faults ...................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 48:Improper Disposal ................................................................................................................. 59
Figure 49:Improper Disposal ................................................................................................................. 59
Figure 50:Concrete Faults ..................................................................................................................... 59
LIST OF TABLES Page
Table 1:Steel Formwork ........................................................................................................................ 37

Table 2: Timber Formwork .................................................................................................................... 37
Table 3:Removal Period ........................................................................................................................ 38
VIII
GLOSSARY
Armata : Concrete
Bagoni : Concrete bucket used for transportation
Berga : The length of single reinforcement which comes in a standard length of 12m
BOQ : Bill of Quantity
Fero : Reinforcement bar
Ferayo : Bar bender
Fondo : Horizontal / soffit formwork of the slab
Gari : Wheel barrow
GF : Ground floor
IOS : Integrated System of Quality and Environment, Management System
Kebeleto : A reinforcement bar which is used as a spacer to maintain the thickness of the slab
Lump Sum: A single complete sum of money
Morale : Wood stud
OHSAS : Occupational Health and Safety
Panel : Steel formwork
Plywood : yellow wood formwork
PO1 : Podium Level 1
PO2 : Podium Level 2
Proxy : Support for formwork
QS : Quantity surveying
Shibo : Black wire
Sibago : A string used to maintain alignments
Sponda : Vertical / side formwork of the slab
Staffa : Stirrup
Tumbi : Plumb bob
IX
0
FINAL INTRNSHIP REPORT February, 2022
CHAPTETR ONE
1. BACKGROUND OF THE HOSTING COMPANY
1.1. Brief History of Rama Construction P.L.C

Rama Construction Private Limited Company is a grade 1 General Construction Company
which is mainly involved in building roads and Real Estates. It is Certified in Integrated System
of Quality and Environmental Management System ISO 900 1:2015 and ISO 14001:2015.
Rama was established in 1995 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The Company is registered under
Ethiopian law. Ever since its establishment the Company has successfully accomplished
different construction works estimated at hundreds of millions of Birr for the Federal
Government, Regional Governments and the private sectors of Ethiopia. Currently the
Company is undertaking a number of construction activities in different parts of the country.
As mentioned earlier the Company is certified in Integrated System of Quality and

Environmental Management System (ISO 9001:2015 and 14001:2015) as well as in OHSAS
Occupational Health and Safety (ISO 18001:2007) on December 2017.
1.2. Goals, Mission, Vision and Value of the Company

The goals of the company are:
• Get the job done on time and on budget
• Reduce cost and defects
• Build superior homes (buildings)
• Promotion of the construction activities of the country
• Accomplishing the construction projects in quality basis and timely
Vision
To be a world class Construction Company which could undertake any kind of construction
works in Ethiopia and Internationally.
Mission
To participate on the Country’s Socio-economic development without reservation by
delivering ethical, reliable and quality construction service in a timely and cost-effective
manner thereby giving maximum satisfaction to all stakeholders.
Unity University Page 1

Values
➢ Executing works based on the will capacity of the customers.
➢ To serve the society on basic development of the country.
➢ Effective & faithful management of projects
➢ Executing clear & concise (100%) relationship at the beginning of the contract.
➢ Developing and building its capacity and to ensure a quality work.
➢ Preparedness/readiness, reliability, flexibility, innovative, competent, responsible, team
work.
1.3. Quality Policy

RAMA Construction PLC is fully committed to establish ISO based Quality and
Environmental Management System and conduct all activities in conformity with established
international standards and legal requirements so as to:
• Achieve maximum customer satisfaction;
• Become the industry leader in delivering quality, timely and cost-effective construction
service;
• Ensure continual improvement of the service, the process and the management system;
• Create environment friendly working condition by reducing and gradually eliminating
activities and wastes having adverse effect on the environment and thus contribute its share
in the global effort towards combating environmental degradation;
• Ensure the safety and security of the Company employees and project neighborhoods by
creating a working environment which is free from danger and professional hazards.
• Ensure that the Quality & Environmental Objectives set by the Company are met
1.4. Joint Venture

Rama Construction has entered a joint venture agreement with China Jiangsu International
Cooperation Corporation for Construction of three projects from which one of the projects as
head contractor and on the other two as partner.
Rama Construction has also under taken a partnership agreement with an Indian Company
KBK CHEM ENGINEERING PVT. LTD for the construction of Metehera Sugar Factory
Ethanol Plant Project Civil works.

1.5. Main Projects of the Company Completed

Completed Project Name and Location
1. Ashegoda Wind Farm Project & Access Roads Construction Mekele
2. Arbaminch University Health Science Faculty
3. Metehara Sugar Factory Ethanol Project
4. Shashemene Forest Industry Head Office, Addis Ababa
5. Ethiopian Airport, Domestic (Addis Ababa)
6. Dashen Bank (Nazareth, Ethiopia)
7. J.H Simex (5 star Hotel) (Addis Ababa)
8. Low Cost Housing (Lafto Site) (Addis Ababa)
9. Dashen Bank (Jimma, Ethiopia)
10. Abu Diyab Fueling Station and Recreation Center (Mojo, Ethiopia)
11. Gatira Secondary High School
Figure 1:Metehara Sugar Factory

Figure 2:J.H Simex Intercontinental Hotel
Figure 3:Ashegoda Wind Farm

1.6. The Overall Organization and Work Flow
Project
manager
Adminstration Store Planing and Contract

Quality Finance Construction Plant and
keeper Reporting Adminstration
Control Engineer Engineer Equipment
Engineer Adminstration
Supervisor Health and Store
saftey Controller Casher Design
Mechanical Electrical Site
Engineer Engineer Engineer Modificati Metal
Security on Workshop
Head Purchaser Engineer
Mecanical Electrical Carpenter
Forman Forman Forman Wood
Personnel Wastage
Workshop
Clerk Control
Bar bender Engineer
Forman Transport
Time Clerk
Keeper Concrete Quantity
Forman Survyor
Masonary Lab
Forman Technician
Level Man
Servoyer
Figure 4: Work Flow
1.7. Roles and Responsibilities of the Professionals

The project manager
The project manager is accountable for ensuring that everyone on the team knows and executes
his or her role, feels empowered and supported in the role, knows the roles of the other team
members and acts upon the belief that those roles will be performed. Some specific
responsibilities of the project manager are
• Developing the project plans
• Managing the project stakeholders
• Managing communication
• Managing the project team
• Managing the project risks
• Managing the project schedule

• Managing the project budget

• Managing the project conflicts
• Managing the project delivery
• Contract administration
Generally, the project manager acts as leader (guiding the entire resources to an efficient
activity), acts as planner (planning within the agreed time), acts as decision-maker
(representing the whole site management).
Site Engineer
Site engineer is the professional who provides technical advice, organizes and supervises
construction projects. The site engineer controls all the activities in the site and is responsible
for the whole construction work. The site engineer also execute work according to the drawings
and specification, checks the construction of structural and finishing works, makes necessary
reports to the project manager all activities on the site, and strictly follows the given time
schedule to avoid any delay on the project completion time.
The site engineer visits the site on day-to-day basis for the purpose of making sure that the
work is flowing as planned.
Some of the common responsibilities of site engineers are:
• Prepares daily laborers output report
• Organizes the monthly reports to be sent to Head office
• Schedules weekly or monthly work implementation
• Checks and reviews any sub contract payments
• Quantifies any materials on request etc.
Office Engineer
An office engineer is responsible for managing the flow of documents between internal and
external partners, preparing project reports for the office, and helping to coordinate office’s
participation in construction projects. The office engineer is also responsible for the accurate
processing of submittal in order to ensure the correct products and materials are installed
throughout the project. Compile and analyze collected data to prepare payments and takeoff.
The office engineer also makes reports to the project engineer and makes detail drawings to be
easy for construction and provide it to surveyor, Foreman or any concerned section.
The Consultant
Consultants are professionals, typically, appointed by the client to perform expert tasks on a
project. Mainly the consultant gives solution for any question from the contractor side and clear
any confessions on the project, by discussing and sharing ideas with the contractor staffs (site
engineer, construction engineer, office engineer). Some of the responsibilities include:
• Providing advice on setting up and defining the project.

• Developing and coordinating the design.
• Contract administration.
• Inspecting the work of contractors
The Contractor
A person or business that agrees to conduct work for another entity as specified under the terms
of a contract. The contractor is responsible for executing the structural work including the
external block work indicated in the contract document using the specification and drawings
as a guideline as well a reference.
The Forman
The Forman in construction controls distribution of Masons, Carpenters and daily labors. The
Forman also gives guidance on how the work is done and gives correction if there is any
mistake done. Forman and general Forman have the same responsibility. The Forman has the
power to give allowance to the workers to stop work and go home at the time of sickness or
any other occasions.
Trained Foreman's
Control most of the skilled (masons, carpenters, plumber, bar bender, labor) and unskilled
(gang leaders) labors by giving directions that have been received from the general manager or
the site engineer.
✓ Masons: are persons skilled in cutting, dressing, and laying stone in buildings.
✓ Carpenters: is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different
structural components like tie beams and columns and formworks.
✓ Plumber: responsible for installing, repairing and maintaining pipes and other construction
materials used for water supply and waste water disposal.

✓ Electrician: perform works required for the repair, maintenance, installation and
modernization of electrical systems.
✓ Machine operator: operate, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like, vibrator,
mixer, crane
✓ Team leaders: controls the distribution of labor forces throughout site by taking orders from
the trade Forman. He controls the number of laborers at each work place, transfer labor workers
from one site to other, and check whether laborers are performing their job properly.
✓ Metal workers: fabricate, assemble, install and repair sheet metal products and equipment’s.
Administrator
Project administrator have the responsibilities such as controlling the human resources,
recruiting labors, controlling materials or properties entering and exiting the site. Managing the
working hour of employees including overtime and part time. They are also responsible for
communicating matters to the head office and receiving update on rules and regulations.
Financial managers
Financial managers are responsible for the financial health of an organization. They create
financial reports, direct investment activities, and develop plans for the long-term financial
goals of their organization. They also keep record of the cost and profit of the firm to evaluate
their financial performance.
Store keepers
The major tasks of store keepers are:
✓ Maintain receipts, records, and withdrawals of the stockroom
✓ Receive, unload, and shelve supplies
✓ Ensure adequate record keeping and manage all documentation to confirm proper stock
levels and maintain inventory control
✓ Coordinate the handling of freight, the movement of equipment, and necessary minor
repairs
Time Keeper
✓ Controls the time, the worker start, break and end
✓ Registers ordinary time amount and over time works

✓ Reports a summary of working time to administrator for salary

Data collector
Data collector collects daily work activities carried out on the site, which help teams to bring
the different parts of a project together, make a job more efficient, and give real-time
information that helps with project planning and progress.
Drivers: Includes small to large truck drivers provide service to staff members to transport
material purchased and machineries going in/out of site.
Guards: Keep the site safe and follow the activity of the site if there are bad situations.

1.8. Project Profile

Project: La Gare Residential Tower 1 Building
Client: Eagle Hills Ethiopia Real Estate P.L.C
Consultant: Zias Design International P.L.C
Contractor: Rama Construction PLC
Project contractual Highlights
Specific Contractual Dates
➢ Date of contract signature………….…………………… Jun 17,2020
➢ Contract commencement date………………………..…..Nov 4,2020
➢ Initial Contract period in calendar date….…………….. 540 Days
➢ Contract extension…………………………………….…130 Days
➢ Contract completion date……………………...…………August 10, 2022
➢ Total contract period in calendar date………………..…..670 Days
Contract value
➢ Main contract without vat (USD)………. ………………..12,170,032.00
➢ Main contract with 15% vat (USD)……………………… 13,995,536.80

➢ Type of contract …………………….……………….……Lump sum
General conditions
➢ Purpose…………………………………………………….Residential
➢ No of floors………………………………………………. 22
➢ Types of floor……………………………………….GF, PO1 & PO2, 3RD-21th, Roof

floor, Roof Bulk head &Top cap
Project status
➢ Time elapsed ……………………………………………. 474 Days
➢ Project progress …………………………………………..43%

CHAPTER TWO
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. How the Interns Joined the Company
Once Unity University announced the internship program, all students started searching for a
construction company So, a team of 4 students was formed namely Faisal Musa, Rihanna
Genzeb Rawda Abdulkadir and Nathnael Assefa it was then decided to search for a construction
company as in group in order to facilitate the searching process. There was this huge project
that caught the attention of everyone passing by that place, just around the city center, La Gare
then a site visit was made in order to address the request to join the company as an interns, a
reply from the project manager came saying that a formal request should be written by Unity
University which must be submitted to Rama Construction P.L.C head office which is located
around Jacros and an acceptance letter stating the name of the students admitted will be written
by the head office with copies for all parties; a copy for the project manager at the site, a copy
for Unity University as well as a copy for individual students admitted and thankfully the team
of four students mentioned above got admitted.
It was a great opportunity to join into a such a huge international construction company and on
top of all a local company which was one of very few and that’s how the journey of four months
started.
2.2. The Section of the Company that the Interns Have Been Working
Since there are mainly two sections in the company both office work as well as site work were
the works executed during the internship program. Both sections are essential for developing
as well as improving practical skills. The site work includes most of the practical work which
includes interacting with different professions like carpenters, bar benders, masons, site
engineers. The office work includes preparing bar schedules, take off, site diary, reports,
scheduling.
2.3. The Work Flow in the Section
In general, there is a smooth work flow in the company. The site works for 24hrs depending
on the work progress being achieved and there are morning shifts and night shifts for labor
workers or direct workers and also overtime for indirect employees. The daily work flow is
mainly associated with labors executing the daily work planned under the supervision of the
site engineers once the specific work gets done it will be checked by the site engineer and

corrections will apply based on any faults once the site engineer confirms the executed work is
free from any faults it will be handed over to the consultant who will then check the work based
on the drawing and specifications and approve the work for further procedure.
2.4. Work Tasks That Have Been Executed

✓ Reading drawings; Initially it was necessary to learn how to read drawings perfectly and
what does each drawing represent, the naming culture of the axis and how to communicate
drawing and related stuffs among engineers as well as being familiar with the materials
around the site and that was the first task performed.
✓ Data collection; Once the skill of reading drawing was acquired it was convenient to
collect daily site activity for the data collector which then analyze the amount of material
and the cost incurred for that day; data collection involves recording the executed activities,
number of labors, equipment and materials used and quantifying it in terms of cost. This is
mainly useful in order to prepare reports which can be daily report, weekly report and
monthly report. Then once daily report is prepared it is compared with the actual plan versus
executed work. Then it would be much easier to know where exactly the project is standing,
and questions like, Is the project lagging or is it going based on the plan, will be addressed.
✓ Preparing takeoff and bar schedule; data collected during the data collection stage will
be used in order to prepare takeoff quantity of the executed task as well as bar schedule for
reinforcement works executed.
✓ Bill of quantity; results from takeoff and bar schedule will be multiplied with its
corresponding unit rate which will result on the total cost.
✓ Inspection; inspecting the executed work with the consultant, checking the bar diameter,
number of rebars, length of the rebars, center to center distance of the rebars, checking the
form work alignment vertical and horizontal alignment, spacer placement.
✓ On field tests; Cube test, sand cone test, slump test

2.5. Procedures Used While Performing Tasks

The procedures used while performing any task
➢ Observe the professionals do the task
➢ Rise questions while observing
➢ Ask the expert questions associated with the area of expertise
➢ Note down the answers given by the expert
➢ Make research online at home
➢ Clear any doubt, if available, by asking the expert again
➢ Perform the task under the supervision of the expert
➢ Finally, keep record of the knowledge gained and add it to the report
2.6. Challenges That Have Been Faced While Performing Work Tasks
➢ Unavailable information: Not being able to get enough information especially about the
sub-structure so referring to different sites online was the means to overcome this
challenge.
➢ Unreachable engineers: Not being able to be in contact with the sub contract (Orkid )
who has done the foundation work. The only option was just to ask the people on the site
about the foundation.
➢ Unfamiliar terms: Not being familiar with the words used at the site, the common
language used at the site was a little bit challenging but taking notes of all the words used
helped to solve the problem easily and quickly.
➢ Design changes: There were multiple design changes especially to the drawings such as
reinforcement bar drawings, electrical drawings, sanitary drawings and unfortunately there
wasn’t enough satisfying answers.
➢ Lack of communication: there was a communication gap between the contractor and the
consultant which cost the contractor resources and demolished a temporary structure.
➢ Lack of office: No office for internship students which made it difficult to see office work.
➢ Not allowed to meetings: meetings were only for top management officials and interns
were not allowed to attain meeting even as spectators, it was considered as private matter.
➢ Inaccessible tests: not being able to see tests conducted outside the site.

CHAPTER THREE
3. OFFICE AND SITE WORK
3.1. Introduction
The project site name is La-Gare residential Tower 1, it’s located around La Gare, the project
has a Budget of 13,995,536.80 USD the project started on Nov 4,2020 and the Contract
completion date was on April 28,2022 but it has been extended for 4 months so its completion
date is on August. Until now Rama construction has used 474 days of the total 670 days and
the project status progress is 43%.
The purpose of the building is a residential tower that have a 22 storey in which the GF, PO1
& PO2 are for parking purposes and 3RD-21TH floor for residential and also have a Roof floor,
Roof Bulk head and Top cap and the current status of the project is at the 9th floor slab.
The type of foundation used for this structure is a Pile foundation. They have a total of 243 pile
and there are about 48 amount of pile caps also used C50 concrete for the pile caps and for the
super structure mainly for column, beam, shear-wall, and slab for the PO1 to 6th floor C50
concrete was used and for the 7th and above it has been used C37 concrete. At the project site
we have a Batch plant that’s used for mixing of concrete based on their concrete mix ratio.
3.2. Office Work

Office work is one of the most critical jobs on the site. The office engineer is the one
responsible for planning and scheduling, preparing all the necessary paper works, coordinating
tasks, processing invoices, maintaining databases, collecting expense data and stocking office
with supplies. It is an essential job which demands different set of skills for the project to be
successful.
3.2.1. Quantity Surveying (QS)
Quantity surveying is a term or process used in the construction industry to take measurements
of civil works, prepare specifications and estimates the cost of works either for each trade of
work or for the whole project.
The following tasks are covered in quantity surveying:
✓ Taking measurements of civil works (Take off quantities and preparing BOQ)

✓ Preparation of approximate (preliminary) cost estimate at the very early stage of the
project.
✓ Preparation of detail cost estimate at different stages (taking as built measurements and
preparing payment certificates or approval of payment certificates prepared by taking
measurements).
The importance of quantity surveying:
➢ Estimation of material quantities - A Quantity Surveyor will measure the drawings and
calculate the quantities of materials to procure such as Cement, Sand, Aggregates, Steel,
Bricks, Blocks, Tiles, paint, etc.
➢ Comparison - Contractor’s quantity surveyor will compare estimated cost vs actual cost.
➢ Monthly bill checking – Quantity surveyor will check the contractor’s monthly bills /
contractor’s quantity surveyor will prepare monthly bills based on work done on site.
➢ Preparing reports - The quantity surveyor will prepare monthly Cost reports, progress
reports, Cashflow reports etc.
3.2.1.1. Preparation of Takeoff Sheet

Quantity takeoff or estimating sheet is the general form of listing and taking off types, sizes
and quantities of material required in a bidding process of any construction work. Takeoff helps
to know the types and quantities of the various materials required to complete the work. It helps
to ensure the proper estimation of the costs and material requirements, and also to provide an
indication of the labor costs associated with the installation or construction of the materials.

Figure 5: Takeoff Sheet
➢ T- Timesing : This column indicates the number of repetition of the same dimension.
➢ D- Dimension: This column indicates the Length, Width, Thickness measurements of the
work.
➢ Result: This column indicates the product and/or summation of the dimensions.
➢ Description: This column indicates the name, specification as well as the axis of the work.
3.2.1.2. Preparation of Bar Schedule

Bar schedule is a document showing the list of structural members, type of reinforcement, size
of rebar, number of rebars for each member, cutting length, total length, shape, location of all
reinforcement in the working drawing.
Bar schedule ensures that reinforcement cutting, bending, and placement are carried out in the
most efficient manner on site. It also guides against the excessive waste of reinforcement by
minimizing the number of useless offcuts.

Importance of bar schedule

➢ To serve as control document for the inspector.
➢ For quantification of materials by the quantity surveyor.
➢ To assist bar bender.
Figure 6: Bar Schedule
In order to fill out the above table properly the following steps should be taken.
➢ Identify the type of bar present.
➢ Then calculate the number of bars present based on the spacing and the length on which
these bars are placed
➢ Calculate on how many members these bars are present on a single floor system
➢ Then calculate the total length by multiplying the total number of bars with the length of
single bar
➢ Now based on predetermined conversion factor we can calculate the total mass of bar in
kilograms.

3.2.1.3. Preparation of BOQ

A bill of quantities (commonly known as BOQ) is a document prepared by a quantity surveyor
to define the quality and quantity of works required to be carried out by the contractor to
complete the project.
A bill of quantities also provides the contractor with measured quantities of works as identified
on the project drawings and specification.
During the construction period the BOQ can assist by:

• Helping to determine the agreement of the contract sum with the contractor.
• Identifying a schedule of rates for individual work items to assist with costing variations.
• Providing the basis of identifying works completed for interim valuations.
• Providing the basis for the preparation of the final account.
N.B: It is important that a BOQ is prepared to a standard methodology recognized by everyone

involved in the project to avoid any misunderstandings or ambiguities. A BOQ is also a
valuable document during the process and settlement of any dispute resolution.
Figure 7:BOQ

3.3. Site Work

The site work includes structural work such as concrete work, Reinforcement work, Formwork,
Backfill work and on field tests. The structural elements of the site include Flat slab, columns,
shear walls.
Structural Elements
➢ Flat Slab: is a two-way reinforced concrete slab that doesn’t have beam so loads are
directly transferred to the supports which are the concrete columns and shear walls. The
slab thickness differs across the floor the outer or the slabs which are close to the support
and edge has thickness of 30cm and as it goes toward the inner part it has 28cm thickness
and around the middle it has 15cm thickness.
The main reason behind having different thickness on the floor is that:
- It reduces the dead load imposed on the structure.

- Shear force is maximum at the supports and zero at the middle whereas bending
moment is zero at the support but maximum at the middle so by reducing the self-
weight of the concrete especially around the middle span it can help reduce the bending
moment of the slab.
- It is also economical.
➢ Columns: are vertical structure members that carry axial compressive load and transfer it
to the foundation.
➢ Shear Walls: are vertical structure members used to resist lateral load that are imposed on
the structure due to earthquake and wind. It mainly helps to reduce lateral sway of the
building.
➢ Stairs: are set of steps landing from one floor to another which are provided to facilitate a
means of communication between floors.

3.3.1. Concrete Work

In this specific site, concrete was selected as a building material. Concrete is the basic
engineering material used in the civil engineering structures. Its popularity as basic building
material in construction is because of, its economy of use, good durability and ease with which
it can be manufactured. The ability to mold it into any shape and size, because of its plasticity
and its subsequent hardening to achieve strength, is particularly useful. Concrete is an artificial
composite material, comprising a matrix of cementitious binder (typically Portland cement
paste) and aggregate (typically a rocky material, loose stones, and sand). The binder "glues"
the filler together to form an artificial bond.
Concrete is selected because of its unique advantages such as;
• Concrete is highly resistance to compressive force
• It is highly resistance to fire
• Its durable
• Easily molded into any shape
• Water proof, if it’s properly mixed, vibrated, chiseled and plastered.
Component of Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand or other fine aggregate, and a coarse aggregate that for
most purposes is up to 19 to 25 mm in size. Once all the ingredients -cement, aggregate, and
water unit of measurement mixed inside the required proportions, the cement and water begin
a reaction with one another to bind themselves into a hardened mass. The mixture must have
just enough water to ensure that each aggregate particle is completely surrounded by the cement
paste, that the spaces between the aggregate are filled, and that the concrete is liquid enough to
be poured and spread effectively. Amount of cement in relation to the aggregate also indicates
strength requirement (expressed as a three-part ratio—cement: sand: aggregate).
➢ Cement
Cementing materials are inorganic substances (mineral fine powders) that are capable of
producing a plastic pasty mass when mixed with water and hardens under the effect of different
physical and chemical processes.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) was the cement used on the site.
➢ Aggregate
Aggregate may be natural, manufactured or recycled. Aggregate is an essential ingredient to
make concrete used in construction. They provide compressive strength and bulk to concrete.
The quality of the material strongly influences the performance of concrete including how well
it mixes and hardens as well as it’s durability long term. For a good concrete mix, aggregates
need to be clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay and other
fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete. The aggregates used in the site is
between 10 to 30mm for all concrete work.
For Ordinary Portland Cement aggregate between 20-30mm was used.
For Self-compacting Concrete 10mm aggregate was used.
Aggregates are mainly classified into two categories:
- Coarse Aggregate
- Sand (Fine Aggregate)
Coarse Aggregate:
Coarse aggregate is stone which are broken into small sizes and are irregular in shape. The
aggregates are generally acquired by blasting in stone quarries or breaking them by hand or by
crusher machines. Materials that are larger to be retained on 4.75 mm sieve size are called
coarse aggregate, and their maximum size can be up to 63 mm.
Fine Aggregate:
The size of the fine aggregates is less than 4.75 mm. That is aggregate particles that passed
through 4.75 mm. Typically, fine aggregates are used to improve the workability of a concrete
mix. Fine aggregate should consist of hard, dense durable uncoated rock fragment. It should
not contain harmful substances like clay, silt, dust, organic matter, or other impurities since
they reduce the quality of the sand to attain properties of concrete when employing normal
proportion of the ingredients.
before any sand is delivered to the site the quality shall be checked against the following field
tests.
• Rub a little sand between the fingers. If stain left on finger, it indicates the presence of
clay.
• Taste of sand shall provide to check for the presence of salt.
• Vigorously stir sample of sand in a glass of water and allow it to settle. Amount of clay or
silt present in it would settle on sand.

Figure 9:Aggregate Figure 8:Sand
➢ Water
The water used for the concrete mix must be clean water free of any substance or dirt. Since
that significantly affect the hydration reactions of Portland cement, thereby reducing the
strength of the concrete and also it should be potable (water for drinking).
➢ Admixture
Admixtures are added to the concrete, in addition to cement, water, aggregate and sand.
Concrete admixtures are natural or manufactured chemicals or additives added during concrete
mixing to enhance specific properties of the fresh or hardened concrete, such as workability,
durability, or early and final strength. It includes accelerating admixtures, retarding admixtures,
fly ash, air entraining admixtures, and water-reducing admixtures.
Admixture type is SASPlast SP60B which is accelerator and super plasticizer used for high
workability. The Admixture that was used in the site is also know as Sika ViscoFlow. It is a
superplasticizer with high range water reducer up to 30% and a workability enhancing
admixture for concrete. It extends the workability time depending on dosage.
- Keeps workability for extended time
- Slump retention without additional retardation and subsequent fast strength
development
- Constant slump flow and smoothness of the concrete over hours.

Figure 10:SASPlast SP60B Admixture
Mix Ratio
The Concrete Mix Ratio is the ratio of concrete ingredients like cement, fine aggregate (sand),
coarse aggregate (gravel), and water. All of the ingredients are mixed in a definite proportion
to form the final product that is the concrete. Basically, these proportion are selected in such a
way that each set of proportion of material in concrete determines a specific grade of concrete.
Each grade represents a numerical value, which denote the comprehensive strength of concrete
achieved after 28-days of construction of a structure, from that concrete. These mixing ratios
are decided on the basis of the type of construction and the mixed designs of the materials.
The grades of concrete used in the site are:
- C-37MPa which is used from the 7th-21 floor, and
- C-50MPa which is used up to the 6rd floor
Ordinary Concrete
Mix ratio for 1 m3 of C50 concrete which is approved by a laboratory test in weight(kg)
Cement = 481 kg
Sand = 512 kg
Aggregate = 952 kg
Water = 158 kg
Admixture = 7 kg

Self-Compacting Concrete
Mix ratio for 1 m3 of C50 concrete approved by laboratory test in weight (kg)
Cement = 600kg
0.5mm river sand = 500kg
0.5mm crushed sand = 533kg
10mm crushed aggregate = 540kg
Fresh water = 220kg
Admixture (Sika Viscoflow) = 12kg
Types of Concrete
Types of concrete observed at site;
➢ Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC)
Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a flowing concrete that does not require vibration and,
indeed, should not be vibrated. It is used in the construction where it is hard to use vibrators
for consolidation of concrete. It uses superplasticizers and stabilizers to significantly increase
the ease and rate of flow. It achieves compaction into every part of the mold or formwork
simply by means of its own weight without any segregation of the coarse aggregate.
The consistence of the concrete is specified and measured as a flow rate rather than the normal
slump test.
SCC offers:
- Faster construction times.
- Increased workability and ease of flow around heavy reinforcement.
- Excellent durability.
SCC was used in Stair cores, Elevator core, Utility core and shear walls.
➢ Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. Plain concrete possesses
high compressive strength, but little tensile strength which makes it week in bending, shear,
torsion. When a structural member is subjected to bending, reinforcements are required to
withstand tension forces structural member as it is very weak in tension compared to
compression. The combination of rebar and plain concrete withstand the tensile, compressive
force and behave as a single material.
Advantages of reinforced concrete

• It is durable (does not deteriorate with time)

• It is moldable into any desired shape
• It is corrosion resistant
The concrete grade used at the site are C10, C25, C37, C50 concrete grades. C10 is the type of
mix ratio that is used for lean concrete, whereas C25 concrete grade is used for ground floor
slab, whereas C50 and C37 concrete grade are used for different structural members for PO1
to 7th Floor and 8th to 21st floor respectively.
Methods used for Mixing

The materials of concrete should be mixed thoroughly so that there is uniform distribution of
materials in the mass of concrete. The thorough mixing also ensures that cement water paste
completely covers the surfaces of aggregates.
There are two methods adopted for concrete mixing. These are:
- Hand Mixing of Concrete (Mixing concrete manually with manpower)- Practical for
small scale concrete works
- Machine Mixing of Concrete (Mixing concrete with a mixer machine)- it gives better
and uniform mixes than hand mixing, used for large scaled work.
Batch Plant Mixer
The type of batch plant mixer used at the site is Convey + skid (bucket) form EILON. The
conveyor consists of belt and weighing sensor which can weigh the materials in kg. The batch
plant has an output of 1m3 per batch, which means it can produce only 1m3 per mix, that means
in order to produce 10m3 of concrete it will have to weigh and produce 10 times.
The drawbacks of such batching plants are:
• Low production rate
• Low accuracy when weighing materials for small meter cubes of concrete

Figure 11:Batching Plant / EILON
Preparation for machine mixing

• The mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned from hardened concrete and other kind of dirt
before use
• The mixer drum must be tight to avoid loss of mortar. The valves must not be leaking
mixing water
• The specified mixing time should be carefully followed
• The mixer must not be over loaded. Check the capacity of the mixer and do not allow
the contractor to mix bigger batches than specified
• In charging, the material should enter to the drum rapidly
Transportation and Placing of Concrete
Since the concrete batching plant is on the site, the concrete is transported directly using
concrete trucks and the concrete pumper will be ready in advance once the concrete arrives the
concrete will be poured directly to the concrete pumper and the labors are going to fill the
concrete with the help of the hose.
Points that should be considered during placing of concrete are:
• The inside of the formwork should be inspected and cleaned before placing of the
concrete.
• To avoid sticking of concrete with formwork, the formwork should be painted with oil.

• Make sure all gaps are closed properly to avoid leakage of concrete
• Vibrators, shovels, trowel, sufficient labors, supervisor and surveyor should be
prepared in advance.
• Walking on freshly poured concrete is avoided
• Concrete should not be dropped from a heigh more than 1.5m, it can cause segregation
of concrete.
Figure 12:Concrete Pumper
Compaction of Concrete
In this process, efforts are only directed to reduce the voids in the compacted concrete.
Vibrators produce vibrations which when transmitted to Plastic concrete make it to flow and
affect compaction. Over vibration should not be allowed as otherwise coarse aggregate
particles will get concentrated at the lower layers and only mortar will be left at the top surface
which is called Bleeding.

Figure 13: Vibrator
Leveling of Concrete
After the concrete has been placed the concrete is leveled at the top of the form. The instrument
used to level concrete is straight edge rested on the screeds (guides for leveling the surface).
Straight edge is a long piece of metal.
Figure 14:Leveling
Finishing of Concrete
Finishing is the process of giving of desired smoothness to the surface of compacted concrete.
Curing of Concrete
Curing is necessary for the proper hardening of concrete. It is a controlled process for keeping
the newly laid concrete just moist enough to settle without shrinking or cracking. The main
objective of curing of concrete is to reduce shrinkage and to ensure hard dense surface and to

prevent concrete from cracking. Method of curing can be just directly by spraying water on to
the surface and cover the surface with a piece of plastic cover, to avoid loss of water.
Figure 15:Curing of Concrete
Concrete Cover/Spacer
Spacers are used to prevent formwork and reinforcement bars form getting into contact with
each other. It is used to prevent the reinforcement from getting exposed to the air and moisture
which can cause rust to the reinforcement and fail. Concrete covers that are used at the site are
3.5cm thick.
Figure 16:Spacer

Concrete Work Procedures

The process of casting of structures using concrete or placing of concrete on the structures.
Concrete Work
Procedure for Slab
✓ Erect props positioned and place form works or soffit.
✓ Placing of reinforcement.
✓ Mix the concrete at the batching plant and pour the concrete into the truck.
✓ Transport and pump the concrete.
✓ Pouring of the concrete inside the formwork.
✓ Compaction and leveling of concrete.
✓ Curing of concrete and Remove form works.
Procedure for Vertical Structures (Column, Shear walls)
✓ Place the reinforcement bars.
✓ Prepare and place the formwork.
✓ Brace the formwork properly.
✓ Check all the alignments vertical and horizontal.
✓ Mix the concrete at the batching plant and pour the
concrete into the truck.
✓ Transport and pump the concrete.
Figure 17:Pumping Concrete
✓ Pouring of the concrete inside the formwork.
✓ Compaction only for columns shear walls doesn’t require compaction since self-
compacting concrete is used.
✓ Curing of concrete and Remove form works.
Tools and Equipments used for Concrete Work
✓ Batching plant used for mixing of concrete.
✓ Truck mixer used for mixing and transporting concrete.
✓ Vibrator used for compacting of concrete.
✓ Crane, concrete pump and truck used for transportation of concrete.
✓ Straight edge and wood leveling used for leveling of concrete.
✓ Generator, water pipe, tanker used for curing of concrete and for producing concrete.

3.3.2. Reinforcement Bar

Steel reinforcement bars or rebars are used to improve the tensile strength of the concrete,
Concrete is strong under compression, but has weak tensile strength, on the other hand, steel
has a very high tensile strength as well as a high compressive strength. Rebar significantly
increases the tensile strength of the structure. The main purpose of inclusion of rebar is to resist
tensile stress in particular regions of the concrete that may cause structural failure or cracking.
Reinforcement bars can be classified based on their strength class and based on the size of the
diameter of the bars. The sizes of rebar that has been used on the site varies from ø8, ø10, ø12,
ø14, ø16, ø18, ø20 and ø24 and the strength class of the reinforcement is S400.
Based on the provision of rebar, it can be classified as

• Main reinforcement: Longitudinal reinforcement are provided to resist bending or
flexure in most structures as well as they can be provided to resist compression in
doubly reinforced members.
• Stirrups: A stirrup is a closed loop of reinforcement bar, which has a main function of
holding the main reinforcement bars together in a reinforced concrete. The Stirrups
have multiple shapes according to the design and shape of elements. The use of stirrups
is needed to prevent the columns and beams from buckling and assist in resisting lateral
loads (e.g., earthquake loads). stirrups are used to resist shear stress and for the purpose
of tying main bars.
Figure 18: Stirrups

Figure 19: Main Bars

Bar cutting and lapping

Reinforcement bars are produced with a standard length of 12m which therefore requires to be
cut or lapped to get the desirable length. When cutting is required, rebars will be cut using a
grinder and then the bar bender will bend the bars according to the required shapes. For vertical
structures such as columns and shear walls, it requires lapping and this lapping length is
calculated by multiplying the diameter of the main bar with 50 so the result will be in
centimeter.
Inspection of rebars
Reinforcement bars must be inspected and checked by the consultant before casting the
concrete. Check lists for inspection of rebar.
• Check the bar diameter
• Check the center-to-center distance
• Check the number of rebars (main bars and stirrup)
• Check the length of the rebar
• Check the lapping length
• Check the position of the rebar
Punching Shear Reinforcement

Punching shear is a type of failure that occurs when the column punches through the slab. This
occurs because the slab is subjected to a high force around the support area which cause the
column to punch through the slab.
What are the Possible Solutions for Punching Shear?
Increasing the Thickness of Slab
The easiest way to solve this problem was to increase the thickness of the slab but this method
was not used because it will increase the dead load of the structure.
Drop Caps
Drop cap is the small thickened area that is provided at the top of the column, under the slab.
The main advantage is, it does not affect the weight of the slab like the previous one but this
method also was not used because architects strictly refused to introduce any kind of obstacles
such as beams or drop caps since it would damage/affect the aesthetic value of the structure.

Shear Reinforcement
Shear reinforcement is provided around the column to reduce the effect of punching shear. This
method was used/chosen because there was no need to increase the slab thickness and there
was no need to introduce drop caps which can affect the aesthetic value of the structure. Only
by just introducing shear reinforcement the rebars can resist the punching shear without
affecting other factors. But some of the disadvantages of this method that have been noticed
were it requires an intensive skilled labor and it is time consuming and detail complication.
Figure 20:Shear Reinforcement
Wastage in Reinforcement
Wastage of reinforcement bars occurs due to many reasons mainly when cutting and bending
process of reinforcement and inappropriate production of stirrups. When the length of the
reinforcement bar is less than 1000mm or 1m it is considered as a wastage. Therefore, when
such wastages occur, the engineers will try to make use of the wastages like using it as tie rod
and as a support for the falseworks.
How to Minimize Wastage
Developing a Bar bending schedule/Bar schedule is very important for minimizing
reinforcement bar wastage. Bar bending schedule represent each type of reinforcement work
such as the type of bars, shape of bending, total length and weight of the bars. Therefore, with
the help of bar bending schedule the requirement of different length and sizes of bars can be
known and can be arranged and bent-up with less wastage.

Preparing Reinforcement Steel

Procedures
✓ Re-bar are straightened.
✓ Bar benders hold the drawing.
✓ Mark the bar using authorized length.
✓ Cutting and bending of bars.
Placing of Reinforcement
Involves in fixing of bars in their required place.
Placing of Reinforcement for Slab
✓ Mark the formwork with the appropriate center to center distance of the rebar.
✓ Place the bottom slab reinforcement with proper cover/spacers.
✓ Place main bars and tie them using tie wire.
✓ Place the steel spacers/Kebeleto at the required areas and tie them properly to
maintain the slab thickness.
✓ Place the top reinforcement bars and tie them using wire
Placing of Reinforcement for Column

✓ The column rebars are manufactured at the ground by the feroyo.
✓ Next, they are lifted by the crane to the required position.
✓ The column bars are tied with wire at the lapping length which is 50*diameter of bar.
✓ Finally, spacers are tied on the bars.

Placing of Reinforcement for Shear Walls

✓ Main bars will be lapped by 50* diameter of bar and tied with wire.
✓ Next stirrups are tied based on the drawing.
✓ Finally, spacers will be tied to the rebars.
Tools and Equipment’s used
✓ Rod bender and bar bender for bending of reinforcement and
✓ pliers and tie wire for binding reinforcements.
✓ Grinder for cutting the reinforcement to the required length.
.
Figure 21:Shear Wall Reinforcement

3.3.3. Formwork
Formwork is a temporary mold into which concrete is poured and harden. When the concrete
has reached the strength, the formwork is no longer needed and it is removed.
Types of Formwork Materials
Types of material used at the site were:
• Timber
• Metals
• Plastics
➢ Timber Formwork
These are most common materials used for bracing the member, the traditional formwork. Can
be easily cut to size on site. Timber support can be replaced with engineered wood beams and
supports are replaced with metal props, which makes this method more systematic and
reusable.
• Plywood: This is by far the most common material used for the facing panel. It is easily
cut to shape on site, and if handled and stored carefully, it can be used many times. These
were the main reasons which made it suitable for this site, specifically for slab and parapet
walls.
Figure 22:Plywood

➢ Steel Formwork/ Panel/

Steel forms are stronger, durable and have longer life than timber formwork and they can be
reused. Steel forms can be installed and dismantled with greater ease and speed. The quality of
exposed concrete surface by using steel forms is good and such surfaces need no further
treatment. This type of formwork is usually heavy and requires crane to lift and place the
formwork. To avoid rusting, in every use the surfaces should be oiled appropriately.
Figure 23:Panel
➢ Plastic Formwork
These are used to build widely variable, but relatively simple, concrete structures. The panels
are light weight and very robust. They have impervious surfaces that usually create a smooth
finish to the concrete. Plastic formwork is lighter but less durable than metal formwork. The
light weight made it easy to transport, assemble and fix. It also became as a replacement for
slab formwork. Unfortunately, plastic formwork is less resistance to deformation and axis
dislocations on vertical structures, thus in this site its usage is limited to horizontal surface.

Figure 24:Plastic Formwork
Timber formworks Steel formwork

Advantage Disadvantage Advantage Disadvantage
Cheaper than steel Less durable It is durable High initial cost
Available locally Not used repeatedly
Used repeatedly Exposed to rust
Easier to cut and shape
Lighter in weight Heavier in weight
Table 2: Timber Formwork

Table 1:Steel Formwork
Requirement of Good Formwork

• It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh concrete and
super imposed loads.
• Should be rigid enough to retain the shape without excessive deformation.
• Should be economical in total cost.
• The surface of the formwork should be smooth and should be lubricated with oil.
• It should be light as possible.
Formwork can usually be removed when the concrete is strong enough to carry its own weight
and any construction loads it will have to support without deflection beyond specified limits.

Formwork Removal period

Vertical formwork to column, shear walls 24hrs/ 1 day
Formwork for slab 28 days
Props under slab 28 days
Table 3:Removal Period
Formwork for Superstructure

1. Vertical structure Formwork (column & Shear walls)
Columns and shear walls are vertical members which carry the loads from the slabs down to
the foundation.
Procedures
✓ Erecting of reinforcement bars correctly and check the overlapping which is 50 *
diameter of bar.
✓ The panel is prepared, cleaned and painted with oil in order to remove the formwork
easily later.
✓ Place the column formwork with the exact dimensions.
✓ Brace the column perimeter properly to avoid leakage and
failure of formwork.
✓ Placing (hanging) of plumb bob to all sides of the column.
✓ Check the alignment using plumb bob before casting.
2. Slab Formwork
At this site, there is only Flat slab.
Procedures
Figure 25:Column Formwork
✓ Preparing Christ, cratury, ponte, e.t.c.
✓ Erecting all the above that was prepared.
✓ Props positioned as per required spacing and
leveled through the slab joints laid horizontally.
✓ Soffit is placed correctly.
✓ Check the joints of formwork.
✓ Check the level of the formwork.
✓ Check before casting.
Figure 26:Slab Formwork

3.3.4. Back Fill for Rigid Pavement

The back fill was for the ground level parking which is a rigid pavement/ concrete pavement.
The back fill consists of four layers which is the subbase, the base course, lean concrete and
the reinforced concrete slab. The total depth of the back fill was 3.8m. The backfill material
for the subbase was natural subbase granular material (selected fill material) and crushed
aggregate for the base course material.
Unfortunately, it was rainy season during the initial stage of the back fill, subbase course, so it
was impossible to use the selected fill material because it was going soak with water and can’t
achieve the required compaction. Therefore, as a solution it was decided to use rock fill for the
2m in order to avoid lagging activates and to start raising props for the 1st slab.
Once the rainy season has passed the plan for the back fill was back on track and the selected
material was filled in layers of 20cm for approx. 1.4m then compacted and then test the
moisture content and the compaction level using the sand cone test method (which has been
discussed on the tests section). Finally top points will be taken using leveling instrument in
order to check the level of the backfill.
Again, after being done with the subbase and conducting the compaction tests the next course
will proceed which is the base course material which is relatively more expensive than the
subbase course material and that’s the main reason behind using a relatively lower quality
material in the subbase course at a greater depth and increase the quality of the material for the
top layers which is also more expensive.
Similarly, as the subbase, the base course material which is crushed aggregate is filled in a
20cm layer then compacted and then tested once it passes the test the top points will be checked
using leveling instrument then the lean concrete will be placed in a 5cm thickness. Once the
lean concrete is finished, water proofing will be installed and the reinforced concrete slab of
15cm thickness will be placed.
Figure 28: Back Fill Figure 27:Compaction

3.3.5. Tests Executed at the Site

✓ Concrete slump test
✓ Sand cone test
✓ Cube test
All tests are made under the supervision of the consultant.
Concrete Slump Test
Quality tests on concrete are performed as a part of quality control of concrete
structures. Different quality tests on concrete such as compressive strength tests, slump tests,
permeability tests are used to assure the quality of the concrete that is supplied for a given
specification. These quality tests on concrete give an idea about the properties of concrete such
as strength, durability, air content, permeability etc.
Concrete slump test or slump cone test is to determine the workability or consistency of
concrete mix prepared at the construction site during the progress of the work. Concrete slump
test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality of concrete during
construction. The slump test is the simplest workability test for concrete, involves low cost and
provides immediate results.
✓ Concrete Slump test
1. OPC Concrete
2. Self-compacting Concrete (SCC)
Figure 29:Cone Standard Size

OPC Concrete
- Prepare the equipment for the test which are cone, plate, rod, shovel, wheel barrel, meter
tape, ruler/scale.
- Make sure all equipment are clean and ready.
- Place the cone at the center of the plate and wait till the concrete truck arrive.
- Once the fresh concrete arrive a sample will be poured into the wheel barrel as soon as it
arrives.
- Next secure the cone by stepping on it firmly and pushing against the cone by hands before
pouring the concrete.
- Pour the concrete into three layers and compact each layer 25 times.
- Then using the shovel pour the fresh concrete 1/3 of the cone and compact it using the rod
25 times.
- Repeat the same step again for the second and the third layer.
- Level the top exposed part of the cone and clean the area.
- Carefully slide the cone upward then place it upside down and place the rod on the cone.
- Using the ruler/scale read the measurement from the rod to the highest level of the concrete.
- Finally compare the result with the company standard.
Figure 31:OPC Slump Test
Figure 30: Slump Result Meaning

• True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after the
cone has been removed as shown in the above figure.
• Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which
results in dry mixes. This type of concrete is generally used for road construction.
• Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high, i.e.,
concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.
• Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and concrete to
be retested.
Self-Compacting Concrete
- Prepare the equipment required for the test such as cone, plate (not less than 90cmX90cm
preferably 1mX1m) the plate size used for the test was 100cmX93cm plastic plywood,
shovel, wheel barrel, ruler/scale, meter tape.
- Make sure all equipment are clean and ready.
- Place the plate on a flat and leveled surface.
- Draw center lines on the plate to find the center point of the plate.
- Place the cone exactly at the center of the plate and wait till the concrete truck arrive.
- Once the fresh concrete arrive a sample will be poured into the wheel barrel as soon as it
arrives.
- Next the cone should be secured by hands and there should not be any obstacles on the
plate.
- Then using the shovel pour the concrete into the cone until its full.
- Level the top part of the cone and clean the area around the plate properly.
- Carefully slide the cone upward.
- Using a tape meter measure the diameter of the concrete. If the diameter measured is below
450mm it is no longer considered as self-compacting concrete instead it becomes ordinary
concrete and if the value obtained is greater than 800mm it means it flows too much and
the mix has too much water which in both cases should be rejected. The measured value
should be between (600mm-800mm) to be accepted.
- Finally compare the result with the acceptable range (600mm-800mm).
The result was 70/73cm which is between (600mm-800mm)
Thus, ACCEPTED
Figure 32:SCC Slump Test
Figure 33: SCC Slump Result

Sand Cone Test

Test For Selected Back Fill Material (Sub-Base)
- Select the area in order to take sample for the test.
- Fix the field density plate on position using hammer and nail
- Start digging a 15cm hole inside the plate.
- Extract the compacted back fill material and place it inside the container
- Weigh the extracted back fill with the container
- Subtract the weight of the container from the total weight
Figure 35: Field Density Plate Figure 34: Container + weighing

instrument
- Take a small sample from the container and place in on the dish
- Weigh the small sample with the dish
Figure 36:Dish
- Subtract the weight of the dish from the total weight of the sample

- Place the sample on a pan and put small amount of alcohol into the sample and burn
it.
Figure 37:Pan
- Carefully steer the burning sample using a piece of bar until the fire is out.
- Weigh the mass of the dry soil
- Water content is then calculated subtracting the dry and excavated mass.
- Then to calculate compaction find out the density of the soil
- Place the jar on the ground upside down and release the sand to fill the hole
Figure 38:Jar

- Measure the remaining sand in the jar including the extra sand contained on the cone.
Figure 39:Weighing the Jar
- Subtract the result with the total volume of the sand in the jar
- The result will give the volume of the sand filled to the hole
- Next find the dry density of the soil
- Finally calculate compaction in percentage
Cube Test
Procedure For Cube Test
- Clean and prepare the equipment’s required for the test such as cube formworks
(15cmx15cmx15cm), rod for compaction, trowel, shovel and wheel barrel.
- Prepare the cube formworks by oil painting the inside part to avoid problem when
dismantling of the formwork.
- Wait until the concrete truck to arrive, once it arrives a sample will be poured to the
wheel barrel.
- Using the shovel pour the concrete till 1/3 of the formwork and then compact it using
the rod 25 times.
- Repeat the same procedure for the second and third layer.
- Level it using the trowel and leave it to set for 24hrs.
- Once the concrete hardens it will then be soaked inside water for 7days, 14days and
28days.
- Once the cubes reach the required dates on the 7th day, the cubes will be sent outside
the site and then crushed to determine its strength at the 7th day.

- The same will be done for the 14th day and 28th day batch.
Then the compressive strength will be determined and a certificate will be issued
approving the concrete the strength.
Figure 40:Concerete Cubes

Figure 41:Curing the Concrete Cubes
3.3.6. Finishing Work

The finishing work did not start during the internship period but there was a trial sample made
to check a new plastering material, so a temporary partition was already made and it was
plastered.
➢ Plastering
The plastering type used for the trail sample was new type of plastering which is called prime
coat. This type of plastering doesn’t require any other type of plastering prior to applying. Just
by applying it directly into the blocks and walls it will give a very smooth and white surface it
doesn’t even require chalk, then after applying the prime coat the surface will be ready for
painting.
If this method gets approved some of the advantages are
- There is no need for the traditional style of plastering; first plaster coat, second
plaster coat, and third plaster coat.
- There might be no need for chalk.
- Reduce material cost thus, cost effective.
- Time effective.

Figure 42: Prime Coat
3.3.7. Contract Handling

In this specific launched project of ' le Gare tower one' construction a detailed, clear, and careful
agreement was made under which the client and contractor performs smoothly. The agreement
was made under a contractual document, which states the requirements of the contractor must
attain and provide the desirable output of the project / construction. These specific requirements
serve as a selection method per as a rule and regulation which can be referred later on to settle
any confusion, uncertainty and claims raised on both sides. Thus, contractual documents are
prepared with care and cautiousness. This type of contractual agreement document made
between the client Eagle hills and contactor Rama P.L.C will be discussed below.
The type of contact for this project was found to be the lump sum contract. A lump sum contract
in construction is one type of construction contract, where a single price is quoted for an entire
project based on plans and specifications and covers the entire project and the owner knows
exactly how much the work will cost in advance. This type of contract requires a full and
complete set of plans and specifications and includes all the indirect costs plus the profit and
the contractor will receive progress payments each month minus retention. The flexibility of
this contract is very minimal and changes in design or deviation from the original plans would
require a change order paid by the owner. In this contract the payment is made according to
the percentage of work completed. In lump sum Contracts or fixed-price contracts, the
contractor is evaluating the value of work as per the documents available. Mainly these
documents can be specifications and the drawings. The Contractor evaluates the cost to execute
the project based on the documents such as drawings, specifications, schedules, tender
instruction and the clarifications. The lump sum value of the contract is 12,000,000 dollars
(twelve million dollars), this amount as stated above is fixed and is released according to the
percentage work done by the contractor. The amount of progress or percentage of performance
is estimated and evaluated on monthly reports accurately which are recorded on daily bases.
After the report is reviewed and acknowledged by the consultant which works on the side of
the client, payment would be granted to be realized. When the payment gets approved retention
will be deducted 5% on each payment.
Rules and Regulation Reference
As a contractual standard and reference of the agreement made between an international
company. FIDIC contract document was the binding document which ties all parties on the
contract. FIDIC contracts provide an internationally recognized foundation for any engineering
or construction project, Standard FIDIC contracts include in-depth outline of topics such as
roles and authority, labor conditions, delays caused by authorities, procedure for dispute
settlements.
Claim Handling Method
Claims might be raised due to different factors; the claims must be presented with formality
and prepared questioners. Then claims are reviewed with the respect of reliable evidence which
will lead to appropriate and fair decision.
Claims might include time, cost and both time and cost. Here cost claims due to inflation is
restricted for period amount of two years according to their contract. Other than this time claims
which might be a schedule delay is reported via a format prepared on each monthly report files.
The claim maker, the contractor in this case will indicate the matter of the problem with
sufficient supporting reason claiming additional time or schedule changes. The result of the
claim might be positive or negative depending on each case.
Cost Variation Compensation Method
As stated above cost claims are blocked / limited up to two years, exception to this cost claims
might be raised due to other factors. The main factors can be mentioned as addition and
omission of details of drawing after the project has been launched. These factors are main
reasons for cost variation which will highly affect the contractor’s plan. Addition and omission
involve in the agreement between the contractor and the client to add an additional work at the
expense of omitting another work. The expenses of the work added therefore will be covered
by the work omitted budgeted. There is another option too, which is substitution, the contractor
and the client can agree on substituting one item/material by another one.
Payment Retention and Provisional Acceptance
Retention is a percentage of the amount certified as due to the contractor on an interim
certificate, that is deducted from the amount due and retained by the client. The purpose of
retention is to ensure that the contractor properly completes the activities required from them
under the contract. Payment retention is made at each of the payment released 5% in this case
of contract. The deducted amount is reserved as backup if the current contractor fails to
complete the task. If the contractor accomplishes the task half of the amount retained is released
on certification of practical completion.
Provisional Acceptance or “Take Over” means the partial acceptance by the Owner/Project
Manager of the Works. Provisional Acceptance of the Works, on account of defects in the
construction, or the use of materials of inferior quality furnished by it, or due to any violation
of the terms of the Agreement. The Performance Bond shall be effective from the date of
commencement of the Works until the date of Provisional Acceptance. After 12 months of
retention of the final half deducted payment a Certificate of Final Acceptance shall be issued
after the date a Certificate of Provisional Acceptance of the completed or terminated Works is
issued provided that any works required during the warranty period have been completed to its
satisfaction.
Advance Payment
Advance payment has been provided at the binging of the construction phase. Advance
payment of 20% of the total cost is provided. This payment might also be dispersed through
the progress of the task intended. This method of dispersion will motivate the contractor to
perform above average. It will also allow the client to be in control of the pace of the work
done. All advance payment is included and recorded on a payment certificate.
Risk Allocation Method
In order to allocate risk a primary step would be identifying the risk. Identifying risk will allow
to estimate the risk and the impact of the risk. Risks are identified as financial, technical, safety,
quality by the contractor. Since the contractor is responsible of the site during the construction
period. After identifying the risk, the contractor will mitigate the risk according to the
magnitude of the impact of the risk. Risks are then prioritized to allocate it. Weekly meeting is
held regarding the risks and monthly reports are prepared on the specific field of the risk. On
top of all life insurance are the main requirement on the contractual since the human life is the
priority of all.
3.3.8. Health and Safety on site

Rama Health and Safety Executive (HSE)
The construction company, Rama construction PLC has a huge history
in enhancing and promoting health and safety throughout their
project’s life time. It is known for its rules and regulations related to
Health and safety while performing their work with high qualification
which makes them the first in line and number one choice among other
rivals. The company is certified in OHSAS Occupational Health and
Safety (ISO 18001:2007). The certification is awarded in December
2017. During the first day of the internship program, lecture was given
by the health and safety officer and guidelines about the importance of
Figure 43:OHSAS Certificate Award
practicing Health and Safety rules that must be followed during the
internship time at the site.
Safety Signs
The safety signs are used to give cautions about the condition of an area. Safety signs are posted
all over the site premises. Safety signs give awareness regarding the possible risk, injuries or
danger that might be caused while performing the job. Therefore, it gives the workers the
awareness necessary on how to keep themselves safe from any danger. The notice board has
also information along with numbers to contact in case of accidents. Some of the areas that
safety signs are posted are
• Hollow structures have safety signs like elevators which is temporary closed with
panels and plywood along with caution tape to prevent people from falling.
• The edges of the building are temporary fenced.
• Inner structural stairs are provided with temporary handrail and caution tape.
Some health and safety measures at the site:

• Communicate the contents of this health and safety to site personnel.
• Eliminate unsafe conditions. Efforts must be initiated to identify conditions that can
contribute to an accident and to remove exposure to these conditions.
• Reduce unsafe acts. Personnel shall make a conscious effort to work safely. A high
degree of safety awareness must be maintained so that safety factors involved in a task
become an integral part of the task.
• Inspect frequently. Regular safety inspections of the work site, materials, and
equipment by qualified persons ensure early detection of unsafe conditions. Safety and
health deficiencies shall be corrected as soon as possible, or project activities shall be
suspended. Documentation of daily inspections and corrective actions should be kept
with the project files.
Figure 44:Safety Signs

Personal Protective Equipments (PPE)

The construction safety officer does not just use the PPE clothing rather he equips the team
with the right PPE. The different PPE that was observed on the site are: Helmets, Vest, Boots,
Belts when working from a height, Protective eye glass, Mask, Gloves.
No one is allowed to walk around the site without PPE such as helmets and vests at least.
Figure 45:Personal Protective Equipment

3.3.9. Supervision and Mentoring

The supervisors at the site guided the interns to execute and gain practical experience by
sharing ideas and experience on a daily basis. The mentor Mr. Getachew played a vital role in
the internship program by initiating the staffs to cooperate as well as share ideas and support
the interns on the internship program. Also, by giving advice to the interns about the topics that
must be covered during the internship program and the question that must be raised by the
apparent students.
Figure 46:Staffs and Supervisors

CHAPTER FOUR
4. THE OVERALL BENEFITS GAINED FROM THE INTERNSHIP
Internships enable students to acquire skills, which cannot be learned in the classroom
environment. Interns develop interpersonal skills, team-working skills, professionalism and
problem management experience. Students also improve their communication, confidence and
self-efficacy. Internships provide students with practical experience, which cannot be fully
simulated in the classroom. Consequently, it enables students to cope with the challenges of
the work environment and their job performance may be accelerated. Moreover, internships
provide students with the opportunity to apply the skills that they learn in classroom settings in
the world of work. What distinguishes internships from other forms of active learning is that
there is a degree of supervision and self-study that allows students to learn by doing and to
apply upon that learning in a way that achieves certain learning goals and objectives.
4.1. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Practical Skills

The four-month internship program gave the opportunity to test and refine the practical skills.
It gave the opportunity to work closely with the professionals and see how construction works
are implemented as well as the management part of the job. Some of the practical skills gained
are:
Office works such as
✓ Reading drawings
✓ Data collection,
✓ Preparing takeoff and bar schedule,
✓ Preparing Bill of quantity (BOQ)
Site works skills such as
✓ Bar bending,
✓ Carpentry (cutting woods),
✓ Block work,
✓ Performing on field tests,
✓ Inspection skills,
✓ Batching plant operation
✓ Total station readings

4.2. What has been Gained in Terms of Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

In addition to the practical skill this internship program helped to strengthen theoretical
knowledge by gaining meaning full engineering experience to the academic study. Some of the
theoretical knowledge gained are:
✓ Gained some information about the contract handling
✓ A new construction material was learned called Prime coat which eliminates plastering
with mortar.
✓ A new method was used to resist punching force which contributed to the theoretical
knowledge.
✓ A new mix ratio of C50 concrete grade was used which was not used in any other site
which helped widen and increase theoretical knowledge.
✓ Health and safety concerns on the site
4.3. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Interpersonal Communication
Skills
Another vital skill improved was communication skills, communicating involves the exchange
of information, by communicating with different professionals helped in improving how issues
are raised and how they are addressed. It improved the listening, speaking, and reading skills
✓ Reading skills: communicating with reading drawings, health and safety signs and
office work.
✓ Listening skills: by developing listening skills and allowing people to speak helps in
understanding the point of view or perspective of the speaker which widens our point
of view.
✓ Speaking skills: choosing appropriate words and knowing when to speak and how to
precisely address different points.
4.4. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Team Playing Skills
Improved the skill of working with a group of people on the site by sharing ideas and
communicating
4.5. What has been Gained in Terms of Improving Leadership Skill
Leadership skills gained from the internship program are skill of guiding, controlling, and
monitoring people. Raise ideas and give comments whenever necessary. Motivating the
workers to do their job.

4.6. What has been Gained in Terms of Understanding About Work Ethics Issues
Work ethics include not only how one feels about their job, but also how they do their
job/responsibilities. This involves attitude, behavior, respect, communication and interactions
on how one gets along with others. Work ethics demonstrates many things about the person. It
involves characters such as honest, accountability, Punctuality, discipline and respect.

CHAPTER FIVE
5. CONCULUSION AND RECOMMANDATION FOR RAMA
CONSTRUCTION P.L.C
5.1. Conclusion
The 4-month internship experience gave a clear view on the practical site work. It helped to
understand the responsibilities of the engineer and improved self-reliance and problem-solving
skill. It gave the chance to see how specific works and procedure are made. The internship
program improved skills such as
- Improving practical skill
- Improving theoretical knowledge
- Improving interpersonal communication skill
- Improving team playing skill
- Improving leadership skill
- Understanding about work ethics
Different ideas were gained from the different employees at the Organization and also through
interacting with other interns, which contributed a lot to the knowledge and experience of the
internship students. A clear image was created in the internship students on the preferences to
pursue in the future. The internship students were well guided and directed in becoming aware
of their potential skills and areas to be improved. Finally, the internship was productive and
full of opportunities as well exposure to new experience.
5.2. Recommendation
RAMA Construction PLC is fully committed to establish ISO based Quality and
Environmental Management System and is fully commuted to conduct all activities in
conformity with established international standards and legal requirements. Nevertheless, here
are some recommendations regarding some points:
✓ Improve communication culture: lack of communications between the working
parties led to being unaware of new changes and correction of detail drawings.
✓ Use modern and smart tools for measuring and setting: lack of modernized tools
such as measuring tape, light transportation system led to inaccuracy in measurements
and wastes working time.
✓ Improve formwork fixture: Improper fixtures of formwork which led to expanded
casted concrete and misplaced alignment.

✓ Adequate usage of spacers: due to misplacement of spacers concrete covers became

too thin and exposed the reinforcements to corrosion.
✓ Proper disposure of construction waste: waste fluids resulted from in progress
construction discharges was left to settle and accumulate on finished floor level.
✓ Extra office: it was inconvenient to practice office works due to limited space.
✓ Improve the curing of concrete: concrete only cures for 1 day but it should be at least
for 7days. In order to gain its design strength.
Figure 50:Improper Disposal Figure 47:Concrete faults
Figure 51:Improper DisposalFigure 52:Improper Figure 48:Improper DisposalFigure

Disposal 49:Concrete faults
Figure 53:Improper Disposal
Figure 56:Concrete Faults
Figure 54:Concrete FaultsFigure 55:Improper Disposal

Figure 57:Concrete Faults
Reference
➢ RAMA CONSTRUCTION COMPANY DOCUMENTS

➢ SENIOR REPORTS
➢ CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL HANDOUT
➢ BUILDING CONSTRUTION HANDOUT
➢ OTHER INTERNET SITES
60
APPENDICES
STRUCTURAL DRAWNIGS
61
62

Unity University: Department of Construction Technology and Management & Civil Engineering Final Internship Report

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Unity University: Department of Construction Technology and Management & Civil Engineering Final Internship Report

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Unity University

Department of Construction Technology and Management &

PROJECT: - LAGARE RESIDENTIAL TOWER 1

MENTOR: -GETACHEW TSEGAYE

APPROVAL OF THE MENTOR AND THE SUPERVISOR

Mr. Getachew Tsegaye ___________________ ___________________

(Mentor) Signature Date

Eng. Yonas Fesehaye ___________________ ___________________

(Supervisor) Signature Date

Faisal Musa ___________________ ___________________

(Student) Signature Date

Rihanna Genzeb ___________________ ___________________

(Student) Signature Date

Rawda Abdulkadir ___________________ ____________________

(Student) Signature Date

Natnael Assefa ____________________ ____________________

(Student) Signature Date

Figure 1:Metehara Sugar Factory ........................................................................................................... 3

LIST OF TABLES Page

Table 1:Steel Formwork ........................................................................................................................ 37

Bagoni : Concrete bucket used for transportation

BOQ : Bill of Quantity

Fero : Reinforcement bar

Ferayo : Bar bender

Fondo : Horizontal / soffit formwork of the slab

Gari : Wheel barrow

IOS : Integrated System of Quality and Environment, Management System

Lump Sum: A single complete sum of money

Morale : Wood stud

OHSAS : Occupational Health and Safety

Panel : Steel formwork

Plywood : yellow wood formwork

PO1 : Podium Level 1

PO2 : Podium Level 2

Proxy : Support for formwork

Shibo : Black wire

Sibago : A string used to maintain alignments

Sponda : Vertical / side formwork of the slab

Tumbi : Plumb bob

1.1. Brief History of Rama Construction P.L.C

As mentioned earlier the Company is certified in Integrated System of Quality and

1.2. Goals, Mission, Vision and Value of the Company

Unity University Page 1

1.3. Quality Policy

1.4. Joint Venture

Unity University Page 2

1.5. Main Projects of the Company Completed

Figure 1:Metehara Sugar Factory

Figure 3:Ashegoda Wind Farm

Unity University Page 3

1.6. The Overall Organization and Work Flow

Adminstration Store Planing and Contract

Figure 4: Work Flow

1.7. Roles and Responsibilities of the Professionals

Unity University Page 4

• Managing the project budget

• Providing advice on setting up and defining the project.

Unity University Page 6

Unity University Page 7

✓ Reports a summary of working time to administrator for salary

Unity University Page 8

1.8. Project Profile

➢ Main contract with 15% vat (USD)……………………… 13,995,536.80

Mr. Getachew Tsegaye _ _

Eng. Yonas Fesehaye _ _

Faisal Musa _ _

Rihanna Genzeb _ _

Rawda Abdulkadir _ __

Natnael Assefa