Mezekir Antehunegn, Final Report

BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULITY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

(DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING)
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

HOSTING COMPANY: KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
PREPARED BY: MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN

DURARION: OCT – JAN 2008 E.C.
DECLARATION
I, Mezekir Antehunegn, hereby declare that this internship report is prepared and submitted by me
under the guidance and supervision of my academic mentor, Ato Alemayehu G. I can assure that
the report contains all the events and procedures that were observed and performed during my stay
in the internship practice. All the publications and contents of this report are my own and it has not
been submitted to any other institute.
Mentor: _________________________________ signature: _________________

Student: _________________________________ signature: _________________
BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 2008 E.C.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to express my heartily thank to my mentor and beloved person, Ins. Alemayehu Golla, for
his attentive follow up and invaluable support throughout the internship period. He hasn’t ever get
tired of answering all the questions I have been trying to ask. I can fully say that your commitment
and support towards creating a SMART student is really awesome. Every word of your sayings
provide a courage to explore more and grasp more additional knowledges. Your enforcement to let
us know the work conditions and different methods of construction at other sites created a better
condition for us to know more about other types of works which were not being executed at that
moment so that we were able to reinforce our theoretical knowledge with a practical knowledge.
Besides your firm stand towards time management creates a daring condition to be timely bound
and complete all our tasks within schedule. I want to applause for all your positive attitude and
smooth treatment of everybody.
The other acknowledgement goes to the office engineer Melaku G., the project manager Kokeb
B., and the Forman Mr. Mesfin of the company for their magnificent explanation and supervision
on the site and in the office. Their commitment and support, in spite of their busy schedule, in
explaining all our questions and providing us with a best practical knowledge was awesome.
It is my pleasure to thank my family, Dad and Mum for their tight moral support and
encouragement by providing what I deserve in every aspect. It is their guidance & industrious
support which created my current wellbeing. My colleagues and co – workers thanks for your
insights and experiences you shared with me.
Finally, for all which is under him; even a minute can’t goes on without his will, the almighty God
is to be applauded, for his presence during my tiresome difficulties and answering my prayers.
Never the less I can’t have a word it is my belonging to offer my greatest thanks.
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page I

EXECUTIVE SUMMEERY
This document is the overall four month stay in the internship practice which is prepared to report
the work executions and the practical situations which are performed in the construction industries.
This report has three different sections that I have been doing during my internship practice period.
The first section of the report states about the overall internship practice at the hosting company,
Kokeb Biazen Building Contractor. During my stay in the company I have gained the most valuable
practical and managerial knowledge. In line with this I was trying to relate my theoretical
knowledge with the practical working environment. Hence this section consists of four parts. In the
first part of this section I have tried to explain about the company background. Under this, I have
tried to explain about the work flows, objectives and work competencies of the company as well as
the different structural and managerial strategies. In the second part I have discussed the overall
internship experience I have gained during my stay including those challenges we have faced &
remedial measures taken. The third part is all about the benefits I gained in the internship practice.
That is in upgrading my theoretical knowledge, improving my practical skills, communication skills
and the likes. At the last part of this section I have tried to conclude the overall practical session
and provide recommendations that I thought to be essential in bringing the company to the most
competent and outstanding company in our locality.
The second section of the report is all about the supplementary tasks that I have been engaged in.
That is about the design of a G+1 residential building. The design is provided for the typical
column, beam and footing. But the slab design is completed fully. Here I want to thank my academic
mentor Ins. Alemayehu G. The analysis of the building is done with SAP 2000 software. For
simplification of the work and repetitive computations I have used slab design excel templates.
The final section of the report is about the research proposal I have been working during the
internship about the effect of water cement ratio on the mechanical and physical property of
concrete.
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page II

Table of Contents
DECLARATION .....................................................................................................................................0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................... I
EXECUTIVE SUMMEERY ...................................................................................................................... II
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................. V
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................. VI
PART – I
(The Internship Practice)
1. Introduction to the hosting company ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Brief history .......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Overall Organizational Workflow Chart .............................................................................................. 2
1.3 Job Description..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Objective of the Company ................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Owned Equipment and plant .............................................................................................................. 4
1.6 Current active projects of the company.............................................................................................. 4
2. Overall Internship Experience ................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 Getting in to the company ................................................................................................................... 5
2.2 The Different Tasks that I have been observing and working ............................................................ 6
2.2.1 General Description ...................................................................................................................... 6
2.2.2 Undertaken Tasks and Procedures ............................................................................................... 6
2.3 Challenges during my stay in the company ...................................................................................... 46
3. Overall internship Benefits ...................................................................................................................... 47
3.1 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge .................................................................................................... 47
3.2 Improvement of practical skills ......................................................................................................... 47
3.3 Interpersonal communication skill.................................................................................................... 47
3.4 Team playing skill............................................................................................................................... 48
3.5 Leadership skill................................................................................................................................... 48
3.6 Work Ethics ........................................................................................................................................ 48
4. Conclusion and Recommendation .......................................................................................................... 49
4.1 CONCLUSIONS .................................................................................................................................... 49
4.2 RECOMMENDATION .......................................................................................................................... 50
References.................................................................................................................................................... 51
Appendices ................................................................................................................................................... 52
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page III

PART – II
(Design of a G+1 Residential Building)
1. Introduction: ............................................................................................................................................ 58
2. Slab design ............................................................................................................................................... 60
3. Beam Design............................................................................................................................................. 77
4. STAIR CASE DESIGN................................................................................................................................ 106
5. Column Design ....................................................................................................................................... 113
6. Foundation Design ................................................................................................................................. 123
QUANTITY CALCULATION .......................................................................................................................... 134
Summary of bill of quantity ....................................................................................................................... 149
PART – III
(Research Proposal)
Abstract| .................................................................................................................................................... 151
Acknowledgment ....................................................................................................................................... 152
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 153
1.1 Background and Justification of the study ...................................................................................... 153
1.2 Problem statement .......................................................................................................................... 154
1.3 Objective of the study ..................................................................................................................... 155
1.4 Significance of the study .................................................................................................................. 155
2.0 Material and Methodology ................................................................................................................. 155
2.1 Work Materials and Specimens Preparation .................................................................................. 155
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL TEST PROCEDURES................................................................................................. 156
3. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 157
3.1 Effect of Water-Cement Ratios on the Compressive Strength of Concrete and Lateritic Mixes .. 157
3.2 Effect Of Water-Cement Ratios On The Workability Of Concrete And Lateritic Mixes ................. 159
4.CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................................... 161
5. RECOMMENDATION .............................................................................................................................. 162
6. Reference ............................................................................................................................................... 163
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page IV

List of Figures
Figure 1. Organizational Workflow Chart ....................................................................................... 2
Figure 2. Procedural approach for base line establishment .............................................................. 7
Figure 3. Base line Establishment using angle and distance values ................................................. 7
Figure 4. Setting out distance points using taping from each end of baseline ................................. 8
Figure 5. Offset pegs ........................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 6. Profile boards .................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 7. Continuous profile .......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 8. Honey Combing of Concrete .......................................................................................... 12
Figure 9. Fracturing Effect of Rounded Aggregate ........................................................................ 13
Figure 10. Beam Reinforcement Figure 11. Slab Reinforcement ............................................. 19
Figure 12. Different types Reinforcement tying ............................................................................ 20
Figure 13. Column and Beam Formworks ..................................................................................... 23
Figure 14. Electrical and Sanitary installation works..................................................................... 25
Figure 15. Foundations types and their classification .................................................................... 30
Figure 16. Presumptive approach for Footing design .................................................................... 32
Figure 17. Rectangular isolated footing ......................................................................................... 33
Figure 18. Rectangular combined footing ...................................................................................... 34
Figure 19. Strap/ Cantilever foorting ............................................................................................. 34
Figure 20. Mat/ Raft foundation ..................................................................................................... 35
Figure 21. Sprit level ...................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 22. HCB wall construction .................................................................................................. 37
Figure 23. Verticality check for a wall using plumb bob ............................................................... 37
Figure 24. Gypsum work ................................................................................................................ 40
Figure 25. Aluminum works .......................................................................................................... 41
Figure 26. Aluminum ceiling works............................................................................................... 42
Figure 27. Slab layout .................................................................................................................... 60
Figure 28. Calculated moments ...................................................................................................... 67
Figure 29. Adjusted moments ........................................................................................................ 71
Figure 30. Reinforcement detailing for the slab ............................................................................. 74
Figure 31. Transferred loads to beams ........................................................................................... 76
Figure 32. The beam to be designed............................................................................................... 77
Figure 33. Assumed panel and beam arrangement......................................................................... 77
Figure 34. Load applied on beams ................................................................................................. 78
Figure 35. Partition wall ................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 39 Bending moment and shear force diagram for beam ..................................................... 84
Figure 40. Chart ............................................................................................................................ 120
Figure 41. Column detailing ......................................................................................................... 122
Figure 42. Column stirrup detail .................................................................................................. 122
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page V

List of Tables
Table 1. Properties of cement ......................................................................................................... 11
Table 2. Deleterious Substances in Coarse Aggregate ................................................................... 13
Table 3. Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregates ..................................................................... 14
Table 4. Relationship between Age of Cement and Its Strength .................................................... 17
Table 5. Bar Diameter and respective Overlapping distances ........................................................ 18
Table 6. Amount of Current for Normal and Power Sockets ......................................................... 24
Table 7. Diameter of Wires for Different types of Loads .............................................................. 24
Table 8. Position of Materials from floor finish level .................................................................... 24
Table 9. Sample types of Reducers ................................................................................................ 25
Table 10. Degree of Workability and appropriate use of slump Measurement ............................. 27
Table 11. Materials required for gypsum plastering ...................................................................... 40
Table 12. Cost of the different gypsum types ................................................................................ 40
Table 13. Standard dimension and uses of Aluminum materials ................................................... 41
Table 14. Celling materials dimension and their respective uses ................................................... 42
Table 15. takeoff sheet format except for reinforcement bar ......................................................... 43
Table 16. Takeoff sheet for Bar schedule....................................................................................... 44
Table 17. Sample Cost break down for C - 25 concrete ................................................................. 45
Table 18. Depth determination for interior spans........................................................................... 61
Table 19. Partition wall load and design load determination ......................................................... 63
Table 20. Moment distribution ....................................................................................................... 64
Table 21. Depth determination for cantilevers ............................................................................... 65
Table 22. Calculation of design loads for cantilever slabs ............................................................. 66
Table 23. Moment calculation for cantilevers ................................................................................ 67
Table 24. Moment adjestments ...................................................................................................... 69
Table 25. Spacing calculation for support rebar............................................................................. 72
Table 26. Spacing calculation for field rebar ................................................................................. 73
Table 27. Load transfer towards beams.......................................................................................... 75
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page VI

PART – I
(The Internship Practice)
1. Introduction to the hosting company

1.1 Brief history
KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION is a young employee which is established to
undertake different civil engineering activities mainly, in building construction. This company
comprises of different professionals and skilled manpower together with a number of well-
functioning equipment and tools.
The company is endowed with various inherent conditions, which are:
 Available well trained personnel and construction Machinery
 Existing short line and/or direct relation between project and company top management (
decision maker)
 Good relation with insurances’ and banks.
 Flexibility of company regulations to fit existing circumstance or contingency management
system.
 Availability of professionals and skilled manpower.
Vision of the company
Kokeb Biazen Building Construction Company has a vision of being a leading, most prominent and
competitive construction company in providing high quality of construction. The company is
provides an outstanding solution for a wide range of civil engineering works by applying the most
up-to date professional skill, quality and time efficient standard procedural practice. These qualities
of the company isolates the company from any other construction companies in the locality.
Project organization and management
The project will be headed and controlled by a project manager duly approved by the Engineer, he
will be assisted in his work by a team of construction engineer, office engineer and administrative
staff. At the head office he will be directly supported by the technical manager and assisted by all
other department managers and assisted by all other department managers. The project engineer
will be responsible for scheduling, surveying works, quality surveying and preparation of payment
certificates and for other technical and engineering works.
The proposed organizational structure showing the key manpower will be as shown on the
organizational chart. The project is organized to have an efficient and integrated work sections
which are managed by section heads and each section will be directly responsible to the project
manager and authorized to lead and monitor their section members in accordance with the policies
and regulations of the company.
Construction activates of the project by organizing labor material and equipment for the earthwork
and structural crew by directing the superintendents and foreman’s in the project with the objective
of assuring quality of work and standard within the stipulated budget and time frame.
For the execution of the work, there is division of work and sequence of work flows. This work
flow provides the accountability of each of the professionals.
MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 1

1.2 Overall Organizational Workflow Chart
Figure 1. Organizational Workflow Chart
1.3 Job Description

Different professionals in any site are entitled with different tasks which raises their accountability
for any type of error they may commit during the project progress. Starting from the project
manager each and every laborer has his/ her own tasks to execute. Some of the tasks performed by
those of the prominent professionals is listed as follows.
1. Project Manager - the project manager is one of the prominent officials in any construction
project who is entitled with managing the different activities that are carried out in the
project by giving a perfect labor division through the site organization. The project manager
is responsible in providing different meetings at different occasions regarding to the overall
progress of the construction activity and other related issues. On the other hand the project
manager is responsible in providing a better solution for the different site and office related
problems and settling the disputes which may arise due neighborhood and boundary
conditions.

2. Site Engineer – the site engineer is the first responsible party in the execution of the
different tasks in the site. He/ she has the responsibility of assuring the proper execution and
implantation of the work. He/ she communicates with the office engineer for design
modifications and approvals. Besides he/she passes different site related commands for the
Forman and other officials so that there will be a smooth work flow as per the project time
schedule. Some of the specific responsibilities are as follows:
 Setting out works
 Checking the excavation and earth works according to the specifications
and drawings.
 Preparing daily labor output and the amount of work executed each day.
 Organizing the daily and monthly work implementations.
 Checking and reviewing the sub contract payments.
3. Office Engineer – the office engineer has a responsibility of making bill of quantities,
takeoff sheet, payment certificates and cost breakdown for each trade of work. All office
related works are executed by the office engineer.
4. Forman - is responsible in controlling the execution of the works of bar bender, Carpenter
and Daily laborer. And give guidance on how the works has to be done and gives correction
on their mistakes. In general the Forman has the following duties:
 Keeping the work move ahead every day as the project schedule.
 Organizing and directing the work done by skilled and unskilled labors.
 Checking the various construction works.
 Checking the amount of materials and checking whether they are
sufficient or not.
 Executing the order from the site Engineer.
1.4 Objective of the Company
The main objective of the company is to in order to be the most prominent and competitive
construction industry in the locality. Amongst the different objectives set by the company some of
them are listed as a follows:
 Maintaining the maximum level of customer satisfaction
 Providing the best quality of construction
 Keeping high quality service to customers
 Maximizing the competition with other contractors
 Maximizing the maximum level of customer satisfaction
 Contributing for the growth of the construction industry in the locality by
providing the highest and quality standards and operational framework.

1.5 Owned Equipment and plant

The company, Kokeb Biazen building contractor, has all essential heavy-duty equipment that are
required for the execution of the work.
Other small machines such as compactors, mixers ranging 350 liters capacity, welding machines,
steel cutters, etc. shall be made available in good numbers as to suit the scale of operation. Supply
of Small hand tools & carpenters, masons, bar benders, plasterer, etc. will be as per the demand of
the work force and the nature of the work.
1.6 Current active projects of the company

The company is endowed with different active projects in this locality. Currently the company
executes about four building projects as listed below:
 A mixed use building project located at Sefene Selam kebelle 04
 Another mixed use Project located at Belay Zeleke kebelle 17
 A market center building project located at Ginbot 20 kebelle 14
 A building project located in front of ‘Melat’ cafeteria at kebelle 04
These construction sites are under full construction competences of the company, Kokeb Biazen
building contractor.
Amongst the above four active sites of the company I have been working on a G+8 building project
located at kebelle 04 in front of the Mosque. This building rests on 632.7m2 plinth area. The project
is started on around April 2007 E.C. which is a shared mixed use commercial center between three
clients.
Vision
Just like other construction companies Kokeb Biazen building Contractor has a vision to be the
leading company in the areas of its engagement. The company is on the right track to become a
competitive and prominent in diverse fields of construction, high way and bridges, water resources
management, high rise building structures, and prefabricated steel structure works that is nationally
having adequate facilities in personnel, capacity & laboratory facilities.
Mission
Kokeb Biazen Building Contractor is too much elegant to contribute in the development of the
country Ethiopia and African Countries at large through creating conducive and attractive
environment for professionalism, and creativity with an outstanding financial result by which the
company, and its associates benefit, prosper and harvest professional satisfaction.

2 Overall Internship Experience

2.1 Getting in to the company
During the early period of the internship I have asking for my senior friends and different friendly
teachers for their wise advice on the best type of civil works that I should have to engage for my
internship stay. Having their wise and supportive ideas I have decided to engage in building
construction. Then after my first task was to list out those of the most prominent and well known
construction industries around my locality. Amongst these companies I was able to provide my
application for the following companies. Gad construction company, Medroc, Abita construction
enterprise, Awuscod, onset Construction Company, Amhara design and supervision enterprise,
ኢያድ, Amhara road construction enterprise, Kokeb Biazen building contractor and the likes.
Amongst these construction companies I have tried to figure out that Kokeb Biazen building
contractor can provide me with the most relevant practical knowledge in relation to most of the
civil engineering works as this company has so many active sites that are currently at different stage
of progress, it would be better to trace out tangible knowledge at each of the projects under this
company.
Thus I showed a great courage and concern to engage in this company so that I tried to persuade
and create some sense of acceptance from the company by dealing with the project manager and
office engineers. This created a smooth relation between us as a result the office engineer handed
me with an acceptance paper which I have attached at the appendices of this documentation.
Finally I have decided to start my internship at this company at the time schedule set by the
university which is on September 28, 2015 G.C. During this time my first task was to share ma
greeting with those of the construction professionals, skilled and unskilled laborers in the specific
construction site I have been assigned in.
The construction enterprise has about four active sites which are as listed below:
 A mixed use building project located at Sefene Selam kebelle 04

 Another mixed use Project located at Belay Zeleke kebelle 17
 A market center building project located at Ginbot 20 kebelle 14
 A building project located in front of ‘Melat’ cafeteria at kebelle 04
Amongst the different project sites of the company I have been assigned in a G+8 building project
located at kebelle 04 in front of the Mosque. This building rests on 632.7m2 plinth area. The project
is started on around April 2007 E.C. which is a shared mixed use commercial center between three
clients. The construction is executed using Portland Pozolana (PPC) having a cubical concrete
strength of 25MPa. The type of batching used is batching by volume while the mix is executed
using a small mechanical mixer of volume 350liters.
The mix ratio used to attain a C-25 concrete is 1:2:3 ratio with 1 cement bag of PPC, 2 batches of
sand, and 3 batches of well graded 02 aggregate. The batching box can have different sizes
depending on the mix design and the required strength of concrete, but for this construction project
a batch box of size 50*40*18 is used to bring about a concrete of compressive strength 25Mpa.

2.2 The Different Tasks that I have been observing and working
2.2.1 General Description
During my four month stay in the company there were different tasks and assignments that I have
been assigned to execute. These tasks encompass both at the site level and office level. At the site
level I have been assigned to collect data on the quantity of the work executed each day for each
trade of work. Viz. The volume of concrete casted each day, the area of formwork placed for slab,
beam and column and the weight of reinforcement bars placed at each day. At the office level I
have been assigned to prepare takeoff sheet for different trade of works.
Besides the office engineer gave us a follow up assignment on preparation of takeoff sheet and bill
of quantity for the substructure of a small toilet of size 7.5m *6.1m. The quantification of the
amount of concrete, reinforcement bars and formwork is computed as per the given working
drawing. The working drawing is attached at the last page of this document under the appendices
section. Besides the toilet we have been given takeoff sheet preparation for a certain building
foundation pad.
2.2.2 Undertaken Tasks and Procedures

I. Site works:
A. Setting out and Surveying works:
A definition of setting out, often used, is that it is the reverse of surveying. Whereas surveying is a
process for forming maps and plans of a particular site or area, setting out begins with plans and
ends with the various elements of a particular plan correctly positioned on site.
However most techniques and equipment used in surveying are also used in setting out i.e. while
surveying may be the opposite of setting out, the processes and instruments are almost identical.
Setting out is the establishment of the marks and lines to define the position and level of the
elements for the construction work so that works may proceed with reference to them. This process
may be contrasted with the purpose of surveying which is to determine by measurement the position
of existing features.
The aims of setting out
There are two main aims when undertaking setting out operations:
 The various elements of the scheme must be correct in all three dimensions both relatively
and absolutely, that is each must be its correct size, in its correct plan position and correct
reduced level
 Once setting out begins it must proceed quickly with little or no delay in order that the works
can proceed smoothly and the cost can be minimized. It must always be remembered that
the contractors’ main commercial purpose is to make a profit – therefore setting out needs
to be done efficiently.

Baselines
A baseline is a line running between two points of a known position. Any baselines required to set
out a project should be specified on the setting out plan by the designer and included in the contract.
Baselines can take many forms: they can be simply two specified points joined, they can run
between two buildings, they can mark the boundary with an existing building/development or they
can mark the center line for a new road.
Baselines can be used in a number of different ways:
 Where a baseline is specified to run between two points then once the points have been
established on site, the design points can be set out from the baseline by offsetting using
tapes and in order to simplify this thing it is better to see the procedural approach as shown
below:-
Figure 2. Procedural approach for base line establishment

A design point D is to be set out at right angles to a baseline AB from point C which lies at
a distance y from point A. The required offset distance from C to D is x. Distances x and y
will be given by the designer and will usually be horizontal distances.
 Primary site control points, such as traverse stations E & F in the figure below can be used
to establish a baseline AB by angle and distance l values.
Figure 3. Base line Establishment using angle and distance values

Subsidiary offset lines can then be set off at right angles

From each end of the baseline to fix two corners R and S of building Z. Once R and S have been
pegged out, the horizontal length of RS is measured and checked against its designed value. If it is
within the required tolerance, points R and S can be used as a baseline to set out the corners T and
U.
Design points can be set out by taping known as distances from each end of a baseline as shown
below.
.
Figure 4. Setting out distance points using taping from each end of baseline
At point A on building X is set out by taping dimensions 1 and 2 from the baseline and point B by
taping dimensions 3 and 4. As before, the set out lengths of AB is then checked against its designed
value and within tolerance, it can be used as a baseline to set out corners C and D.
-In some cases, the designer may specify a baseline that runs between points on two existing
buildings. Design points are then set out from this line either by offsetting at right angles or by
measuring distances from points on the line. The accuracy of this method depends upon how well
the baseline can be established and how the dimensions required to set out the design points are
known. The accuracy of the baselines method increases if two baselines at right angles to each other
are used.
Design points can be established either by measuring and offsetting from either lines, or a grid
system can be set up to provide additional control points in the area enclosed by the baselines
Offset pegs
Whether used in the form of a baseline or a grid, the horizontal control points are used to establish
design points on the proposed structure.
Once excavations for foundations begin, the corner pegs will be lost. To avoid this extra pegs called
offset pegs are used.

.
Figure 5. Offset pegs
Profile boards
These are similar to sight rails but are used to determine the corners and sides of buildings. Offset
pegs are normally used to enable building corners to be relocated after foundation excavation.
Profile boards are normally erected near each offset peg and used in the same way as a sight rail.
.
Figure 6. Profile boards

A variation on corner profiles is to use a continuous profile all around the building ser to a particular
level above the required structural plane. The advantage of a continuous profile is that the lines of
the internal walls can be marked on the profile and strung across to guide construction.
Figure 7. Continuous profile
B. Supervision
Under this section of the site work we are going to deal with some of the construction works that
are executed at the site are require some kind of supervision. These works include all works related
to the construction of the building as a whole. These are like concrete work, reinforcement and
formwork placement and so on. The brief explanation of each is provided as follows.
i. Concrete work:
Concrete is a stone like material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of
previously listed ingredients cement, sand, and gravel or other aggregate, and water to harden
informs of the shape and dimensions of the desired structure. The bulk of the material consists of
fine and coarse aggregates. Cement and water interact chemically to bind the aggregate particles in
to a solid mass. Additional water above that needed for this chemical reaction is necessary for
workability of the mixture that enables it to fill the forms and surround the embedded reinforcing
steel prior to hardening.
Concrete has high compressive strength which makes it suitable for members primarily subjected
to compression such as columns and arches. However its tensile strength is very small compared
with its compressive strength (10-15%). This prevents its economical use in members subjected to
tension either entirely (such as in tie rods) or over part of their cross sections (such as beams or
other flexural members). Having said this the different ingredients which constitute concrete are
listed as follows:

 Cement
Cement is the most important ingredient of concrete because it is the hydration reaction that gives
strength to concrete. This ingredient is also the most expensive in plain concrete production.
Portland cement is produced from a mixture major compounds (C3A, C2S, C3S, and C4AF) and
ground clay (contains Si02 and Al2O3), lime (CaO) and also other minor ingredients such as MgO
and Fe2O3 by heating to the point of incipient fusion (clinkering temperature). The clinker is then
ground to different degrees of fineness to get cement. The early strength of Portland cement is
higher with higher percentages of C2S. If moist curing is continuous, later strength levels will be
greater, with higher percentages of C2S. C3A contributes to the strength developed during the first
day after placing the concrete because it is the earliest to hydrate.
Table 1. Properties of cement
Component Rate of Heat Ultimate

reaction liberated cementing value
Tri calcium silicate C3S medium medium Good
Di Calcium silicate C2S slow small Good
Tri calcium aluminate C3A fast large Poor
Tetra calcium aluminoferrate slow small Poor
The size of the cement particles strongly influences the rate of reaction of cement with water. For
a given weight of finely ground cement, the surface area of the particles is greater than that of the
coarsely ground cement. This results in a greater rate of reaction with water and a more rapid
hardening process for larger surface areas. Finally the type of structures, the weather, and other
conditions under which it is built and will be used are the governing factors in the choice of the
type of cement that should be used.
 Water and air
Water:
Water is required in the production of concrete in order to precipitate chemical reaction with the
cement, to wet the aggregates and to lubricate the mixture for easy workability. Normally, the water
that can be used in mixing should be clean and has a standard of drinking water. Water having
harmful ingredients such as silt, oil, sugar or chemicals is destructive to the strength and setting
properties of cement. It can disrupt the affinity between the aggregate and the cement paste and can
adversely affect workability of a mixture.
A general understanding of the role of water in the process of cement hydration is important. The
cement in the concrete needs water to hydrate and form Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) which
is the glue that holds the concrete together. The water is chemically bound (consumed) during the
reaction with the cement at approximately 25 pounds of water to every 100 pounds of cement.
Therefore, it could be said that a water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) of 0.25 is needed for
the C-S-H and hydration products to be formed. Excessive water leaves uneven honeycombed
skeleton in the finished product after hydration has taken place while too little water prevents

complete chemical reaction with the cement. The product in both cases is a concrete that is weaker
and inferior to normal concrete.
Figure 8. Honey Combing of Concrete

Entrained air
Pores are produced in the harden concrete due to the gradual evaporation of excess water from the
mix. If they evenly distributed, these could give improved characteristics to the product. Why?
Because air entrainment increases workability, decreases density, increases durability, reduces
bleeding and segregation, and reduces the required sand content in the mix. Very even distribution
of pores by artificial introduction of finely divided uniformly distributed air bubbles throughout the
product is possible by adding air-entraining agent admixtures such as vinsol resin. Even though
entrained air has its own advantage in the concrete mix, it should not be greater from a value 5-6%
from the total proportion of the mix.
 Aggregate
Aggregates are those parts of the concrete that constitute the bulk of the finished product. They
comprise 60 to 80% of the volume of the concrete and have to be so graded that the whole mass of
concrete acts as a relatively solid homogeneous, dense combination, with the smaller sizes acting
as an inert filler of the voids that exist between the larger particles. Since the aggregates constitute
the major part of the mixture, the more aggregate is used in the mix the cheaper is the cost of the
concrete, provided that the mixture is of reasonable workability for the specific job for which it is
used.
Aggregates must conform to certain standards for optimum engineering use: they must be clean,
hard, strong, durable particles free of absorbed chemicals, coatings of clay, and other fine materials
in amounts that could affect hydration and bond of the cement paste. Aggregate particles that are
friable or capable of being split are undesirable. Aggregates containing any appreciable amounts of
shale or other shaly rocks, soft and porous materials, should be avoided; certain types of chert
should be especially avoided since they have low resistance to weathering and can cause surface

defects such as pop outs. Aggregates should have to be angular in shape but round and flaky
aggregates are not recommended to be used for making of concrete since they have low strength.
Figure 9. Fracturing Effect of Rounded Aggregate

Aggregates are of two types: coarse aggregates and fine aggregates. Coarse aggregates are usually
manufactured by crushing stone and fine aggregates are natural sand obtained by the natural
disintegration of rock which are a result of accumulation of sedimentary rocks around water bodies
or artificial sand obtained by artificially crushing stones.
Coarse Aggregate
Properties of the coarse aggregates affect the strength of hardened concrete and its resistance to
disintegration, weathering, and other destructive effect. The coarse aggregate must be clean of
organic impurities and must bond well with the cement gel. Coarse aggregate shall be free of
injurious amounts of organic impurities. The amount of deleterious substance in coarse aggregate
shall not exceed the limits specified in table as follow:
Table 2. Deleterious Substances in Coarse Aggregate
Deleterious substance Maximum percentage by

mass
Friable soft fragments 3
Coal and lignite 1
Clay lumps 0.25
Materials passing 63μm sieve including crushed dust 1.5
Fine aggregate
Fine aggregate is smaller filler made of sand. It ranges in size from No.4 to No.100mm (150μm).
A good fine aggregate should always be free of organic impurities, clay, and material or excessive
filler of size smaller than No. 100 sieve. It should preferably have a well-graded combination.
The fine aggregate shall not also have more than 45 percent retained between any two consecutive
sieves. The fineness modulus shall not be less than 2.0 or more than 3.5 with a tolerance of ± 0.2.

Table 3. Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregates
Deleterious substance Maximum percentage

Friable particles 1
Clay or fine silt (materials passing 63μm sieve) 3
in fine aggregates used for
Concrete subject to abrasion 5
All other concrete 1
Coal Ignite
When casting concrete it should have to be workable as per the design and after we pour it to its
right position it needs to be vibrated layer by layer by using vibrator, but when we compact it, we
should avoid over vibration. i.e. over vibration is the effect by which while vibrating a concrete mix
there will be a development of wet surface and a layer of mortar without course aggregates.
And also when there will be no more development of air bubbles out of the concrete mix. While
casting a concrete for structural members like slab, beam, column and stair we should terminate at
the 1/3 or 2/3 of the length of the member. This is because at those positions we got minimum
combination of shear and moment values. And if we want to cast the concrete after a time we should
have to add abiding chemical substances like epoxy and nitro bond as per their instruction in
proportioning of the mix.
Concrete Casting:
Concrete is casted to structural member by first placing the required number of reinforcements and
after installing all the necessary conduits for electrical wires and for sanitary path ways.
Column concrete casting should be performed uniformly without postponing to another time. While
for beam and slab it is possible to stop at 1/3 or 2/3 distance of the center to center spacing. This
1/3 or 2/3 distance is selected since the shear and bending moments have the lowest possible
combination at these two points. But if casting is stopped at these points and left for long period of
time then to create bondage between the hardened and freshly mixed concrete there is the use of an
admixture called nitro bond and epoxy.
During casting, the maximum possible density of the mix has to be attained. To do this there is the
use of a vibrator. A vibrator is an apparatus which has a vibrating hose and used to compact
concrete. Concrete vibration is a technique which is employed in order to ensure optimum strength,
durability, and appearance. The two important aspects seen in concrete vibration are consolidation
and compaction. Consolidation is the even distribution of all aggregates throughout the mix, while
compaction is the packing up of concrete and removal of entrapped air. The following are some of
the ways how to ensure effective vibration.
 Concrete vibration time depends on the frequency - the higher the frequency, the
less vibration time needed.
 The diameter of the hose should be the wall thickness of the member being casted
divided by four.

 Over lapping the field of action (vibration radius) throughout the pour will bond the
batches and bring the concrete together into a monolithic pour.
 The hose should be immersed vertically or at an angle of 100 from the vertical and
quickly (about one foot per second), but withdraw slowly (about three seconds per
foot).
 Put the hose/ stinger into each area of concrete only once.
 Stop vibration when the surface becomes shiny and there are no more breaking air
bubbles.
Over vibration is the phenomenon by which while vibrating a concrete mix there will be a
development of wet surface and a layer of mortar without coarse aggregate. Which is also a state
by which there will be no more development of air bubbles out of the concrete mix during the
process of vibration.
Storing of cement
Once we have bought the cement, the next step is storing it. One of the best ways to ensure that the
cement we have bought stays strong is to store it correctly. If our cement is not stored properly, it
can absorb moisture from the atmospheric air or any other source, causing our cement to react with
it chemically. The binding property and strength of cement depends on its capacity for chemical
reaction. So, if we use cement that has reacted due to the presence of water, the strength of our
cement will be affected.
To protect our cement from deterioration and to help it retain its freshness, you need to make sure
that no dampness or moisture, either from the ground, walls, or the environment, is allowed to touch
our cement. In coastal regions and in humid seasons, the air contains a high amount of moisture.
So, storing our cement right is extremely essential.
Cement Godowns/warehouse
In most construction projects, godowns are constructed on the site to store cement bags that will be
required in the next few days; perhaps their construction mechanism is different. Here we are
dealing on general specification in dimension; requirements should be fulfil as they are godowns.
Dimensions
While we are working out the inner dimensions of your cement godowns, keep the following in
mind:
 Number of cement bags
 Length of each cement bag: 70 cm (average)
 Width of each cement bag: 35 cm (average)
 Thickness of each cement bag: 14 cm (average)
 Clearance and passages: 60 cm (average)

Requirements
Even though these godowns are constructed for a temporary period, they must meet these seven
requirements:
• The walls of the godowns must be plastered and made damp-proof.
• The roof must be given appropriate waterproofing treatment.
• The floor must be raised at least 80 cm above ground level to prevent the inflow of water.
• The flooring may consist of a 15-cm-thick layer of dry bricks laid in two courses over a layer of
earth which is consolidated to a thickness of 15 cm above ground level.
• Cement bags should be stacked at least 10 cm to 20 cm above the floor by providing wooden
battens and planking arrangements. To save on timber, you could also use concrete.
• If any windows are provided in the godowns, make sure they are few, small, and kept tightly
closed, to prevent moisture from outside from getting in.
• Do not use a newly constructed godowns to store cement unless the interior is thoroughly dry.
Stacking Cement Bags
When we are stacking cement bags in the godowns, arrange them in a way that makes it easy for
you to stack as well as to remove them. Make sure that our arrangement also leaves enough space
for movement and for inspection of the cement bags. Keep these pointers in mind while stacking
our cement bags:
 Stack each consignment of cement separately. This makes it simpler for you to inspect
cement bags and to remove them in a proper sequence.
 Pin a play card on each pile in the godowns with the date of arrival.
 Place cement bags as closely together as possible to reduce the circulation of air.
 Do not stack cement bags in such a way that they are in contact with an external wall. Keep
a distance of at least 60 cm between the exterior wall and the stacks.
 Do not make a stack that is more than ten bags high. This will help you avoid lumping as
well as “warehouse” pack under pressure.
 If the stack is more than seven bags high, arrange the bags in a header-and-stretcher manner.
This is an arrangement of two stacks with a height of seven bags and ten bags each. You
will need to arrange them lengthwise and crosswise alternatively to achieve interlocking
between them and lessen the danger of your bags toppling over.
 During the monsoons, to ensure the safety of your cement, enclose the stacks completely in
polythene sheets (thickness of 700 gauge minimum) or in a similar material.
 Take extra care to ensure that the polythene sheet we use is not damaged while it is being
used to protect our cement
Cement storage habit in our site is seems like accumulating lifelong material, as we compare with
that of the standard one. But there are also things match with their storage like 60cm clearance
distance and their position from the ground.

How to Remove Cement Bags

When you are removing the cement bags from the godowns, follow these tips:
 Stick to the “First In, First Out” (FIFO) rule of taking the oldest cement out first. The cards
you have placed on the piles will help you do this.
 Remove the bags from two or three tiers at the back.
 Do not remove bags from only one tier in the front.
Temporary On-Site Storage of Cement

Sometimes, the cement you require for a day or two may need to be stored on the site, in the open.
In such cases, follow these rules:
 Lay the cement bags on a dry platform made of wooden planks. These should rest on brick-
masonry concrete and dry sand aggregates and raised about 15 cm above ground level.
 Cover the stack fully with a polythene sheet to protect it from moisture. The sheets you use
to cover the stack must overlap each other properly.
 Do not store your cement bags in the open, even if temporarily, in the rains, or when it is
humid
How Does Storage Affect the Strength of Cement?

If cement is stored for a long period of time, it loses its strength characteristics in relation with
dampness and attains expired date. As time goes by, older cement loses its strength on application
as compared to fresh cement. The following table will tell you about cement’s loss of strength
characteristics at different points of time:
Table 4. Relationship between Age of Cement and Its Strength

Age of cement Reduction of strength
3 month 20% to 30%
6 month 30% to 40%
12 month 40% to 50%
ii. Reinforcement bar placing, curtailing and splicing

Compressive strength is the capacity of a material to with stand axially directed pushing forces. The
concrete that makes up the frame work of a structure is recognized as having tremendous
compressive strength. However non-reinforced concrete is relatively weak in tension. Tension
results when a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that it bends. Steel has immense strength
characteristic in tension. Steel reinforced concrete provides the solution of correcting the weak
tension in the concrete by introducing steel reinforcement bars in to the concrete made structural
members in order to have both compressive and tension strength characteristics. The critical
purpose for steel reinforcement in concrete is to provide tensile strength to the concrete structures.

This can be broken down in to two similar but different functions: control of cracks, due to stress
caused by temperature or shrinkage; and control of deflection of the members, due to loads imposed
on the concrete caused by backfill, wind etc.
Reinforcing bars are provided with 6-35mm and are of two type: plain and deformed. This surface
deformation provide high degree of interlocking between the reinforcement and the concrete.
A lap splice is when two pieces of rebar overlap to form a contentious line. Lap splice help with the
proper transfer of loads with in the structure. There are two types of splice used: contact and none
contact lap splices.
Contact lap splice occur where the over lapped sections of the rebar are wired together to secure
them against displacement particularly when concrete is being placed.it is necessary to provide
appropriate overlap length for the splice to satisfy reinforcement regulation of building codes.
Even though we are not familiar with non-contact lap splice here in our site, the overlap rebar does
not touch, but the distance between the lap is permitted to be separated by up to 1/5 of the bar lap
length to a maximum of 150mm.Regardless of the method chosen to create the lap splice, there is
a minimum length of material that must be over lapped, which is determined using the formula of,
lap splice length equals 40 times the bar diameter. For example if we are using rebar diameters 8,
10,12and 24 the over lapping distance can be calculated as follow:-
 BAR DIAMETER*40=THE OVER LAPPING DISTANCE
Table 5. Bar Diameter and respective Overlapping distances
Bar diameter 8 10 12 24
Over lapping distance 320 400 480 960
When making a splice, it is essential that the flow of concrete will not be compromised. Care should
be taken to ensure that the placement of the lap splice will not create avoid beneath the splice or
cause the concrete to get hung-up.
When we come to stirrups, they are the prominent one in resisting effects which can be resulted in
our structure because of shear and they have a great role in protecting the spill out of the concrete
from its mold. But here, the stirrups can protect the concrete from spill out if and only if
the orientation of the over lapping point of the stirrup arranged at each or two corners of beams and
columns in an alternative manner without repeating.
Slab reinforcements are two types span/field and support reinforcements. Field reinforcements are
provided as mesh reinforcement where by the one at the bottom is along the shorter direction since
the largest share of the load is along the shorter direction. As we know the design moment (Msd) is
a function of depth, so in order to have a structural member resisting the imposed load, it is better
to increase the depth by providing the span reinforcement at the bottom along the shorter direction
of the panel.
The hooks for anchorage and bond strength for the slab reinforcements are provided at the support
reinforcement and it may also fabricated by bending the extension of the bottom rebar if it assure
the need of the rebar at the position as per the design. In order to keep the exact thickness of the

slab we use a spacer called (ከበሊቶ) with different height measurement accordingly. And as I have
seen the diameter, and the number of the rebar for the spacer is different according to:-
 The diameter of the bar that we use for the mesh.

 The area coverage of the panel.
Beams as well as slab reinforcement bars are provided with negative and positive /bottom and top
bars/. The negative re-bars are those bars which are placed at the supports in order to carry the
support negative moment. On the other hand the positive reinforcement bars are provided for the
span moments. Thus the splicing/ overlap for top reinforcement should take place at the span of
beam this is because support moment is almost zero at the mid span. Also for bottom reinforcements
overlapping should be at the support location as positive moment is higher at the mid span.
Figure 10. Beam Reinforcement Figure 11. Slab Reinforcement

A black wire is a material used to tie reinforcements one to another. But there are three different
types of ting mechanisms:-
 O-type:- used in the case of attaching main bars together in the case of slab
mesh construction and for rebar attached at the legs of stirrups in the
columns and beams.
 No-8 type: - applicable in attachments of main rebar at the corner edges of
stirrups and hooks.
 Double O in one side No-8:-applicable to tie rebar provides for vertical
members like columns and shear wall.

Figure 12. Different types Reinforcement tying

Stair case construction
Stairs are structures which create access to different floor levels. A stair is constructed with steps
rising without a break from floor to floor, or with steps rising to a landing between floors, with a
serous of steps rising further from the landing to the floor above. And in my stay in the site I was
eager to differentiate different parts of stair and how detail drawings are implemented on the
ground. And as I have seen the detail, if the bar found on landing is at the top, it does not extend as
the beginning rather at flight position we must be laid it at the bottom level even though there are
breaking bars provide as per the design. There are technical terms which are applicable in stair case
design and construction:
Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.
Riser: vertical portion of a step.
Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.
Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.
Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosings of
all treads and the soffit above.
There are quite a few things to consider when first sitting down to do a stair design. Most of the
points here do not go well but with a good compromise.
 We want a good looking stair, built with quality materials that will last the life of the
building.
 At the same time we want it to be, maybe not cheap, but at least cost effective.
 In most places when building a stair we have to comply with various regulations and
guidelines, so these have to be taken into consideration during the design process.
These regulations fall into separate categories,

 The design details of the actual stair, the minimum width, the allowable
slope (the ratio of rise to go), and the number of steps in any flight without
a landing, height and position of the handrails and balustrades, the head
clearance above the stair.
 The position of the stair. This is to comply with fire regulations. There are
minimum distances required to an exit stair. If you cannot achieve them
with one stairway (usually somewhere in the middle), then you have to
build another stair or at least some form of fire escape for fire emergence.
 Apart from placing a stair with fire safety in mind, we also have to place it
in the best position for the convenience of the users. For example, a stairway
that is of used to go from a garage to a kitchen area with shopping should
be as direct as possible. It may be cheaper to build a straight flight, but if
shorter distances can be achieved with a half space landing, then the extra
cost is well worth it.
 Take into careful consideration the headroom to a stair, a rule of thumb is
to make it at least the same as a door height, we use 2.03m.
 Try to arrange good lighting, preferably from above. High set windows or
even a skylight can transform.
 The preferred angle should be in between 28 and 36 degrees.
 Over the critical angle we are looking at a ladder type installation, which should be of a
narrow enough width to enable a handrail on either side to be comfortably grasped. It is
normal to descend any ladder facing inwards. It is more comfortable to do it this way
and the steps are easily seen, but the main reason not to descend ladder type steps facing
forward is that a slip can result in serious back injury.
iii. Formwork placement
Temporary structures are critical elements of the overall construction plan. A temporary structures
in construction affects the safety of the workers on the job and the general public and there is also
the relationship of the temporary structure to the finished structure. Temporary structures are
sometimes incorporated into the finished work or are removed at the end of the conclusion of their
use fullness. In either case the contractor will have to deal with supervision work, code and legal
requirements, and perhaps disputes with others over the work being performed. As far as design,
drawings and specifications are concerned, they depend on the temporary structure under
consideration. So a major emphasis will be placed on concrete formwork construction covering
detailed design analysis of both vertical and horizontal timber formwork systems.
Forms mold the concrete to desired size and shape and control its position and alignment. But form
work is more than a mold; it is a temporary structure that supports its own weight, plus the freshly
placed concrete, plus construction live loads (including materials, equipment, and personnel).Even
though it is unusual here in Ethiopia, in designing and building form work, the contractor should
aim for maximum economy without scarifying quality or safety, size, shape, and alignment of slabs,
beams, and other concrete structural elements depend on accurate construction of the forms. And
the forms must fulfill the following requirements.

 Sufficiently rigid under the construction loads to maintain the designed shape of the
concrete,
 Stable and strong enough to maintain large members in alignment, and
 Substantially constructed to withstand handling and reuse without losing their dimensional
integrity.
 Form work failures are the causes of many accidents and building failures that occur during
concrete construction, usually when fresh concrete is being placed.
Generally some unexpected events causes’ one member to fail, then others become over
loaded or misaligned and the entire form work structure collapses. The main causes of form
work failure are:-
 improper stripping and shore removal

 inadequate bracing
 maximum Vibration
 inadequate control of concrete placement
 lack of attention to formwork details
Loads imposed by fresh concrete against wall or forms differ from the gravity load on a horizontal
slab form. The freshly placed concrete behaves temporarily like a fluid, producing hydrostatic
pressure that acts laterally on the vertical forms. This lateral pressure is comparable to full height
within the period required for its initial set with slower rate of placing, concrete at the bottom of
the form begins to harden and lateral pressure is reduced to less than full fluid pressure by the time
concreting is completed in the upper part of the form. The effective lateral pressure changes to
modified hydrostatic pressure it has been found to be influenced by the weight, rate of placement,
temperature of concrete mix, use of retardant admixtures, and vibration. Factors affecting lateral
pressure on forms are:
 Weight of concrete
 Vibration
 Temperature
 Other variables such as consistency of concrete, Ambient Temperature,
Amount and location of reinforcement, Cement
Before casting concrete for the columns it should be assured that the column formwork is erected
at the right place in terms of center to center spacing, alignment and verticality. Thus there are three
methods of assuring the perfection of the column formwork for casting of concrete. These methods
are:
• Keeping the verticality of the formwork by using plumb bob. That is the plumb bob is going
to be tied with a nail that is drawn in to the two adjacent sides of column formwork, so that
the spacing of the tie rode at the top and bottom of the formwork is going to be checked to
be equal.
• Keeping the center to center spacing of the columns as provided in the drawing. And;

• Keeping the respective distance from the alignment which is marked at the beginning of the
construction during setting out work along the periphery of the building on profile boards.
Hence for each floor the alignment points are going to be traced out using plumb bob.
Segregation is the phenomena by which coarse aggregates are separated from the cement paste
which highly affects the strength of the concrete. Segregation of concrete happens due to different
factors among which the following two are the basic ones.
• Over vibration will let the coarse aggregate to be separated from the cement paste so that
vibration of concrete should be performed in such a way that it will create the maximum
permissible compaction.
• Casting of long columns from the top so that the concrete will reach the bottom of the
column formwork by being segregated.
To prevent segregation of the concrete while casting the long columns, it is better fill the column
by making a window on the surface of the form work or it is preferable to use part by part pouring
technique of concrete. The form work of columns can be erect by using supporting wood attached
with horizontally laid wood log called (ግንዲላ) and this wooden log is nailed with log which is
penetrated in to the ground called (ችካል) ,or if the column is positioned at top floor slabs it can be
tied to a wire called (ጋንቾ).while fixing the exact height of columns I have seen that those
carpenters are going to put a mark on a single column at a height of 1-1.5m as a datum, then this
elevation is going to be traced out for the rest of the columns using a kind of sprit level (ጎማ ውሃ
ልክ). After tracing out this elevation the (ክርስቲ) for the beam and props (ፎንቲ) for slab
constructed by accounting the thickness of form work and the depth of beams as well.
As we know beam and slab mostly transfer load by deflection, hence we need to prevent the
unwanted deflection during reinforcement fabrication and casting of the concrete. There for the
props should at most be configured with a 60cm gap to each other and 10-20cm from column.
Figure 13. Column and Beam Formworks

iv. Installation works for sanitary and electrical pipe lines

In these two weeks stay I was lucky to saw how electrical installations’ and sanitary works are
performed. Besides I was able to grasp knowledge on:-
 The symbolic representation for both electrical and sanitary works;
 Current currying capacity of wires, sockets, electric metad ,stove ,bell, boilers;
 Wire diameters for light and normal socket lines;
 Positions for normal socket, power socket, switch, distribution boards.as shown below:-
Table 6. Amount of Current for Normal and Power Sockets
Current amount is to be provide for their socket in (A)

Material
Normal socket 16
Metad 25
Stove 20
Bell 6
Boiler 16-20
Table 7. Diameter of Wires for Different types of Loads

wire for material Diameter of wires for the materials in (mm)
Normal socket wire 2.5
Light wire 1.5
Metad and boiler wire 4
Stove wire 4
Bell wire 1.5
Table 8. Position of Materials from floor finish level
Materials Positions from the floor finish in(cm)
Normal sockets Not <30 and >50
Power sockets 70-90
Switch Not <120 and >150
Distribution boards 180
Here what we should have to note is that each of the previously listed materials are controlled by
their own breaker; and here; after all the reinforcement bars are placed on their exact position then
comes the installation of conducts for electric lines, prior to casting the concrete. This is performed
by using the installation plan. The installation plan consisted of plan for socket, switch, lighting,
tele/data cables, lighting junction boxes and switch lines were placed downwards for the bottom
floor. While socket outlet and tele/data cable lines were placed upwards. At each floor there are sub
distribution boards. Each board controls the power system around them. Power is tapped to each
floor level from the bottom from main distribution board.

When we come to the sanitary work I was try to know about how we connect tubes by considering
the flow of fluid through the tubes, different types of fittings, sizes of reducers, and standards of
some sanitary equipment as stated below.
 Basically there are three types of fittings:
 L-shape fittings
 T-shape fitting
 cross shaped fitting (×)
 sample types of tube reducers
Table 9. Sample types of Reducers
Reducer type used to change 110mm to 50mm

Reducer type used to change 150mm to 110mm.
Reducer type used to change 110mmto 80mm
Figure 14. Electrical and Sanitary installation works

C. Onsite and Laboratory quality control tests
Laboratory tests
In the past two weeks I was lucky to see three testes which can be performed at site or in labratory.so
the tests as well their detail is explain as follow:
 Concrete slump test
 Definition
Slump is a measurement of concrete’s workability or fluidity. It is an indirect measurement of
concrete consistency or stiffness.
A slump test is a method used to determine the consistency of concrete .the consistency, or stiffness,
indicates how much water has been used in the mix. The stiffness of the concrete mix should be
matched to the requirements for the finished product quality. The slump test is used for the
measurement of a property of fresh concrete. The test is an empirical test that measures the
workability of fresh concrete. More specifically, it measures consistency between batches. The test
is popular due to the simplicity of apparatus used and simple procedure.

 Apparatus
 Slump cone
 Scale for measurement/ruler/
 Temping road (steel)
 procedure of concrete slump test
1. The mold for the slump test is a frustum of a con, 300mm (12in) of height. The base
is 200mm (8in) in diameter and it has a smaller opening at the top of 100mm (4in).
2. The base is placed on a smooth surface and the container is filled with concrete in
three layers, whose workability to be tested.
3. Each layer is temped 25 times with a standard 16mm (5/8 in) diameter steel road,
rounded at the top.
4. When the mold is completely filled with concrete, the top surface is leveled with
mold top opening by means of screening and rolling motion of the temping rod.
5. The mold must be firmly held against its base during the entire operation so that it
could not move due to the pouring of concrete and this can be done by means of
handles.
6. Immediately after filling is completed and the concrete is leveled, the cone is slowly
and carefully lifted vertically, an unsupported concrete will now slump.
7. The decrease in the height of the center of the slumped concrete is called slump.
8. The slump is measured by placing the cone just besides the slump concrete and the
temping rod is placed over the area of slumped concrete.
9. the decrease in height of concrete to that of mold is noted with scale/ruler/ .(usually
it should measure to the nearest 5mm for a better performance)
 precautions
In order to reduce the influence on slump of the variation in the surface friction, the inside
of the mold and its base should be moistened and greased by burnet oil at the beginning of
every test, and prior to lifting of the mold the area immediately around the base of the cone
should be cleaned from concrete which may have dropped accidentally.
 types of slump
The slumped concrete takes various shapes, and according to the profile of slumped concrete, the
slump is termed as;
a) Collapse slump
In a collapse slump a concrete collapses completely. A collapse slump will generally
mean that the mix is too wet or that it is a high workability mix, for which slump test
is not appropriate.
b) Shear slump
In a shear slump the top portion of the concrete shear off and slips sideways. Or if one
half of the cone slides down an inclined plane, the slump is said to be a shear slump.
c) True slump
In true slump the concrete simply subsides, keeping more or less to shape
1. This is the only slump which is used in various testes.

2. Mixes of stiff consistency have a zero slump, so that in the rather dry
range no variation can be detected between mixes of different
workability.
However, in a lean mix with a tendency to harshness, a true slump can easily change to the
shear slump type or even to collapse, and widely different values of slump can be obtained
in different samples from the same mix; thus, the slump test is unreliable for lean mix
If a shear or collapse slump is achieved, a fresh sample should be taken and the test is
repeated. And if the shear slump persists, as many the case with harsh mixes, this is an
indication of lack of cohesion of the mix.
 Applications of slump test

 The slump test is used to ensure uniformity for different batches of similar concrete under
field conditions.
 the test is very use full on the site as a check on the day-to-day or hour-to-hour variation in
the materials being fed into the mixer.an increase in slump may mean, for instance ,that the
moisture content of aggregate has unexpectedly increase.
 Other cause would be change in the grading of the aggregate, such as a deficiency of sand.
 Too high or too low a slump gives immediate warning and enables the mixer operator to
remedy the situation.
Table 10. Degree of Workability and appropriate use of slump Measurement
Slump
Degree of Workability Use for Which Concrete is Suitable
mm in
Very dry mixes used in road making. roads
Very low 0-25 0-1
vibrated by power operated machine
Low workability mixes; used for foundations
Low 25-50 1-2 with light reinforcement roads vibrated by hand
operated machine.
Medium workability mixes; manually
compacted flat slabs using crushed aggregates.
Medium 50-100 2-4 Normal reinforced concrete manually
compacted and heavy reinforced sections with
vibration.
High workability concrete; for sections with
High 100-175 4-7 congested reinforcement. Not normally suitable
for vibration.

 Test for determination of quantity of silt in fine aggregate

There are two types of harm full substances present in a fine aggregates i.e. organic matter good
bond between cement and the aggregates. If present in large quantities, result in the increase water
cement ratio and finally affecting the strength of concrete.
Field test is generally conducted in order to determine the volumetric percentage of silt in natural
sand for percentage up to 6%,otherwise more detailed test as by standard code are required to be
conducted.
Even though we are not performing the exact or accurate type of silt content determination as stated
later in the procedure, we are try to check its content by filling 2/3 and 1/3 of ‘high land ‘bottle with
a capacity of 2 litter by sand and water respectively. But later we left for about a day/24hr/ and at
that time the water is so clean and there were formation of 4layers: clay, silt, sand layers in addition
to water. And as I asked the Forman Mr.mesfin if we got a silt amount less than 1/3 of the total
height of the sand we add the fine aggregate is safe for use. And depending on his suggestion as we
measure we got 2.3cm from the total of 7cm in combination with clay layer.
 Procedure
1. Fill 1% solution of common salt and water in the measuring cylinder up to 50ml mark.
2. Now add sand to be tested to this solution till the level of the salt solution shows 100ml d
mark.
3. Top up the level of salt solution up to 150ml mark.
4. Shake the mixture of sand and salt solution well and keep it undisturbed.
5. The silt being of finer particles than sand, will settle above the sand in a form of layer.
6. Measure the thickness of this silt layer in respective time interval and take the average.
And as a note, if the average value of silt content exceeds 6% by volume, the aggregate requires
washing before use.
What is the maximum percent of silt allowable in natural sand as per specifications in concrete
technology?
Ans:-7% is allowable limit for plastering purpose but limit is extended to 10% for masonry works.as
the availability of natural sand has become a problem, particularly in big cities.

Foundation Type and Their Selection

Before we discuss about foundations and their selection, it is better to deal about what
superstructure and substructure mean:-
Building has two basic parts
a. Substructure, and
b. Superstructure.
Sub-structure is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the ground level, which
transmits the loads of the super-structure to the supporting soil. A substructure is therefore that part
of the structure which is in direct contact with the ground to which the loads are transmitted.
Super-structure is that part of the structure which is above ground level, and which serves the
purpose of its intended use. A part of the super-structure, located between the ground level and the
floor level is known as plinth.
Plinth is therefore defined as the portion of the structure between the surface of the surrounding
ground and surface of the floor, immediately above the ground. The level of the floor is usually
known as the plinth level the built-up covered area measured at the floor level is known as plinth
area. And when we see foundation it can be; artificial foundation or natural foundation/soil/. And
based on those perspectives we can define foundation as:-
Definition 1: The lowest artificially built part of a structure which transmits the load of the structure
to the ground is called foundation.
Definition 2: Load bearing soil (strata): The soil layer that has the sufficient load bearing capacity
in relation to the chosen foundation type.
Footings are structural elements, which transfer loads to the soil from columns, walls or lateral
loads from earth retaining structures. In order to transfer these loads properly to the soil, footings
must be design to
 Prevent excessive settlement
 Minimize differential settlement, and
 Provide adequate safety against overturning and sliding.
The foundation of a structure is always constructed below ground level to increase the lateral
stability of the structures, and the primary design concerns are settlement (total settlement and
differential settlement) and load bearing capacity.
Purposes of Foundations
Foundations are used for the following purposes:
 To distribute the load of the structure over a large bearing area so as to bring intensity of
loading within the safe bearing capacity of the soil lying underneath.
 To load the bearing surface at a uniform rate so as to prevent unequal settlement.
 To prevent the lateral movement of the supporting material.
 To secure a level and firm bed for building operations.

 To increase the stability of the structure as a whole whatever it is lateral or not.
Types of Foundations
Figure 15. Foundations types and their classification

Foundations can be broadly classified into the following two categories:
 Shallow foundations
 Deep foundations
Shallow Foundations: - The foundations provided immediately beneath the lowest part of the
structure, near to the ground level are known as shallow foundations.
Shallow foundations are further classified into the following types:
 Spread or Isolated footings
 Combined footing
 Cantilever footing
 Continuous or wall footing
 Raft foundation
 Shallow foundations are usually located no more than 6 ft. below the lowest finished floor.

A shallow foundation system generally used when (1) the soil close the ground surface has
sufficient bearing capacity, and (2) underlying weaker strata do not result in undue settlement. The
shallow foundations are commonly used most economical foundation systems.
Shallow foundations are structural members that are used to transfer safely to the ground the dead
load of the superstructure and all external forces acting upon it. The type and magnitude of the
loading will usually be furnished by the engineer design the superstructure. It is up to the foundation
engineer to collect all the information regarding the purpose of the superstructure, the material that
will be used in its construction, its sensitivity to settlements in general and to differential settlement
in particular and all other pertinent information that may influence the successful selection and
execution of the foundation design. The foundation engineer should also select the soil stratum that
most suitable for the support of the superstructure.
The design of shallow foundations is based on the assumption that they are rigid so that the variation
of pressure under the foundations will be linear. The distribution of pressure will be uniform if the
centroid of the foundation coincides with the resultant of the applied loads.
The requirements in design of foundations are:
1. The pressure on the soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
2. The settlement of the structure should be within the permissible limits. Further there should be
no differential settlement.
In order to proportion shallow foundations one should either know the presumptive allowable soil
pressure as dictated by prevalent code or know the appropriate strength parameters of the soil, i.e.,
the angle of internal friction, and cohesion, C.

Figure 16. Presumptive approach for Footing design

The ultimate bearing capacity, qult, may be determined from the following equation
σult = CNc Scdcic+ ½ b’ γ Nγ Sγdγ iγ + q Nq Sqdqiq -----------case 2 for designing
Before going into the structural design, one should check whether the settlement of the selected
foundation is within the prescribed safe limits. If the settlement exceeds the safe limits, one should
increase the dimensions of the foundations until the danger of settlement is eliminated.
The last stage in the design of foundations is the structural design. The structural design process for
reinforced concrete foundations include:
 Selecting a concrete with an appropriate strength
 Selecting an appropriate grade of reinforcing steel
 Determining the required foundation thickness
 Determining the size, number and spacing of the reinforcing bars
 Designing the connection between the super structure and the foundation
What are shallow foundation and why we use them?
 Spread or Isolated Footings
These are the most common type of foundation, primarily because of their cost and ease of
construction. And it used to support individual column.
They are most often used: in small to medium size structures, on sites with moderate to good soil
conditions, on some large structures when they are located at sites underlain by exceptionally good
soil or shallow bedrock.
Isolated footings are stepped, simple or slope in their type in relation with their design and
economical aspect.
Figure 17. Rectangular isolated footing

 Combined Footing:
It is a kind of shallow foundation and they supports two or sometimes three column in a row.
Combined footing is used when property lines, equipment locations, column spacing or other
considerations limit the footing clearance at the column locations.
Combined footing can be: rectangular in shape if either columns carry equal loads, or trapezoidal
if there is a space limitation and they carry unequal loads.
Figure 18. Rectangular combined footing

 Cantilever or Strap Footing:
It consists of two individual footings connected by a beam called a strap.
Cantilever footing may be used: where the distance between the columns is so great that a
trapezoidal combined footing becomes quite narrow, with resulting high bending moments. The
strap beam does not remain in contact with soil so a strap doesn’t transfer any pressure to the soil.
Figure 19. Strap/ Cantilever foorting

 Mat/Raft Foundation
Mat or raft foundation is a large concrete slab supporting several columns in two or more rows. It
is used where the supporting soil has low bearing capacity. /black cotton soil/; earth quick area;
erratic load and soil nature. The bearing capacity increased by combining all individual footings in
to one mat –since bearing capacity is proportional to width and depth of foundations. In addition to
increasing the bearing capacity, mat foundations tend to bridge over irregularities of the soil and
the average settlement does not approach the extreme values of isolated footings. Thus mat
foundations are often used for supporting structures that are sensitive to differential settlement
Figure 20. Mat/ Raft foundation

Finishing works
Finishing works are the final and most time taking type of works which are executed just to increase
the aesthetical value of a building. These works include plastering, floor coverings, painting,
framing doors and windows, glazing works, roofing, and so on. Some of the finishing works that I
have been observing are explained as follows.
 Wall construction:
A wall is a continuous, usually vertical structure, thin in proportion to its length and height this
makes it different from the column. A wall is built to provide shelter as an external wall or divide
the building into rooms or compartments as an internal wall.
The prime function of an external wall is to provide shelter against wind, rain and the daily &
seasonal variations of outside temperature, also for reasonable indoor comfort. The internal wall is
provided in order to create a certain form of functional isolation within the internal area of the
building. When I say functional isolation it is to mean that there can be different requirements of
the area inside the building such as: for dinning, sleeping cooking, meeting, cinema, office, praying
thus it is very crucial to divide the building with internal walls to meet all this requirements.

There are different types of walling materials, which can be made either load bearing or non-load
bearing as per the need. Some of the walling materials/ building blocks/ are:
 Stone masonry wall
 Brick masonry wall
 Concrete block wall
 Hollow concrete block wall etc.
The hollow concrete block (HCB) is used in most of the building structures as a walling material
both for internal and external walling. This HCB is provided with different thicknesses which are
used as per the functional requirement. That is there are about three types of HCBs in terms of their
thickness that is with a thickness of 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm. it is customary to use a block of 20
cm thickness for external walling while the 15 cm thick block is internal walling for dividing the
building to the required functional area. Besides the 10 cm thick block is specifically used for toilet
and shower room partition.
In addition to their type based on thickness they are also divided in to three depending on their
strength as class A, B and C in order of decreasing strength respectively. Load bearing walls are of
class A.
As stated on the Ethiopian building code standards, EBCS, the unit weight of light weight HCB
used is about 14 KN/m2 ,hence in order to keep the block light weighted it is better to use a light
weight aggregate/ pumice/ red ash without affecting the strength requirement.
HCB wall Construction:
The construction of any walling element is executed by using mortar as a binding element. The
different building blocks are bind together with mortar. There are different forms of mortar. These
are: cement mortar, lime mortar and gypsum mortar. Among these the widely used one for binding
building blocks is cement mortar. The ingredients of a cement mortar are; cement, sand and water.
The proportion of these ingredients is fixed by the need for their strength.
The usual trend of a mortar mix is for one bag of cement from 2 to 6 batching boxes of sand can be
used. But the exact proportion of the ingredients is determined using the mix design being
performed prior to construction works. Even though it is not customary, during construction test
samples should have to be taken for the mortar, So that its strength will be checked.
There are different methods of testing a cement mortar among these:
 Penetration test for fresh mortar and
 Compressive strength test using a small dimension cube just like the concrete cover
are some of them.
The building process of HCB wall is conducted using different equipment as:
 Trowel
 Rope
 Sprite level

 HCB cutter
 Ferekas /fr·S/
 Plumb bob...
Figure 22. HCB wall construction Figure 21. Sprit level
The different consecutive courses of HCB wall are not going to be aligned along the same line. This
is because there will be development of vertical crack. To prevent this, a half cut HCB is used to
differentiate the alignment of the consecutive courses. It is where the half cut HCB is required. The
horizontal alignment of the wall course can be assured tying a rope along the course of construction
and then keeping the horizontality by using a sprit level. A sprit level assures the horizontality by
keeping the bubble at the central position. After keeping the horizontality of the course of
construction the next task will be to keep the verticality of the wall as a whole. This can be assured
using the plumb bob (t>Mb^). Plumb bob is used to assure the spacing of its rope at equal interval
at the top and bottom. Keeping equal spacing can guarantee the verticality of the wall.
Figure 23. Verticality check for a wall using plumb bob

 Chiseling
Chiseling is a technique of roughening the surface of a structural or non-structural member and also
removing the part of the member out of the required dimension for the purpose of maintaining the
design size and shape which fails to be attained using the formwork and to make the surface of the
member look beautiful. The process of chiseling is executed with a random spacing such that the
plastering layers can have a good bondage with the member to be plastered. Chiseling is performed
with either of the following:
 By area where by the cost and payment to the chiselers is accounted with the chiseled
area.
 By jornata/ that is payment for the chiselers is performed with the agreement during
employment.
 By contract / that is the chiselers are agreed to complete the given area so that the
payment will be executed immediately after the completion of the work.
Basically and scientifically, it is no recommended to chisel a structural member and also there
should not be any form of plastering to the structural members (beam, column, slab, shear wall).
This is because while chiseling there will be:
 Formation of fine and tiny cracks within the structural member which will in turn
affect the capacity and serviceability of the member.
 Exposure of the reinforcement bars at the bottom, top and sides of the member. This
will remove the clear concrete cover provided so that the anchorage and bond
strength between the concrete and the reinforcement bars will decline.
 Crushing of the structural concrete which will affect the effective depth and
functionality of the structure as a whole.
 The formation of a way for the seepage of water through the structural member, so
that the member will no longer be water tight.
 Plastering
Plastering is the process of covering various surfaces of a structure with a plastic material such as
cement mortar, lime mortar, gypsum mortar or composite mortar to obtain an even, smooth, regular,
clean and durable surface. It can also be defined as a technique which is employed to fill irregular
and rough features and to make the surface finish of a structural and non-structural member look
beautiful. Plastering can also provide a protective coating against atmospheric effects. Plastering
can make the internal and external look of a building to be attractive. We can perform plastering
using three layers of plaster that is:
 First coat
 Second coat and
 Third coat/ fine coat

First coat which is also called ‘br™ GRF’ is used to cover the whole member with the mortar
paste, whereby for wall plastering it is used to cover the course joints. This coat of plastering is also
provided in order to create rough medium for the second coat plastering.
After finishing the first coat of plastering, it will be left alone without applying any other coat rather
curing it for about 7 days. After 7 days of curing then comes the second coat of plastering ‘mƒl_T’.
This coat of plastering is employed by first providing a fasha /¨á/ which is used to keep the exact
thickness and level of plastering.
After finishing the second coat of plastering, the third coat will be provided in order to make the
surface smooth textured and capable of being painted. The fineness of the sand aggregate used in
third coat is very small so that it can easily fill between roughs and gaps of the second coat.
Plastering Materials
The major materials used for plastering are binders and sand. Hydrated lime, gypsum or Portland
cement is used as a binding medium. The only aggregate used in plastering is sand .The sand is also
used to reduce the shrinkage of the binders. The porosity and strength of the plaster depend, to a
large extent on the quality of the sand. The sand used for plastering work should be free from any
organic matters, or harmful impurities.
Requirement of a good plaster
The following are some of the requirements of a good plaster:
 It should provide a smooth, non-absorbent and washable surface.
 It should not contract in volume while drying and setting otherwise it will crack and give
an unsightly appearance.
 It should adhere firmly to the surface and resist the effects of weather agencies such as,
rain, heat, etc.
 It should offer good insulation against sound and high resistance against fire.
 It should provide the surface with the required decorative effect and durability.
 Gypsum work
Now a days the use of gypsum plaster for arts and building construction as a finishing material a so
fascinating and amazing. Even though there are different types of gypsums here in Ethiopia we use
gypsum types named as plaster of Paris and stucco. Gypsum plaster should preserve in dry
conditions and they use in more or less hydrated state. But when we deal on site observation,
I gather information how they are mixed with water, how they are plaster over the surface of walls;
and I try to identify materials which are needed in this finishing work. When we mix gypsum with
water, first we should prepare the permissible amount of water and then it is better to add gypsum.
And here we should accomplish our work as fast as before the gypsum setting time is reached.

Table 11. Materials required for gypsum plastering

Material in number Material name Use
1 Chack vella For cleaning purpose. If there is suddenly dropped
gypsum
2 mefas Used for leveling like Riga in mortar plastering.
3 lama To clean dropped unnecessary wastages over the
finished floor.
4 raport >>>
5 Safa/dish/ To mix both the gypsum and water together.
6 mankia Used as a spoon, to mix and to proportion the
amount of gypsum needed.
As I asked the man who is skilled full by this work, they use gypsum types named as extra, wega,
and abdrafin for their work and those gypsum types are variable in there quality and cost
respectively as I mentioned before.
Table 12. Cost of the different gypsum types
Gypsum name Coast per 25Kg
extra 110 birr
wega 95 birr
abdrafin <95 birr
Figure 24. Gypsum work

 Aluminum Work
In this work ,I saw aluminum is the best finishing material ever from the perspectives of ecstatically
values, resistance to corrosion, the small amount of load that it exert on the structure ,and within
related criteria’s.
Table 13. Standard dimension and uses of Aluminum materials
Materials name dimensions use remark
Lexi in glass 6cm thickness For sky light Bending effect
3m*4m construction
Silken liquid
cape 5.5m-6m Used to inhibit the rod
intrusion of water
rubber No limit Shock absorber, as plastic
sound proof material
cladding 2.4m*1.2m,5mm For covering plate
thickness
Z-shaped aluminum 2.1m For inside opening rod
L-shaped aluminum 2.1m For frame work rod
T-shaped aluminum 2.1m For middle door, rod
window, and curtain
wall partition frame
work.
Figure 25. Aluminum works

 Celling finish
As we all know celling is one of the prominent finishing in order to have ecstatically valuable and
amazing looking residential whatever type of house. Even though there is no such an amount of site
visit, I summarized the gathered information as follow:
Table 14. Celling materials dimension and their respective uses
Material name dimension use remark

runner 1.2m To support the board
board 60cm*60cm For shade
hook To connect the wire with the slab In number
fisher To insert the hook To insert the hook In number
wire to suspend the whole celling structure Is not
fixed
Figure 26. Aluminum ceiling works
I. Office works:
Mostly office work is the type of work which is beneficial to the construction site works and
executed in an office. Office work may include the takeoff sheet, bill of quantity, payment, cost
breakdown and other minor designs and amendments of the building
Takeoff Sheet:
The quantity “takeoff” is an important part of cost estimation. It is also employed in order to know
whether the work is being executed within the schedule or not. It must be as accurate as possible
and should be based on all available engineering and design data. Accuracy and completeness
are critical factors in all cost estimates. In order to quantify the total cost for the construction of a
certain building structure from site clearing to completion and submission of the building to the
client there should be the execution of the quantity takeoff for each and every work on erecting the

building as a whole. Thus, takeoff sheet has a prominent role in keeping the work flow and estimate
the most profitable way of contract competition.
The following format acts as a general and most widely used one for concrete work, formwork,
plastering, floor covering, but there can also be different format of performing quantity takeoff.
Table 15. Takeoff sheet format except for reinforcement bar
The usual way of performing quantity takeoff for different work items is as follows:
 Excavation – in m3
 Lean concrete – in m2
 Concrete work:
 Slab:
(depth < 20 mm) – in m2
(depth > 20 mm) – in m3
 Beam, column, retaining wall – in m3
 Form work – in m2
 Floor finishing work – in m2
 Plastering work – in m2
 Painting – in m2
 Wall construction – in m2
 Masonry work – in m3
For the reinforcement bar a different table can be used this is because there are different diameters
of reinforcement bars that can be used for construction and hence the quantity takeoff will be done
with the corresponding re-bar diameter. The format of re-bar quantity takeoff is given as follows:

Kokeb Biazen Building Contractor

Bar Schedule
Table 16. Takeoff sheet for bar schedule
The weight per unit length of a reinforcement bar can be calculated using the formula:
Weight per unit length = 0.222 * Ø2 = 0.00617 * Ø2
36
The other thing that I have been trying to ask in the office was the cost break down analysis. Cost
break down is the analysis of whether a certain project is profitable or not and to estimate the amount
of payment needed to be provided for each work. The analysis is employed the current price of
materials, equipment and labor costs. In construction the total cost is the sum of the following two
costs as:
 Direct cost and
 Indirect cost
Direct cost is the total cumulative sum of material cost, man power cost and equipment cost. While
the Indirect cost is the sum of the overhead cost and profit costs. Theses indirect costs are a certain
percentage of the total direct cost of construction.

The overhead cost is taken as 10% of the total direct cost in the same way the profit cost is also
taken as (10 – 15) % of the total direct cost of construction. The direct and indirect cost break down
is given as follows:
Table 17. Sample Cost break down for C - 25 concrete

2.3 Challenges during my stay in the company

There may be lots of challenges happened in construction. Because construction technology by
itself is the result of different challenges and controversial things. As sites are places where
construction technologies are implemented, there were problems happened during my stay in site
among those:
 There was a problem in property line demarcation with nigh bourse because of faults arise
in the structural drawing plan. But later because of discussion with the municipalities, it is
decide to rebound and rebuild the extended cantilever slab to its true position.
 Once again because of faults in designing the diameter of the rebar to be provided for the
slab panel, we were forced to provide an additional Ø20 re-bars in order to make the slab
compatible to resist the applied design load with formerly provide Ø10 re-bars.
 As I previously explain the design moment(Msd) is a function of depth
(i.e.Msd=µsd*fcd*b*d^2) and in order to have a structural member resisting the imposed
load without deflection and other related parameters we should have to provide bottom re-
bars along the shorter direction of the panel. But unfortunately because of carelessness of
the bar benders they change the position of the bottom reinforcement bar. And later by
informing them about the reason why we are positioning the bottom reinforcement they
were volunteer to change their doing except the one which seems difficult to change because
of poor management of the site engineer as well the formal to redoing the fault.
 There was a bulging out of the column formwork out of the actual column dimension and
hence before casting the concrete they use a closely spaced ( karabat) within 60cm interval,
in order to keep the formwork tight so that there will not be bulging out of the concrete
 Lack of toilet cause for killing of construction time.

3. Overall internship Benefits

3.1 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge
Besides the theoretical knowledge I have gained before internship, this internship period provides
a greater knowledge regarding the construction and management works in the practical knowledge.
During my stay the internship enables me:
 To look for reference sites and books whenever I encounter a problem with the work
 To find anybody who can make my confusions clear.
 To know how the different designs can be performed and placed on the ground.
 It enables me to know the different construction techniques
 To know the methodologies used during construction
 To know how working drawings can be read and interpreted
3.2 Improvement of practical skills
The four month internship enables introduced me with those practical capabilities in order to
perform any form of task given to me. Those capabilities I have learned are:
 how to find the exact center of the column and footing of different buildings
 how to place the reinforcement bars at their correct position and spacing
 how to mix concrete as per the mix ratio
 how to cast concrete for different structural members
 how to place formworks keeping the exact alignment
3.3 Interpersonal communication skill
Since we are new to the site environment, we encounter different people with different behavior,
educational status, language field of experience and so on. In spite of these differences, we need to
make our relation smooth whenever we are with them. Amongst the difficulties, site words were
different from those we know from our theoretical lesson. Thus I tried to grasp and relate those
words with their professional names. To make this we need to have smooth communication with
all people working on the site. Hence good communication skill enables us to:
 develop smooth relation with the working team
 manage the workers in their field of work
 grasp the knowledge they have
 get support and be accepted by the workers
 develop good decision making capability

3.4 Team playing skill

As part of a team with my colleagues used to play and have fun besides working together. We used
to support each other on the tasks that have been given to eliminate the complexities and confusions
encountered. Hence we were trying to share ideas and opinions openly and tried to work efficiently
& accurately all individual and grouped tasks. Besides, we were able to deal about the good and
bad sides of our company so that we recommend the better way to their defects as a positive
comment.
3.5 Leadership skill
Leadership is the most prominent task which plays a great role for the execution of the work as per
the schedule. Thus during my stay with the company I saw how the program manager and respective
officials manage the work execution and the workers under their supervision. Basically,
construction work needs a great supervision from beginning to its completion as there may be
difficulties and defects in the construction. Those different aspects of the work having management
and supervision are such as:
 equipment allocation and wise use
 proper management of the work flow
 transportation mechanism of the materials and;
 supervision of the overall tasks executed at the site
3.6 Work Ethics
There are values that has to be fulfilled to assure the quality and good interaction between
individuals. Ethics refers to a set of moral principles for regulating the behavior of a certain defined
profession. Respecting all the work ethics is used for developing a healthy working environment
and increase the productivity as well as quality of construction.
Punctuality: is the state off being on time with the working time schedule of the company
Honesty: is the state of being honest to the immediate supervisors and working without cheating,
corruption and bias.
Discipline: is the state of being ethical and respect the dignity and honor of the workers also using
the materials safe.
Time bound: all the works being executed has to be completed within the working schedules.
Co-operation: during the working time all workers has to co-operate in order to facilitate the work.

4. Conclusion and Recommendation

4.1 CONCLUSIONS
Internship practice is the most enjoyable time of my life. Which has opened a bright and
unforgettable chapter to possess all forms of practical knowledge. It has created a certain sense of
belongingness to handle and shoulder any form of responsibilities that may come to my future
carrier and personal life. It highly contribute for the development of powerful passion towards
preventing all forms of negligence in the construction quality and procedures. So I personally found
the internship practice to be essential to upgrade my theoretical knowledge and integrate it with the
practical knowledge gained.
As I have mentioned earlier, I spent for consecutive months on internship practice at Abita
construction enterprise, with the aim of strengthening my theoretical knowledge with practical
works. The company helped me to reinforce my theoretical knowledge with the practical working
situation as to achieve the objective of an internship. Besides, I got a clear knowledge regarding the
working procedures and methodologies.
My four month stay in Abita construction enterprise enables me to cite different mechanisms of
constructing a building element and its quality assurance as a whole.
At the site, I haven’t been acting as an observer rather I have tried to know about the difficulties I
saw and the tried to put my suggestions on different defects and problems I saw. And their friendly
treatment and tireless explanation on those un-clear visions about the construction technology.
Basically I am not capable of mentioning all the benefits I have gained during my stay with the
company, because I have gained more than what I thought of before. However, I feel proud to say
that the company has provided me with the best practical knowledge in implementing my future
carrier. I have been participating on different tasks during the internship program such as the
quantity surveying, data collection and some other supervision works.
Besides, having a look at the company’s main active sites I was able to see different other sites
including road construction. In my visit I have gained the some of the working principles and
methodologies on how the road construction is implemented and maintained with laboratory and
field works.
Generally I have been more benefitted during my stay in the internship practice. I gained the best
practical knowledge integrating it with the theoretical knowledge gained. Also, it enforces me to
praise and love my profession even more than I have before. Not only academicals knowledge but
also I have improved my social and ethical skills. Socially I was able to come up with effective
communication with my colleagues and other officials and gives me a strength to handle all forms
of responsibility.
Finally, I want to say that I have successfully completed the internship practice found it to be
productive in all affairs.

4.2 RECOMMENDATION
The work flow, material management, cost effectiveness of the company has been great and has to
be praised. Also the fastest work execution has to be applauded in order to finish the project in time
with the satisfaction of the clients. These all work kindness and readiness will bring the company
to the greatest levels in the near future, so I just want to say keep on with these good sides and try
to improve more.
In spite of the best features, the company is endowed with some drawbacks. The company does not
have a strict supervision of how the quality of construction is maintained. That is it lacks performing
the different quality assurance tests. Thus, the company should have to take great consideration on
performing these quality assurance tests and supervisions.
Besides, there are different construction mistakes such as amount of mixing water (water-cement
ratio), lack of placing spacer, over vibrating and way of vibration, segregation etc. has been
happening during construction, thus the company has to have a close supervision of all the
construction activities.
In line with this, the company has to provide sufficient transport facility, medication, safety and
proper payment to the construction teams to achieve the objectives and maintain the quality of
construction.
The company should increase the willingness and incentives of the workers to positively enforce
them to upgrade their knowledge and improve the class of the company as a whole. Moreover, I
just want to recommend the company create a sense of belongingness in side all workers by
providing them with different additional benefits.
Finally, it is my sincere wish to see the company as a competent and outstanding construction
company undertaking different prominent design and construction projects with high sense of
belongingness, strong commitment, trust, effective communication.

References
1. Ethiopian Building Code of Standards I, 1995, (EBCS – I, 1995)
2. Ethiopian Building Code of Standards II, 1995, (EBCS - II, 1995)
3. Ethiopian Building Code of Standards VII, 1995, (EBCS - II, 1995)
4. Eyob Yilma, Construction Materials Handout, Construction Technology Department, NCTTE
5. Yibeltal Temesgen, Reinforced concrete I Handout, Bahir Dar University
6. Reinforced concrete - II Handout, Lecture Note 2010-2011 Compiled by: Teshaye E.
Negash, Bahir Dar University
7. Standard Bidding Document for the Procurement of Works issued by the PPA, (Version 1,
January 2006), Section 7 Document, (General Condition of Contract)
8. General formula for cost breakdown – material – labor

Appendices
Appendix A:

Appendix B:

Appendix C:

Appendix D:

Appendix E:

PART – II
(Design of a G+1 Residential Building)

1.0 Introduction:
Before the design of any building structure the analysis and feasibility of the structure in terms of
the different constraints is checked; as of time and financial constraints. After the analysis there
will be functional and structural design of the building structure.
Functional design: is the development of a building plan that can enable the structure to fulfill the
purpose for which it is built effectively. It is simply the procedure of providing a suitable
arrangement of rooms, corridors, stairways, elevators … which can provide aesthetically acceptable
building structure.
Structural design: is the development of the structural scheme, arrangement of the structural
elements such as beams, slabs, columns, shear walls… as to meet the functional requirement of the
building as a whole.
Structural design is a very essential science in many of the civil engineering works. This is because
of there is a critically thought design consideration of the safety and serviceability of the building
during its design periods. Besides these considerations there is also an economical aspect of the
design so as to minimize the unwanted costs for construction and workman ship.
As an introduction to the design, the construction of different types of buildings with a reinforced
concrete technology provides a better medium to the working environment and to the design action
effects in that the drawback of one can be withstand by the quality of the other.
As it is very customary to every structural design and as the name indicates, only the structural
members of the building are going to be designed for every possible loading case by considering
the worst possible loading condition. Considering the worst condition for design guarantee the
design to be safe against all possible loading conditions. And hence, since it is already considered
that the possible maximum estimated loading condition is considered by further factoring with the
partial safety factors, it is perceived with more than 95% that no any loading could exceed the
previously considered loading amount.
This design project consisted of:
Design of typical floor slabs
Design of stair case / half turn staircase/
Load transfer to beams
Design of beams for flexure and shear
Design of columns
Design of foundation
The design approach for designing these structural members is using the limit state design approach
in accordance with the Ethiopian Building Code of standards (EBCS 1, 1995). As per (EBCS 1,
1995) Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
requirements. Thus a design made in accordance with satisfying this approach will be safe against
reaching this state.
Design specifications:
Building functionality: G + 1 Residential building
Design approach: Limit state design approach
Material property:
 Concrete: C-25
 Steel: S-300
 Partial safety factor:
 For concrete = 1.5
 For steel =1.15
 Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25MPa
 Design constants:
 For concrete:
fck = 0.8*fcu = 20MPa

fcd = (0.85*fck)/1.5 = 11.33MPa
fctd = 0.21*[(fck^(2/3)) /1.5] = 1.032MPa
 For Steel:
fyd= fyk/1.15 = 260.826MPa
pd = 1.3*DL +1.6*LL
where: DL =dead load
LL = live load
gc = partial safety factor for concrete
gs = partial safety factor for steel
fcu = characteristic compressive strength for concrete
fcd = design compressive strength for concrete
 Loadings (from EBCS 1,1995):
 Dead loads / unit weight:
 PVC =16KN/m3
 Marble = 27 KN/m3
 Screed = 23 KN/m3
 Plastering = 23 KN/m3
 Terrazzo = 23 KN/m3
 Marble = 27 KN/m3
 Light weight HCB = 14 KN/m3
 Unit weight of reinforced concrete = 25 KN/m3
 Live loads for different functions:

 Stair case = 3 KN/m2 (category A)

 Balcony = 4KN/m2 (category A)
 Bed room = 2kN/m2
 Living and Dining room = 2KN/m2 (category A)
 Lobby = 2KN/m2 (category A)
 Dressing room = 2KN/m2 (category A)
 Toilet and shower = 2KN/m2 (category A)
 Kitchen = 2kN/m2

2.0 Slab design
Figure 27. Slab layout

Depth Determination
From serviceability limit state minimum effective depth is
d≥ (0.4+0.6(fyk/400) La/Ba) …………………….. [EBSC-2, 1995, Art 5, 2, 3]
Using S-00 steel, fyk=300mpa.
d= 0.85Le/Ba, where: Le=Effective span length, for two way slabs the shorter span
Ba= constant, a function of restraint, [EBCS-2, 1995, Table 5.1]

Table 18. Depth determination for interior spans

Slab number Le=Lx(mm) Ly/Lx Span TYPE Ba Effective
depth
S1,S4 520 1.21 interior 42.9 103.03
S2 520 1.0 interior 45 98.22
S3 520 1 interior 45 98.22
S5,S8 297 2.12 interior 33.8 74.68
S6 297 1.75 interior 37.5 67.32
S7 297 1.75 interior 37.5 67.32
S9,S12 320 1.97 interior 35.3 76.61
S13,S16 515 1.22 interior 42.8 102.27
S17,S20 630 1.246 interior 42.54 125.88
S18 521 1.506 interior 39.94 110.87
S19 520 1.509 interior 39.91 110.75
From the above table the effective depth in slab 17 and 20 govern the design.
D = 125.88mm, using ø10mm reinforcement bar, cover=15mm
D = 𝑑 + 𝑐 + ∅ + ∅12
= 125.88+15+10+10/2
= 150mm
Then use D=150mm
Load shear and moment on slab
I. Live load
Since the building is designed for residential buildings and domestic activities (category A) =
a live load of 2KN/M2 is considered. For Balconies (S1, S2, S3, S4) =4KN/M2
II. Dead load
Self-weight
Balcony
Bed
room
Ki
 S1,S2,S3,S4,S5,S8,S9,S12,S17,S18,S19 and S12 have marble finishing which has

high unit weight=27KN/M3.

20mm thick marble tile= (0.02m*27KN/M3)=0.54KN/M2

30mm thick cement screed= (0.03m*23KN/M3)=0.69KN/M2
150mm thick RC slab= (0.15*25KN/M3)=3.75KN/M2
20mm celling plaster= (0.02*23KN/M3)=0.46KN/M2
Total=5.44KN/M2
 Slabs
S6,S7,S13,S16 are living and dining rooms and have 2mm thick PVC tile finishes.
2mm thick PVC tile=0.02*16KN/M3
30mm thick cement screed =0.69KN/M2
150mm RC slab=3.75KN/M2
20mm celling plaster=0.46KN/M2
Total=5.22KN/M2
2 Load due to partition wall
Unit weight of HCB =14KN/M3
Plastering =25mm both sides
Unit weight of plastering =23KN/M3
Unit weight of glazing partition=27KN/M3
Thickness of glazing=6mm
Panel
Length of partition wall of 20cm HCB (500+70+60+10) =630cm=6.30m
Length of partition wall of 15cm HCB= (10+45+20+201+50) =3.06m
Length of glazing=100cm=1m
Weight due to partition wall
 For 20cm HCB =(0.2*14*2.85)+(0.025*23*2.85*2)=11.25
 For 15cm HCB =(0.15*14*2.85)+(0.025*23*2.85)+(0.025*23*0.05)=7.652KN/M
Weight due to glazing= (0.006*27*2.85)=0.46KN/M

Weight due to ceramics at the toilet=1.65m*2.80*0.02=0.0924KN

P1 =Weight of partition wall

P11=11.25 KN/m*6.3m=70.875KN
P12=7.652KN/M*3.06M=23.41KN
P2=Weight due to glazing=0.46KN/M*1m=0.46KN
P3=Weight due to ceramics at the toilet=0.0924KNM
Total partition load P=P11+P12+P2+P3=94.84KN.
Dead load distributed on slab number 1=𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑/𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
= 98.84kN/ (6.3m*5.2m)
=2.89kN/m2
Design load=1.3*(distributed load +self-weight) +1.6*live load
Using similar way for the other panels the results are tabulated as follows.
Table 19. Partition wall load and design load determination

Slab no. Length of Length of Length of P11 P12 P2 P3 P Distributed Self- Live Design
20cm thick 15 cm thick glazing (KN) (KN) (KN) load weight load load
HCB wall HCB wall wall(m) (LL) (Pd)
(m) (m)
S1 & S4 6.3 3.06 1 70.87 23.41 0.46 0.09 94.84 2.89 5.44 4 17.229
S2 & S3 1.25 _ 3.75 14.07 _ 1.74 _ 15.79 0.59 5.44 4 14.24
S5 & S8 _ 3.73 _ _ 28.54 _ 0.16 28.70 1.53 5.44 2 12.266
S6 & S7 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.22 2 9.986
S9 & S12 - 5.09 _ _ 38.94 _ _ 38.94 1.93 5.44 2 12.784
S13 & S 16 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5.22 2 9.986
S17 & S 20 5.31 5.15 _ 59.74 39.41 _ _ 99.14 2.0 5.44 2 12.876
S 18 & S 19 _ 7.81 _ _ 59.76 _ _ 59.76 1.53 5.44 2 12.26
Moment distribution for each panel

M=ª¡*Pd*Lx2
Mxs= αxs*Pd*Lx2 Mys= αys*Pd*Lx2
Mxf= αxf*Pd*Lx2 Myf= αyf*Pd*Lx2

Table 20. Moment distribution

Panel no Support condition Lx Ly/L Moment Pd Bending
x coefficients moment
M=ª¡*Pd*Lx
2
S1,S4 5.2 1.21 αxs= 0.0424 17.229 Mxs=19.75

αxf=0.0323 Mxf=15.05
αys=0.0323 Mys=14.91
αyf=0.024 Myf=11.18
5.2 1.21 αxs=0.0566 17.229 Mxs=26.37

αxf=0.0425 Mxf=19.80
αys=0.039 Mys=18.17
αyf=0.030 Myf=13.98
Average of the Mxs=23.06

two Mxf=17.425
Mys=16.54
Myf=12.58
S2,S3 5.2 1 αxs=0.032 12.245 Mxs=12.326

αxf=0.024 Mxf=9.2448
αys=0.032 Mys=12.326
αyf=0.024 Myf=9.2448
S5,S8 2.97 2.12 One way 12.266 Mys=wl2/2

=54.09
Myf=wl2/8
=13.52
S6,S7 2.97 1.75 αxs=0.057 9.986 Mxs=5.0209

αxf=0.044 Mxf=3.8758
αys=0.032 Mys=2.8197
αyf=0.024 Myf=2.1141
S9,S12 3.2 1.97 12.784 Mxs=8.1844

αxs=0.0625 Mxf=6.2208
αxf=0.0475 Mys=4.1891
αys=0.032 Myf=3.1418
αyf=0.024
S13,S16 5.25 1.22 αxs=0.0428 9.986 Mxs=11.34

αxf=0.0326 Mxf=8.634
αys=0.032 Mys=8.475
αyf=0.024 Myf=6.356

S17,S20 6.3 1.24 αxs= 0.0436 12.87 Mxs=22.273

αxf=0.0332 Mxf=16.96
αys=0.032 Mys=16.347
αyf=0.024 Myf=12.26
6.3 1.24 αxs= 0.0496 12.87 Mxs=25.34

αxf=0.0372 Mxf=19.00
αys=0.039 Mys=19.92
αyf=0.029 Myf=14.81
Average of the Mxs=23.806

two 5
Mxf=17.98
Mys=18.133
Myf=13.535
S18,S19 5.2 1.5 αxs= 0.053 12.26 Mxs=17.57

αxf=0.04 Mxf=13.26
αys=0.032 Mys=10.608
αyf=0.024 Myf=7.9562
Unadjusted span and field moments

Depth determination for cantilevers
D=0.85 Le/Ba
Table 21. Depth determination for cantilevers
Cantilever no Ly LX LY/LX Ba Effective depth d (mm)
C1,C4 3.41 1.15 2.97 10 97.75
C2 5.21 0.65 8.02 10 55.25
C3 5.2 0.65 8 10 55.25
C5, C18 5.2 1.6 3.25 10 136
C6,C17 2.97 1.6 1.86 11.72 116.04
C7,C16 3.2 1.6 2 12 113.33
C8,C15 5.15 1.25 4.12 10 106.25
C9,C14 7.85 1.6 4.91 10 136
C10,C13 3.94 1 3.91 10 85
C11 5.2 1.45 3.59 10 123.2
C12 5.76 2.2 2.62 10 187

 The maximum value of d calculated above is 187mm.The interior slabs have 150mm
depth. To be economical we have made the design with their respective depths.
d=187mm
Using ø 10 reinforcement bars and cover 15mm
D=187+15+10/2+10
D=217mm.
Take D=220mm.
Load and moment on cantilevers
1 Live load
 C1, c4, c5, c6, c7, c10, c13, c14, c17 and c18 has 2 KN/m2 live load.
 C2, c3, c8, c9, c11, c12, c15 and c16 has 4KN/m2.
2 dead load
a) Self-weight
 C1,c4,c5,c6,c7,c10,c13,c14,c17 and c18 have pvc floor finish i.e. self-
weight=5.22KN/m2
 C2, c3, c8, c9, c11, c12, c15 and c16 have marble floor finish i.e. self-
weight=5.44KN/m2.
b) Loads due to partition
 HCB (20cm) =11.25KN/m.
 HCB (15cm) =7.652KN/m.
 HCB (10cm) has 60 cm height. i.e. (0.1*14*0.6) + (0.025*23*0.6*2)=1.53KN/m.
 Glazing=0.46KN/m.
P4=load due to 10cm thick HCB wall.

Table 22. Calculation of design loads for cantilever slabs
Cantilever L (20cm) L (15m) L (10cm) L P11 P12 P2 P3 P4 P DL Self- L Pd
no HCB Wall HCB Wall HCB Wall glazing weight L
C1,C4 4.91 _ _ _ 55.24 _ _ _ _ 55.24 14.08 5.22 2 28.29
C2,C3 _ _ 5.2 _ _ _ _ _ 7.8 7. 2.35 5.44 4 16.53
95
C5,C18 3.1 _ _ 2 34.87 _ 0.92 35.77 4.30 5.22 2 15.57
C6,C17 1.1 1.4 _ 1.77 12.37 10.7 0.8 0.07 23.95 5.04 5.22 2 16.54
C7,C16 1.06 _ _ 2 11.93 _ 0.92 _ 12.85 2.51 5.22 2 13.25
C8,C15 _ _ 4.95 _ _ _ _ _ 7.5 7.57 0.92 5.44 4 14.67
C9,C14 2.76 _ 4.95 _ 31.05 _ _ _ 7.5 38.62 3.07 5.44 4 17.46
C10,C13 4.4 _ _ - 49.5 _ _ - 49.50 12.50 5.22 2 26.3
C11 _ _ 5.1 _ _ _ _ 7.8 7.80 2.17 5.44 4 16.3
C12 _ - 5.21 - _ _ _ 7.9 7.97 0.63 5.44 4 14.3

Moment for cantilevers

M=Wl2/2
Table 23. Moment calculation for cantilevers
Cantilever no. Lx Pd M=Pd*Lx2/2
C1,C4 1.15 28.29 18.707

C2,C3 0.65 16.53 3.49
C5,C18 1.6 15.57 19.92
C6,C17 1.6 16.54 21.17
C7,C16 1.6 13.25 6.96
C8,C15 1.25 14.67 11.461
C9,C14 1.6 17.46 18.778
C10,C13 1 26.3 26.3
C11 1.45 16.3 17.135
C12 2.2 14.3 10.642
Figure 28. Calculated moments

Moment adjustment
Balancing support moment on axis x-x
 At support A and E between (c18 and c5) and (S4 and c4)
ΔM 19.92−16.54
= =0.17< 0.2
𝑀𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 19.92
So use average or larger.

M adjusted=19.92KNm.
 At support B and D between (s1 and s2) and (s3 and s4)
ΔM 16.54−12.326
= =0.25> 0.2, use moment distribution method.
𝑀𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 12.326
 At support c no adjustment is needed because the moment on both sides is the same.
Adjusted=m=2.818.

Table 24. Moment adjestments

Panel No Balanced support moment by moment distribution method Adjusted span
moment
S1,s4 S2,s3 Mxf Myf
S1&s2
S3&s4
Panel no k DF Unbalanced Balanced

moment moment
C18&S1 C18,C5 Less than 20% use 19.92 19.92
CS&S4 S1,S4 average or maxi 16.54 19.92 18.05 12.89
C17&S2 C17,c6 0 O 21.17 21.17
C6&S8 S2,S8 0.15 1 0 21.17
S5&S6 S5,S8 0.15 0.44 0 1.24
S8&S7 S6,S7 0.191 0.56 2.818 1.24
C16&S9 C16,C7 0 0 6.96 6.96
C7&S12 S9,S12 0.15 1 4.189 6.96
C15&S13 C15,C8 0 0 11.461 11.461
C8&S16 S13,S16 0.15 1 8.475 11.461
C14&S17 C14,C9 0 0 18.778 18.778
C9&S20 S17,S20 0.15 1 23.806 18.778
S17&S18 S17,S20 0.15 0.44 23.806 21.06
S20&S19 S18,S19 0.191 0.56 17.57 21.06
C1&S1 C1,C4 Less than 20% use 18.703 23.06
C4&S4 S1,S4 average or maxi 23.06 23.06
S1&S5 S1,S4 0.19 0.364 23.06 34.34
S4&S8 S5,S8 0.336 0.636 54.09 34.34
S5&S9 S5,S8 0.336 0.518 54.09 30.3
S8&S12 S9,S12 0.3125 0.48 8.18 30.3
S9&S13 S9,S12 0.3125 0.616 8.18 10.13
S12&S16 S13,S16 0.194 0.38 11.34 10.13 9.057 6.79

S13&S17 S13,S16 0.194 0.6 11.34 15.44

S16&S20 S17,S20 0.127 0.39 18.133 15.44
S17&C13 S17,S20 0.127 0.11 18.133 19.053 20.39 16.05
S20&C10 C13,C10 1 0.88 26.3 19.053
C2&S2 C2,C3 0.869 0.818 3.49 10.725
C3&S3 S2,S3 0.192 0.181 12.326 10.725 9.98 10.24
S2&S6 S2,S3 0.192 0.363 12.326 9.672
S3&S7 S6,S7 0.336 0.636 5.02 9.672
S18&C12 S18 Less than 20% use 10.642 10.642
C12 average or maxi 10.608 10.642
S19&C11 S19 0.127 0.156 10.608 11.68
C11 0.689 0.844 17.14 11.68
Span moment adjustment

 Slab number S1 and S4
Mys=16.54-14.686=1.854
For Ly/Lx=1.21,cx=0.3367
CY=0.1683
ΔMxf=Cx*Mys=o.3367*1.854=0.624
ΔMyf=CY*Mys=0.1683*1.854=0.312
Adjusted moments
Mxf=17.425+0.625=18.05
Myf=12.58+0.312=12.89
 Slab no S2 and S3
Mxs=12.326-9.627=2.657
For Ly/LX=1, Cx=0.028
CY=0.380
ΔMxf=Cx*Mxs=0.028*2.657=0.74
ΔMyf=CY*Mxs=0.380*2.657=1
Adjusted moment
Mxf=9.2448+0.74=9.98
Myf=9.2448+1=10.2448
 Slab number 13 1nd 16
Mxs=11.34-10.13=1.21
For Ly/Lx=1.22, Cx=0.3498
CY=0.3612
ΔMxf=Cx*Mxs=0.3498*1.21=0.423
ΔMyf=CY*Mxs=0.3612*1.21=0.437
Adjusted moment
Mxf=8.634+0.423=9.057
Myf=6.356+0.437=6.79
 Slab number 17 and 20

Mxs=23.8065-21.06=2.746
Mys=18.1335-15.44=2.69
For Ly/Lx=1.24,cx1=0.3556, ΔMx1f=0.3556*2.746=1.526
Cy1=0.3584, ΔMy1f=0.3584*2.746=0.98
Cx2=0.3328, ΔMx2f=0.3328*2.69=0.89
Cy2=0.1572, ΔMy2f=0.1572*2.69=1.538
Adjusted moment
Mxf adjusted= Mxf previous+ ΔMx1f+ ΔMx2f
= 17.98+1.526+0.89=20.396
Myf adjusted= Myf previous+, ΔMy1f+ ΔMy2f
=13.535+0.98+1.538=16.053
Figure 29. Adjusted moments

Slab reinforcement
Design constraints for c-25 c0ncrete and s-300 steel
fcd=11.33Mpa
fyd=300/1.15=260.87Mpa
D= {150mm for interior slabs and 220 for cantilever slabs}
dx (short) = 150-15-10-10/2=120mm

dy (long) = 150-15-10/2=130mm
Smax= 2D=2*150=300
350
0.5
AS min=300 ∗ 1000 ∗ 130=221mm2.
𝑀
For the support moment between S1 and S2, M=14.685 Km=√(𝑏∗𝑑2 )
14.685
d=130 =√(1∗0.13^2)
b=1000 =29.47
From design table for Km=29.47, Ks=4.0447.
𝑀 14.685
As=𝑘𝑠 𝑑 =4.0447* =456.895mm2.
0.13
3.14x10^2
as 4
Spacing=1000∗ =1000* =171.889mm.
𝐴𝑠 456.895
Using similar way spacing of all support moments is shown in the table below.
Table 25. Spacing calculation for support rebar
Reinforcemen Design Depth Km Ks As Spacing Spacing
t location moment (mm) (mm2) calculated provided(mm)
(mm)
S1-S2 14.685 130 29.47 4.044 456.89 171.895 Use ø10 c/c170mm
S3-S4
S2-S3 12.326 130 27 4.015 381.01 206.134 Use ø10 c/c 200
S5-S6 1.24 130 9 3.95 37.67 2084.94 Use ø10 c/c 300
S7-S8
S6-S7 2.818 130 12.91 3.95 85.62 917.26 Use ø10 c/c 300
S17-S18 21.06 130 35.3 4.03 664.68 118.1607 Use ø10 c/c 110
S19-S20
S18-S19 17.57 130 32.24 4,072 550.40 142.694 Use ø10 c/c 140
S1-S5 34.34 130 45.07 4.286 1132.4 69.35 Use ø10 c/c 60
S4-S8
S2-S6 9.672 130 23.92 3.964 295.01 266.22 Use ø10 c/c 260
S3-S7
S5-S9 30.3 130 42.34 4.218 983.25 79.877 Use ø10 c/c 70
S8-S12
S9-S13 10.13 130 24.48 3.977 309.97 253.377 Use ø10 c/c 250
S12-S16
S13-S17 15.44 130 30.23 4.052 481.28 163.188 Use ø10 c/c 160
S16-S20
S1-C18 19.92 200 22.31 3.42 340.67 230.54 Use ø10 c/c 230

S4-C5
C2-S2 10,725 200 16.37 3.95 211.81 370.8 Use ø10 c/c 300
C3-S3
S1-C1 23.06 200 24 3.98 459.27 171 Use ø10 c/c 170
S4-C2
C17-S5 21.17 200 23 3.97 420.22 186.9 Use ø10 c/c 180
C6-S8
C16-S9 6.96 200 20.29 3.958 211.90 370.63 Use ø10 c/c 300
C7-S12
C15-S13 11.461 200 26.04 4.003 352.91 222.549 Use ø10 c/c 220
C8-S16
C13-S14 18.778 200 33.33 4.08 589.34 133.26 Use ø10 c/c 130
C9-S20
C13-S14 19.05 200 33.57 4.085 598.60 131.20 Use ø10 c/c 130
C10-S20
C12-S18 10.642 200 25.09 4.07 333.17 235.73 Use ø10 c/c 230
C11-S19 11.687 200 26.29 4.00 360.15 218.075 Use ø10 c/c 210
Table 26. Spacing calculation for field rebar
Reinforcement Design depth Km Ks As Spacing Spacing

location moment (mm2) calculated provided(mm2)
(mm2)
S1&S4 shorter 18.05 130 32.68 4.08 566.49 138.64 Use ø10 c/c130
longer 12.89 120 29.92 4.05 434.95 180.572 Use ø10 c/c 180
S2&S3 shorter 9.98 130 24.19 3.98 303.14 259.091 Use ø10 c/c 250
longer 10.24 120 26.67 4.01 342.26 229.476 Use ø10 c/c 220
longer 3.1418 120 14.77 3.95 103.42 759.44 Use ø10 c/c 300
longer 6.79 120 21.71 3.97 224.53 349.8 Use ø10 c/c 300
longer 16.053 120 33.38 4.08 546.32 143.761 Use ø10 c/c 140
longer 7.9562 120 23.50 3.98 263.88 297.632 Use ø10 c/c 290
longer 2.1141 120 12.12 3.95 69.58 1128 Use ø10 c/c 300

Figure 30. Reinforcement detailing for the slab

Shear force transferred to beams
Vxc= βvxc*Pd*Lx Vxd= βvxd* Pd*Lx
Vyc= βvyc* Pd*Lx Vyd= βvyd* Pd*Lx

Table 27. Load transfer towards beams

Panel Support condition LX Ly/Lx Shear Design Shear transferred
coefficients load to beam
S1,S4 5.2 1.21 βvxc= 0.4 17.229 Vxc=35.83
βvyc=0.33 Vyc=29.56
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0
5.2 1.21 17.229 Vxc=40.76

βvxc= 0.455 Vyc=32.25
βvyc=0.36 Vxd=26.16
βvxd=0.292 Vyd=0
βvyd=0
Average of Vxc=38.30
the two Vyc=30.908
Vxd=13.08
Vyd=0
S2,S3 5.2 1 βvxc= 0.33 14.245 Vxc=24.44

βvyc=0.33 Vyc=24.44
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0
S5,S8 2.97 2.12 One way 12.266 Vxc=2.97*12.26

=36.43
S6,S7 2.97 1.75 βvxc= 0.48 9.986 Vxc=14.24

βvyc=0.33 Vyc=9.78
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0
S9,S12 3.2 1.97 βvxc= 0.497 12.784 Vxc=19.13

βvyc=0.33 Vyc=13.49
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0
S13,S16 5.15 1.22 βvxc= 0.396 9.986 Vxc=20.36

βvyc=0.33 Vyc=17.28
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0

S17,S20 6.3 1.24 βvxc= 0.398 12.871 Vxc=32.27

βvyc=0.33 Vyc=26.758
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0
6.3 1.24 βvxc= 0.428 12.871 Vxc=34.7

βvyc=0.36 Vyc=29.19
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0.24 Vyd=19.46
Average of Vxc=33.485
the two Vyc=27.974
Vxd=0
Vyd=9.73
S18,S19 5.2 1.5 βvxc= 0.45 12.26 Vxc=28.68
βvyc=0.33 Vyc=21.03
βvxd=0 Vxd=0
βvyd=0 Vyd=0
Figure 31. Transferred loads to beams

3.0 Beam Design

 Assumption,constant and approches in the activity.
 Consider(b/d) in the range of [0.3 and 0.6]
 Depth=500mm
 Width=300mm
 Concrete grade=25mpa
 Cover for the beam=25mm
 Steel grade=S-400
 Unitg weight of concrete=25KN/M^3
 Unit weight of HCB=14KN/M^3
 Diameter of main bar =14mm
 Diameter of link bar=8mm
The Beam to be design
Figure 32. The beam to be designed
Figure 33. Assumed panel and beam arrangement

 The loads which are Applied on the 0.75L of the beam from each panel is shown as
follow.
Figure 34. Load applied on beams
 Loads on beam
Load Calculation
For beam A’….A
Step1 Load from slab(1,2)
(15.57*0.98)+(16.54*0.98)
=15.2586+16.20
=32.4184KN/M distributed load along the length of the beam.
Step2 self weight of the beam
Self weight =𝝲*h*b

=25*0.5*0.3
=3.75kn/m
Design load=1.3*3.375KN/M=4.875KN/M
Step3 from partition wall
Figure 35. Partition wall

Partition wall load=1.4*2.5*0.2*14*KN/M^3
i.e inordr to change KN to KN/M divide by its span length as showen below :
9.8KN*(1/1.6)=6.25KN/M
Design load=1.3*6.125KN/M=7.9625KN/M
Total load on beam (A-A’)=32.4184+4.875+7.9625=45.2559KN/M.
FOR BEAM A-B

STEP 1.Load from slab (3&4)
i.e. panel 4 is one way,so the load is disterbuted along the span ,not on 0.75 of the span length.
=(8.702*0.98)+(36.43)
=8.52796+36.43
=44.95796KN/M
STEP 2.FROM THE SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM.

Self weight=𝛾 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑏
=25*0.5*0.3
=3.75KN/M
Design load due to self weight=1.3*3.75=4.875KN/M
STEP 3 LOAD FROM PARTITION WALL
Partition wall load =2.5*2.19*0.15*14

=11.4975KN
Tere fore 11.4975*(1/6.3)=1.825KN/M
Design load =1.825*1.3=2.3725KN/M
Total load on beam A-B =44.95796+4.875+2.3725
=52.20546KN/M
FOR BEAM B-C
STEP 1 LOAD FROM SLAB ( 5&6)
 (24.44*0.98)+(14.24*0.98)
 23.9512+13.9552
 =37.9064KN/M
STEP 2 SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
SELF WEIGHT =𝛾 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑏

=2.5*0.5*0.3
=3.75KN/M
Design load due to self weight =3.75*1.3=4.875KN/M
STEP 3 PARTITION WALL LOAD (NO PARTITION WALL)
THEREFORE:TOTAL LOAD=37.9064+48.75
=42.7814KN/M
FOR BEAM C-D
STEP 1.LOAD FROM SLAB (7&8)
=(24.44*0.98)+(14.24*0.98)
=23.9512+13.9552
=37.9064KN/M
STEP 2 SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM

SELF WEIGHT =𝛾 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑏
=25*0.5*0.3
=3.75KN/M
Design load =3.75*1.3=4.875KN/M
STEP 3.PARTITION WALL LOAD
I.E. NO PARTITION WALL
THERFORE:TOTAL LOAD APPLIED OVER BEAM C-D =37.9064+4.75=42.7814KN/M
FOR BEAM D-E

STEP -1 LOAD FROM SLAB (9&10)
 (8.702*0.98)+(14.24*0.98)
 8.52796+13.9552
=22.48316
STEP-2 SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
SELF WEIGHT=𝛾 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑏

=25*0.5*0.3
=3.75 KN/M
Design load =3.75*1.3=4.875KN/M
STEP-3 PARTITION WALL

Load from partition wall = 2.19*0.15*2.5*14
= 11.4975 KN
11.4975*(1/6.3)=1.825KN/M
DESIGN LOAD=1.825*1.3=2.3725KN/M
THEREFORE:DESIGN LOAD =22.4831+4.875+2.3725=29.73066KN/M
FOR BEAM E-E’
STEP-1 LOAD FROM SLAB (11&12)
=(16.54*0.98)+(15.57*0.98)
=16.2092+15.2586
=31.4678 KN/M
STEP -2 SELF WEIGHT OF THE BEAM
self weight=𝛾 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑏
self weight=25*0.5*0.3
=3.75KN/M
Design load due to self weight= 1.3*3.75=4.875KN/M

STEP-3 PARTITION WALL LOAD
PARTION WALL LOAD =𝛾 ∗ ℎ ∗ 𝑏*L

=14*2.5*1.4*0.2
=9.8KN
9.8*(1/1.6)=6.125KN/M
DESIGN LOAD=6.125*1.3=7.9625KN/M
FINALLY TOTAL LOAD APPLIED OVER THE BEAM E-E’ IS :
31.4678+4.875+7.9625=44.3053KN/M

The next step is draw the bending moment and shear force diagram by using sap proffecional
application soft ware.But when we draw the graph by using sap application soft ware, the self
weight is recognized by it self.So the general loading condtion on the beam is as showen below:
 Bending moment shear force diagram
Figure 39 Bending moment and shear force diagram for beam

Design for flexure
 Designing the reinforcement may be singly or doubly reinforced by calculating the non
𝑚𝑠𝑑
diamensional moment Nsd,S as 𝑁𝑠𝑑, 𝑆 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑2
 Here, we are goimg to calculate the design strength of both steel and concrete as:
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 𝛾
0.85∗0.8∗25
= 15
= 11.33𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 𝛾𝑠
= 1.15
= 341.826𝑚𝑝𝑎

 Effective depth,d is given as

1
𝑑 = 𝐷 − (𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝 + ∅ 2)
14
𝑑 = 500 − (25 + 8 + )
2
𝑑 = 460𝑚𝑚
 For Beam A’-A
Here we have a design for the end span and for the span moment .
At the end span
𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 51.11𝐾𝑁𝑀
𝑠 52.11 ∗ 106
𝑛𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚𝑠𝑑 ∗ =
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 400
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 0.0725 < 0.295 𝑂𝐾!
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 0.0725 < 0.295
𝐾𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6 ∗ 𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠
= 0.99 ∗ 𝑒 −0.6 ∗ 0.0725
= 0.95
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝐹𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑2
106
= 52.11 ∗ 347.826∗0.95∗460
342.83𝑚𝑚2
𝑏
0.6 0.6
𝜌= 𝑑 = = = 1.5 ∗ 10−3
𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 300 ∗ 460
207𝑚𝑚2
The calculated area(As1) is above the Asmin=207mm^2,so, take As1 for the design.
342.83𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 𝜋∅2
 Number of reinforcement= 𝑎𝑠1 = 4
𝜋∅2 2
𝑎𝑠1 = = 154𝑚𝑚
4
𝐴𝑠1 342.83
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠1 = = 2.226
154
𝑛 = 2.226 ≈ 3∅14 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Therefore, provide3∅14 bars at the top to resist the negative moment

i.e it is cantiliver portion.

For beam A-B
At the span
𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 134.01
𝑚𝑠𝑑 134.01∗106
𝑁𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑 = 11.33∗300∗4602
𝑁𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = 0.186325 < 0.295. . 𝑂𝑘!
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑
𝐾𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6∗𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑘𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6∗0.186325
0.8853
𝑚𝑠𝑑
 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑
134.01∗106
347.826∗0.8853∗460
= 946.0778𝑚𝑚2
0.6 0.6
 𝜌 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 = 1.5 ∗ 10−3
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
= 1.5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 300 ∗ 500
= 225𝑚𝑚2
𝜋∅2 142
𝑎𝑠 = 4 = 𝜋 ∗ 4 = 154𝑚𝑚2
 Here As1>Asmin,so take As1 to calculatethe no of bar.
𝐴𝑠1 946.0778
Number of bar𝑎𝑠1 = 154 = 6.14∅14
𝑛 = 7∅14 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡

At the end span

 𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 158.12𝐾𝑁𝑀
𝑠
𝑁𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = 𝑚𝑠𝑑, 𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑2
158.12∗106
= 11.33∗300∗4602
= 0.219846
 𝑁𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = 0.219846 < 0.295 𝑂𝐾!
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑧 = 0,99 ∗ 𝑒 −0.6𝑁𝑠𝑑,𝑠
𝑘𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6∗0.219846
= 0.8677
𝑠 106
 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑚𝑠𝑑, 𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑 = 158.12 ∗ 347.826∗0.8677∗460
= 1,138.931𝑚𝑚2
 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 10 ∗ 300 ∗ 460 = 207𝑚𝑚2
−3
 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑠1 = 1,138.931mm^2>Asmin=207mm^2 so,take As1=1,138.93mm^2

𝑎𝑠1
 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝑎𝑠 = 1,138.93/154=7.3956
n=8∅14bars
Provide 8∅14bars at the top inorder to resist effect negative moment.

For Beam B-C

At the span
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠 106
𝑁𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = = 20.72 ∗
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2 11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 4602
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 0.0288 < 0.295 𝑂𝐾1
 i.e ductility acheved
𝑘𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 9 − 0.6𝑛𝑠𝑑𝑠) = 0.923
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠 20.72 ∗ 106
𝐴𝑠1 = =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝑘 ∗ 𝑑 347.826 ∗ 0.973 ∗ 460
= 133.0935585 ≈ 133.1𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
= 1.5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 = 207𝑚𝑚2
ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐴𝑠1 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑠𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 207𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
𝐴𝑠
 𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠
207𝑚𝑚2
𝑛= = 1.344 ≈ 2∅14
154𝑚𝑚2
 Provide 2∅14 at the bottom part inorder to resist effecte of positive moment
M=20.72KNM
At the end span

 𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 65.856743𝐾𝑁𝑀
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 =
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
65.856743 ∗ 102
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 =
11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 4602
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 0.09156 < 0.295 𝑂𝐾!=
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑘𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6∗0.09156
= 0.9371

𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
 𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑
65.857 ∗ 10^6(347.826 ∗ 0.9371 ∗ 460 = 439.234𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 300 ∗ 460 = 207𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠1 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛=(439.234>207)
 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝐴𝑠1 = 439.234𝑚𝑚2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛.
𝐴𝑠1 439.234
 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 = 154
𝑛 = 2.852 ≈ 3∅14 at the top part
 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 3∅14 at the top
For Beam C-D

At the span
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 =
𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑 2
47.70 ∗ 106
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 =
11.33 ∗ 300 ∗ 4602
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 0.06632 < 0.295 𝑂𝑘!
𝐾𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6∗𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑘𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6∗0.06632
= 0.99
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 =
𝑓𝑦𝑑 ∗ 𝐾𝑧 ∗ 𝑑
106
47.70 ∗
344.826 ∗ 0.99 ∗ 460
= 301.14𝑚𝑚2
 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 207𝑚𝑚2
 i.e As1>Asmin, so take As1 for your design.
𝐴𝑠
 No of rebar=𝑎𝑠
301.14
= 154

=1.95545≈ 2
Therefor:provide 2∅14 rebar at the bottom part.

End span
Msd,s=97.68KNM
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠
µsds=𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑2
97.68∗106
=11.33∗300∗4602
=0.1358<0.295 oK
i.e.ductaility checked.
kz=(0.99 ∗ 𝑒 −0.6∗µ𝑠𝑑,𝑠 )
kz=0.99 ∗ 𝑒 −0.6∗0.1358
kz=0.9125
𝑀𝑠𝑑,𝑠
As1=𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑
97.68∗106
=347.826∗0.9125∗460
=669.04mm2
i.e
As1=669.04mm^2>Asmin=207mm^2,so takeAs1 for the design .
𝐴𝑠 669.04
No of rebars=(𝑎𝑠 ) = 154
669.04
n= = 4.344 ≈ 5∅14
154
∴ 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 5∅14 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚.

For Beam D-E

At the span
 𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 51.72𝐾𝑁𝑀
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑2
106
51.72 ∗ 11.33∗300∗4602
0.0719 < 0.295 … 𝑂𝐾!
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑‼
𝐾𝑧 = 0.99𝑒 −0.6𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠
0.99𝑒 −0.6∗0.0719
= 0.9482
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑
106
51.72 ∗ 347.826∗0.9482∗460
340.91𝑚𝑚^2
 As1>Asmin(340.91>207)
𝐴𝑠
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠
340.91
𝑛= 154
𝑛 = 2.2 ≈ 3∅14 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 are needed at the bottom portion

At the end span

𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 50.89𝐾𝑁𝑀
𝑚𝑠𝑑𝑠
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑2
106
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 50.89 ∗ 11.33∗300∗4602
𝑁𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 0.071 < 0.295 … … … 𝑂𝐾!
𝑖. 𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑
𝑚𝑠𝑑
𝐴𝑠1 = 𝑓𝑦𝑑∗𝑘𝑧∗𝑑
106
50.89 ∗ 344.826∗0.071∗460
𝐴𝑠1 = 334.80𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 1.5 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 300 ∗ 460
= 207𝑚𝑚2
i.e (As=334.803)>(Asmin=207) so use As=334.803 for the design.
𝐴𝑠 334.803
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 = = = 2.2
𝑎𝑠 154
Provide 3∅14 at the top part

Design the beam for shear

 We have taken a column cross section of (400*400) mm.
 the effective depth of the beam
d=D-(cover + stirrups + Ø/2)
d=500-(25+8+14/2)
d=500-(25+8+7)
d=460 mm
𝑐
According to EBCS 2, 1995 we must take Vsd (design shear at a distance + 𝑑 far
2
from the face of the column.
Where C-cross section of the column along the beam section.
d-the effective depth.
FOR BEAM A’…A
 Case-1

Step 1 determine the design shear:

65.13
= 𝑉𝑠𝑑/(1.6 − 0.66)
1.6
13 𝑉𝑠𝑑
65. =
1.6 0.94
65.13∗0.94
Vsd=
1.6
Vsd=38.3KN
Step 2 determine the sectional capacity of concrete
VC=0.25*fctd*k1*K2*bw*d
2 2
0.25∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 0.21∗206( )
3
But fctd = 1.5 =
1.5
fctd=1.032
𝑨𝒔
k1=1+50ρ, ρ=
𝒃𝒘∗𝒅
I.e. As= (2* π*82)/4
As=100.531mm2
𝐴𝑠
ρ= = (100.531/ (300*400)) =7.284*10-4
𝑏𝑤∗𝑑
𝐾1 = 1 + 50𝜌 = 1 + 50 ∗ 7.2848 ∗ 10−4

K1 = 1 + 0.0364243
K1 = 1.03642 ≤ 2 OK
𝑘2 = 1.6 − 𝑑
k2 = 1.6 − 0.46
k2 = 1.14 > 1 ok
𝑉𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑

= 0.25 ∗ 1.032 ∗ 1.03642 ∗ 1.14 ∗ 300 ∗ 400

= 42.07𝐾
 Vc>Vsd (42.07 KN>38.3 KN).here, according to the theory we don’t need

reinforcement/stirrup/but according to EBCS we are forced to provide
stirrups to be safe and to strengthen the structure has been designed.
 Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885 KN
 When we determine the maximum spacing between stirrups/shear
reinforcement /there are two cases to be selected.
1, Smax=0.5d ≤300mm, for Vsd ≤(2/3) Vrd.
2, Smax=0.3d ≤200mm, for Vsd> (2/3) Vrd.
 Vsd ≤(2/3)Vrd
i.e. 38.3 ≤ (2/3)*390.885
38.3≤260.59, So Smax=0.5d
0.5*460=230mm
Therefor: provide Ø8C/C 230 mm.
FOR BEAM A-B

Vsd 133.30
( )=
2.14 2.8
2.8 ∗ Vsd (2.14) ∗ (133.3)
( )=
2.8 2.8
Vsd = 101.88
STEP 1 Determine concrete sectional capacity

VC=0.25*1.032*1.03642*1.14*300*460
VC=42.07 KN
 VC<Vsd, here, we should provide stirrups.
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885 KN
As previously told, when we determine the maximum spacing between stirrups
/shear reinforcements/there are two cases.
 Vsd ≤(2/3)Vrd
 Vsd ≤(2/3)*390.885

 101.88≤260.59,So Smax=0.5d=0.5*460=230 mm
 provide Ø8 C/C 230mm
 case2
166.95 𝑉𝑠𝑑
=
3.5 2.84
166.95 ∗ 2.84
𝑉𝑠𝑑 =
3.5
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 135.468
Step -1
Determine the sectional capacity of concrete.
 Vc=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
 Vc=0.25*1.032*1.03642*1.14*300*460
 Vc=42.07KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07<135.468), so provide stirrups.
Step-2
Vrd=0.25*fcd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885 KN
 Vsd ≤(2/3)Vrd
2
135.468≤ ( )*390.885
3
135.468 ≤260.59, so Smax should be 0.5d=0.5*460=230mm
Therefore provide Ø8C/C 230 mm
FOR BEAM B-C
case -1
177.26 Vsd
=( )
3.06 2.4
177.26 ∗ 2.4
Vsd =
3.06
Vsd = 139.03KN

STEP 1 Determine concrete sectional capacity:

VC=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
VC=0.25*1.032*1.03642*1.14*300*460
VC=42.07KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07, 139.03) so, we should provide stirrups.
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885 KN
 Vsd ≤(2/3)*Vrd
2
Vsd ( ) ∗ 390.885
3
Vsd ≤ 260.59
139.03 ≤260.59, so Smax =0.5d=0.5*460=230 mm.
Therefore: provide Ø8 C/C 230 mm.
Case-2
81.94 𝑉𝑠𝑑
=
2.15 1.49
𝑉𝑠𝑑 = 56.786𝐾𝑁
Step 1, determine the sectional capacity of concrete.
VC=0.25*1.032*1.03642*1.14*300*460
VC=42.07KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07<56.786), so provide stirrup.
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885KN
 Vsd ≤(2/3)*Vrd≤260.59, so Smax should
be0.5d=0.5*460=230mm.
Therefore: provide Ø8 C/C 230mm.
FOR BEAM C-D
Case -1
𝟗𝟑.𝟑𝟒 𝑽𝒔𝒅
=
𝟐.𝟒𝟒 𝟏.𝟕𝟖
93.34∗1.78
Vsd=
2.44
Vsd=68.0923

 Vc=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
VC=0.25*1.032*1.03642*1.14*300*460
VC=42.07 KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07<68.0923), so we should provide stirrups.
 Vrd=0.25*fctd*bw*d
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885 KN
 Vsd≤(2/3)*Vrd
68.0923 ≤(2/3)*390.885
68.0923 ≤260.59, so Smax should be 0.5d=0.5*460=230 mm.
Therefore: provide Ø c/c 230 mm.
 Case-2
(105.480)∗(2.1)
Vsd=
2.76
Vsd=80.257KN
 Vc=0.25*fctd*k1*k2*bw*d
VC=0.25*1.032*1.03642*1.14*300*460
VC=42.07KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07KN, 80.257KN), so provide stirrup.
=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885KN
2
 Vsd≤ ( ) ∗ (𝑉𝑠𝑑)
3
2
80.257≤ ( ) ∗ (390.885)
3
80.257≤260.59, so Smax should be 0.5d=0.5*460=230mm
Therefore: provideØ8C/C 230mm.
FOR BEAM D-E

 case-1
𝑉𝑠𝑑 86.76
=
2.79 3.45
Vsd=70.2KN
VC=42.07KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07<70.2), so provide stirrups.
 Vrd=0.25*fctd*bw*d

=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885KN
2
 Vsd≤ ( ) ∗ (𝑉𝑟𝑑)
3
2
70.2≤ ( ) ∗ 390.885
3
70.2≤260.59, so Smax should be 0.5d=0.5*460=230mm.
Therefore: provide Ø8 C/C230mm.
 case-2
71.9 𝑉𝑠𝑑
=
2.85 2.19
(71.9)∗(2.19)
Vsd=
2.85
Vsd=55.25KN
VC=42.07KN
 VC<Vsd, (42.07<55.25), so we should provide stirrups.
Vrd=0.25*11.33*300*460
=390.885KN
2
 Vsd≤ ( ) ∗ (𝑉𝑟𝑑)
3
2
55.25KN≤ ( ) ∗ (390.885)
3
55.25≤260.59, so Smax should be 0.5d=0.5*460=230mm.
Therefore: provideØ8C/C230mm.

BEAM FROM E-E’

 case -1
𝑉𝑠𝑑 63.61
=
0.94 1.6
1.6Vsd=0.94*63.61
(0.94)∗(63.61)
Vsd = (1.6)
Vsd=37.370875KN
VC=42.07KN
 VC>Vsd, (42.07>37.370875), so you leave providing stirrup but
according to EBCS we should provide it.
Vrd=0.25*11.33*300*460
Vrd=390.885KN
2
 Vsd≤ ( ) ∗ (𝑉𝑟𝑑)
3
2
37.370875≤ ( ) ∗ (390.885)
3
37.370875≤ 260.59,so Smax should be 0.5d=0.5*460=230mm.
Therefore: provide Ø8C/C 230mm.

 DETAIL FOR THE BEAM

4.0 STAIR CASE DESIGN
Assumption for design

 C-25
 S-300
 ᶲ=20
 Cover=1.5cm
 Cross Section of beam is200mm
Step1 Depth determination from deflection requirement
0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + ) 𝑙𝑒/𝐵𝑎
400
 For part 1
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.6 ∗ 300/400)1200/24
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.45)50
𝑑 ≥ 42.5𝑚𝑚

 For part 2(flight part)

𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘/400)𝑙𝑒/𝐵𝑎 , Ba=28…..interior span
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.6 ∗ 300/400)2700/28
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.045) ∗ 96.43
𝑑 ≥ 81.9655𝑚𝑚 ≈ 82𝑚𝑚
 Part 3(for end span landing)
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.6𝑓𝑦𝑘/400)𝑙𝑒/𝐵𝑎 , Ba=24
𝑑 ≥ (0.4 + 0.6 ∗ 300/400)2230/24
2230
𝑑 ≥ (0.85) ∗ = 79𝑚𝑚
24
Take the maximum value of (82, 79, and 43)

Step 2 Total depth determination
1
𝐷 = 𝑑 + ∅ 2 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
20
𝐷=𝑑+ + 15
2
𝐷 = 85 + 10 + 15
𝐷 = 110𝑚𝑚
Step3, load determination
I. For landing

 Weight of slab=(0.11*1.2*25=3.3KN/M)
 Weight of cement screed=(0.02*1.2*23=0.552KN/M)
 Weight of marble=(0.03*1.2*27=0.972KN/M)
Total dead load= (3.3*0.552+0.552+0.972=5.376KN/M)
Live load by EBSC 2, 1995 LL=3KN/M2*1.2=3.6KN/M
Design dead load= (1.3*5.376) + (1.6*3.6KN/M)=6.9888KN/M
Design live dead =1.6*3.6=5.76KN/M
Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL
Pd=6.988KN/M+5.76KN/M
=12.7488
II. Flight part
 Load from steps

Ls=Area*unit weight (m2*kg/m3)
Ls=1/2*0.15*1.2*25=2.25KN/M
 Load from the slab(waist)

Lw=Depth*width of stair*∂/cos𝜃
LW= (0.11*1.2*25)/cos𝜃
I.e. tan-1(1.5/2.7) =𝜃
𝜃=29.1ₒ
Lw= (0.11*1.2*25)/cosᶿ=3.776≈ 4𝑘𝑛𝑚
 Weight of plastering
Wp= (0.02*1.2*23)/cos 29.1=0.632KN/M
 Weight of cement screed(30mm)
Since this is horizontal partition, so no need of projection.
WC= (0.03*1.2*23) =0.828KN/M
 Weight of marble(30mm)
WC= (0.03*1.2*27)=0.972KN/M
 Total deal load=2.25+4+0.632+0.828+0.972=8.682KN/M
 Live load=3KN/M*1.2=3.6KN/M
 Design dead load=1.3*8.682KN/M=11.2866KN/M
 Design live load=1.6*3.6KN/M=5.76KN/M
 Pd=1.3DL+1.6LL=11.2866+5.76=17.0466KN/M

Step4 Loading the stair in its horizontal projection
Step5 Draw bending moment diagram and shear force diagram
Step6 Reinforcement (longitudinal bars)

Smax= 2D i.e. 2*110=220mm
350mm
Smax=220
 For support A
 Msd=0.34KNM
𝑚𝑠𝑑 106
 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2 = 0.34 ∗ 11.3 ∗ 1200 ∗ 852 = 3.4704 ∗ 10^ − 3
𝑓𝑐𝑑
 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.0034704
 KZ= 0.99𝑒^ − 6(𝜇𝑠𝑑)
KZ=0.99e^ (-0.6*0.0034704) =0.988

𝑚𝑠𝑑
 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑘𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑
 𝐴𝑠 = 0.34 ∗ 106 /(0.988 ∗ 85 ∗ 260.9)
As=15.52mm^2
𝜋∅2 202
𝑎𝑠 = =𝜋∗ = 314.2𝑚𝑚^2
4 4
𝑏 314.2𝑚𝑚2
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 = 15.52𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 1200 = 24,293.8𝑚𝑚
At support B
 𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 5.45𝑘𝑛𝑚
𝑚𝑠𝑑
 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = 5.45 ∗ 106 /(11.33 ∗ 1200 ∗ 85^2)=0.0555
𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑^2
−0
 𝑘𝑧 = 0.99 ∗ 𝑒 . 6𝜇𝑠𝑑
 𝑘𝑧 = 0.99 ∗ 𝑒^(−0.6 ∗ 0.0555)
𝑘𝑧 = 0.957863
𝑚𝑠𝑑 106
𝐴𝑠 = 𝑘𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 5.45 ∗ 0.958∗85∗260.9 = 256.53𝑚𝑚
𝜋∅2 202
𝑎𝑠 = =𝜋∗ = 314.2𝑚𝑚^2
4 4
𝑏 1200
𝑆 = 𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 = 314.2 ∗ 256.53 = 1,469.76𝑚𝑚
At support C
 𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 5.84
𝑚𝑠𝑑 106
 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = = 5.84 ∗ = 0.0595
𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑^2 11.33∗1200∗852
−0.6𝜇𝑠𝑑
 𝑘𝑧 = 0.99 ∗ 𝑒 = 0.99 ∗ 𝑒^(−0.6 ∗ 0.0595)
𝑘𝑧 = 0.9553
𝑚𝑠𝑑 106
 𝐴𝑠 = 𝑘𝑧∗𝑑∗𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 5.84 ∗ 0.9553∗85∗260.9 = 275.7𝑚𝑚^ 2
 𝑎𝑠 = 314.2𝑚𝑚2
𝑏 1200
 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑠 = 314.2 ∗ 275.7 = 1,367.5𝑚𝑚2
That means compare all the spacing calculated above and take the smallest of all.
𝑠 = (24293.8,1469.79,1367.5,220,330)
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 220𝑚𝑚
Step 7 Distribution bars
Smax=3D i.e. 3*110=330mm
400mm
 Provide ∅10𝐶/𝐶 330mm (for distribution bar)

STEP-8 Verification of Shear.

 We only do for the horizontal shear value from SFD (15.83) by taking some distance
to the left.
15.83 𝑣𝑠𝑑
= 1.065
1.35
15.83∗1.065
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 1.065
𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 12.49𝐾𝑁
 𝑣𝑟𝑑 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑑 ∗ 𝑏
 288.92 > 12.49𝐾𝑁 𝑂𝐾!
 Shear capacity of concrete
𝑣𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑
2 2
0.25∗𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 0.21∗203
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.032
1.5 1.5
𝑣𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.032 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑
𝑘1 = 1 + 50𝜌
𝑏
( ) 0.5 0.5
𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300 = 1.67 ∗ 10^(−3)
𝑘1 = (50 ∗ 1.67 ∗ 10− ) = 1.083 < 2 𝑂𝐾!

𝑘2 = 1.6 ∗ 0.085 = 1.515 > 1𝑂𝐾‼
𝑣𝑐 = 0.25 ∗ 1.032 ∗ 1.083 ∗ 1.515 ∗ 1200 ∗ 85
43.178𝑘𝑛 > 𝑣𝑠𝑑 = 12.49𝑘𝑛
Here the material can resist by itself without increasing the depth of the stair.

Step 8 Detailing
5.0 Column Design

 Our focus is designing column extending up to G+1. The assumed support moments and
axial loading acted over the sample column.
Step1: check the column is non-sway or sway.

𝑁𝛿
≤ 0.1 … 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝐸𝐵𝐶𝑆 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑒.
𝐻𝐿
Where 𝛿 = ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
L=story height
H=Total horizontal reaction at the bottom of the story
N=the total vertical reaction at the bottom of the story.
Step 2: calculation of parameters needed to check whether it is sway or non-sway.
N=310+200+100+140+100+200=1050KN
H=98.1+68+76.95+76.95+68+98.1=486.1KN
𝛿 = 0.032 , L=3m center to center.
𝑁𝛿
 ≤ 0.1
𝐻𝐿
1050 ∗ 0.032
≤ 0.1
486.1 ∗ 3
0.023 ≤ 0.1 ------ non-sway.

Step 3: material and cross section specification.

 C-25
 S-400
 C1=400*400
 C2=400*400
 C3=400*400
 Beam cross section =400*250
 Fcd=11.33mpa
 Fyd=347.83mpa
 ∅ = 16𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
 ∅𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 8𝑚𝑚 … . 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠
1
i.e h’=cover + stirarup+∅ 2
h’=25+8+8=41mm
step 4: selection of charts
 h’/h=41/400=0.1025=0.1
There is not prepared chart for the value 0.1025 so read from chart prepared for 0.1.
By appromiximating the value 0.1025 to 0.1.
Step 5: calculate the range of the area of steel should be
Amax=0.08Ac=0.08*400*400=12800mm^2
Amin=0.008Ac=0.008*400*400=1280mm^2

𝐸𝐼
∑( )𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
 𝛼= 𝐿
𝐸𝐼
(∑( ))𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝐿
E is constant for both column and beams, than we canle out it.
𝑏ℎ3
𝐼𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 = … . 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎.
12
𝑏ℎ3 400∗2503
𝐼= =
12 12
𝐼 = 520,833,333.3
4
𝐼 = 5.21 ∗ 108𝑚𝑚
𝑏ℎ3 400∗4003
𝐼𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = =
12 12
8𝑚𝑚4
𝐼 = 21.3 ∗ 10
21.3∗108 21.3∗108 5.21∗108 5.21∗108
𝜎1 = ( + )/( + )
3 3 2.2 7.85𝑚
𝜎1 = 4.581
𝜎1 = 𝜎2 = 4.581
𝜎𝑚 … . 𝜎𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝜎1+𝜎2
𝜎𝑚 = 2
4.581+4.581
𝜎𝑚 = = 4.581
2
𝐿𝑒 𝜎𝑚+0.4 4.581+0.4
𝐾= = 𝜎𝑚+0.8 = 4.581+0.8 = 0.926 > 0.7 𝑂𝐾‼
𝐿

Lu=egde to egde diamension –half daimension of beams in both sides.

Lu=3-(0.4+0.4)
Lu=3-0.8=2.2m
 Left=K*Lu
Left=0.926*22
Left=2.0372m
Step 6: computation of design eccentricty.
1) Additional eccentricty
Eamax from (left)/,(2037.2)/3=6.791m
20mm
i.e ea=20mm because 6.791<20mm
2 Equavalent first order eccentricty
ee> 0.6eo1+0.4eo2
> 0.4eo2

eo2=M2/P=81.5*10^3/285.5=0.2855*10^3mm
But p=282+289/2=285.5
M2=81.5…..It should be the larger and positive.
eo1=m1/p=5.76/285.5=20.18mm
Note: since the column is in double curvature eo1 is negative
Ee> 0.6*285.5-0.4*20.18=163.228
>0.4*285.5=114.2mm
Take the max of the two =163.228mm
Ee=163.228mm
2 second order eccentricty(e2)
 Second order effect can be neglected.
𝑚1
𝜆 ≤ 50 − 22 ( ) … . . 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑠𝑤𝑎𝑦
𝑚2
−5.56
𝜆 ≤ 50 − 25 ( ) … . . 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒.
81.5
𝜆 ≤ 51.7668
This tells us if 𝜆≤ 51.7668 we ignore e2, but if 𝜆> 51.7668, we consider effect of e2.
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 √𝐼
𝜆= ,𝑖 =
𝑖 𝑙
√21.3 ∗ 103
𝑖= = 115.38𝑚𝑚
400 ∗ 400
𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 20372.2
𝜆= = = 17.66 < 51.7668
𝑖 115.38
So neglacte e2.
 Etotal 1=ea+ee
=20+163.228=183.228mm
 For different eccentricty the end condition should be checked.
Etotal1=ea+eo2
=20+285.5=303.5mm
 Now campare etotal1 and etotal2 and take the one which greater.
There for 183.228mm<305.5mm take.
Etotal=305.5mm
Design moment
𝑚𝑠𝑑 = 𝑃𝑠𝑑 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 where psd=285.5
Now we normalize the force and moment
𝑀𝑣
𝑣 = 𝐴𝑐𝑓𝑐𝑑 = (285.5 ∗ 10^3)/400*400*11.33=0.1575
𝑀𝑣 𝑀𝑣
𝛶 = 𝐴𝑐∗𝑓𝑐𝑑∗ℎ = 𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗ℎ2
87.22025∗102
𝛶= = 0.1203
11.33∗4003
Next read omega(𝝎) from chart #2

Figure 40. Chart
Point coordinate=(V,𝜸)=(0.1575,0.1203)
The value for 𝝎 can be calculated as follows
𝝎=0.132
 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (𝜔𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑)/fyd
0.162∗400∗400∗11.33
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 347.83
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 844.302𝑚𝑚2
Now before taking Atotal, we have to check wheather it is in b/n the limits or not
(Amax and Amin)
(7200mm^2,720mm^2)

 720mm^2<Atotal<7200
720<844.302mm^2<7200mm^2
Therefore it is in b/n the limits as shown above.So we can procide in to the next step.
 Chart #3 put the reinforcement for both the bottom and the top part.so we should provide
equal number of rebars in both side as follow
 As/2=As bottom or As top
 As/2=844.302/2=422.151mm^2
𝐴𝑠𝑛𝑒𝑤
 Number of bars= 𝑎𝑠
422.151𝑚𝑚2
𝜋∗∅^2
𝑛= 4
𝑛 = (422.151𝑚𝑚2 )/(𝜋 ∗ 162 )/4
𝑛 = 2.09 ≈ 3∅16 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Therefore provide 3∅16 bars at two possitions.

step -7 detail for the column
Figure 41. Column detailing
Figure 42. Column stirrup detail

6.0 Foundation Design
Given (assuming the following values being found from analysis results)
Reinforced concrete column size is 40*40
 P=1000
 M=257knm
 Ultimate soil bearing pressure=300kpa
 Fyk=300mpa=fyd=300/1.15=260.87mpa
C-25=fck=20mpa=fctk=1.5mpa=fctd=1
Designing rectangular reinforced footing
2
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 0.21𝑓𝑐𝑘 3
2
0.21𝑓𝑐𝑘 3
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = 𝛾
𝑙1 = 𝑙2

𝑎−40 𝑏−40
Then =
2 2
𝑎 = 𝑏 … … … … … … … … .1
Eccentricity, ea=m/p=275knm/1000knm=0.275
 Contact pressure
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃
= 6𝑒𝑎
…………………for single moment case
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴(1±( ))
𝑎
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑃
= 6𝑒𝑎 6𝑏𝑎
……for two eccentric case.
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐴(1±( )±( ))
𝑎 𝑏
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 Should be equal or less than the allowable stress (𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙).

𝑃
𝛿𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 6𝑒𝑎
𝐴(1±( ))
𝑎
𝑃 6𝑒𝑎
𝛿𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑎∗𝑏 (1 + ) But a=b
𝑎
1000 6∗0.275
𝛿𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 300 = ( 𝑎∗𝑎 ) (1 + )
𝑎
1000 65
300 = ((1 + (1. 𝑎 )
𝑎2
1000 1650
300 = +
𝑎2 𝑎3
1000𝑎+1650
300 = 𝑎3
300𝑎3 = 1000𝑎 + 1650

300𝑎3 − 1000𝑎 − 1650 = 0
300𝑎3 −1650 1000𝑎
=
1000 1000

𝑎 = 0.3𝑎3 − 1.65
3
√1650+1000𝑎𝑛𝑠
𝑎= 300
There for a=b=2.376m…….by trial and error.

1000 6∗0.275
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (2.4∗284) (1 + )
2.4
1000
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1.6875)
5.76
𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 292.968 ≈ 293𝑘𝑝𝑎

1000 6∗0.275
𝛿𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (1 − )
5.76 2.4
= 173.61(1 − 0.6875)
= 54.253𝑘𝑝𝑎 ≈ 54.3 − − − 𝑂𝐾‼!
Case 2 designing of footing pad
Step 1: pure punching
The punching shear resist according to EBCS 2, 1995 is given by:
𝑣𝑢𝑝 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑𝑘1𝑘2𝑢𝑑(𝑚𝑛)
Assume take 𝑑 = 0.40
0.5 0.5
𝜌 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑓𝑦𝑘) = 300 = 0.0017
𝑘1 = (1 + 50𝜌) = (1 + 50 ∗ 0.0017) = (1 + 0.085) = 1.085 ≤ 2𝑂𝐾!

𝑘1 = 1.6 − 𝑑 = 1.6 − 0.4 = 1.2 ≥ 1 … . 𝑂𝐾!
If you are design by ultimate limit state, your critical area should be calculated by extending 1.5d
from the face of column in the two direction.

𝑣𝑑 = 2(3𝑑 + 𝑏 ′ ) + 2(3𝑑 + 𝑎′ )
12𝑑 + 2𝑏 ′ + 2𝑎′
𝑣𝑑 = (12 ∗ 0.4) + (2 ∗ 04) + (2 ∗ 0.4)
𝑣𝑑 = 6.4
Then 𝑣𝑢𝑝 = 0.25 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1𝑘2 ∗ 𝑢𝑑
𝑣𝑢𝑝 = 0.25 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.085 ∗ 1.2 ∗ 6.4 ∗ 0.4 = 0.83328 = 833.28𝑘𝑛
 Develop shear calculated by
𝑃 − 𝛿𝐴𝐶 = 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟
Where AC=critical section Area
𝛿 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
P = 1000KN

Here the basic objective is evaluating 𝛿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝛿2 by using similarity triangle.

2.4−(3𝑑+𝑎′ )
=𝑓
2
2.4−(3∗0.4+0.4)
=𝑓
2
F=0.4
0.4 2.4
=
𝑥 293−54.3
0.4 2.4
=
𝑥 238.7
𝑥 = 39.8
𝑦 293−54.3
 =
2 2.4
𝑦 238.7
=
2 2.4
𝑦 = 198.92
 𝛿2 = 54.3 + 𝑦
𝛿2 = 54.3 + 198.92 = 253.22
 𝛿1 = 54.3 + 𝑥
𝛿1 = 54.3 + 39.8 = 94.1
 1.6 are the critical section diameter and the developed shear resistance is calculated
by multiplying the critical section area by the average pressure (stress).
 Compare the developed net shear with resistance shear Vup.
𝛿1+𝛿2 94.1+253.22
𝛿=( ∗ 1.6) = ( ∗ 1.6) = 277.856𝑘𝑛
2 2
1000-277.856=722.144KN….net developed shear resistance.

722.144KN < Vup = 833.28KN….OK!!
Check for wide beam shear

𝛿+𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = Area
2
But we need to find out 𝛿 area in order to get 𝛿1
 Area=(1.5d-d)*2.4
= ((1.5*0.4)-0.4)*2.4
=0.48m^2
 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 253.22

 Calculation of 𝛿1
𝑥 253.22−94.1
=
1.4 1.2
𝑥 159.12
=
1.4 1.6
X=139.23
𝛿 = 94.1 + 𝑥
𝛿 = 94.1 + 139.23 = 233.33
𝛿+𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛿1 = ( ) Area
2
233.332 +253.22
𝛿1 = ∗ (0.48)𝑚2
2
𝛿1 = 116.772
 Developed wide beam shear (vd)
𝑉𝑑 = 𝛿1 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝑉𝑑 = 116.722 ∗ (0.2 ∗ 2.4)
Vd = 56.050KN
 Wide beam shear according to EBCS2,1995
𝑉𝑑 = 0.25𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 ∗ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝑘2 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑(𝑚𝑛)
= 0.25 ∗ 1 ∗ 1.085 ∗ 1.15 ∗ 2.4 ∗ 0.4
=0.29946MN=299.46KN>56.05056KN Ok!

III. Bending moment
 The design for moment in the case of foundation is similar with that of slab. It is designed
by taking 1m strip and the moment should be taken at the face of column as a pivot.
 First calculate 𝛿, 𝛿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2 by similarity of triangle.
𝑥 293−54.3
=
0.4 2.4
2.4𝑥 = 238.7 ∗ 1.4

𝑥 = 139.242
𝛿 = 54.3 + 𝑥
𝛿 = 54.3 + 139.242 = 193.542

 𝛿1 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = (1𝑚 ∗ (293 − 𝛿)) ∗ 0.5

=1m*(293-193.542)*0.5
=99.458*1/2
=49.72KN/M
 𝛿2 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑏 ∗ ℎ
𝛿2 = (1𝑚 ∗ 𝛿)
𝛿2 = 1𝑚 ∗ 193.542 = 193.542KN/M
2
 𝑀 = [(61 ∗ 3) (𝑐)) + (62(c/2))]*b
2 1
𝑀 = [(49.729 ∗ 3(1)) + (19.54 ∗ 2)] ∗ 𝑏
𝑚
𝑀 = 33.153 + 96.77 = 129.923𝑘𝑛. 𝑚
 Moment capacity of concrete

𝑀𝑐 = 0.32 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝑑2
= 0.32 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 1 ∗ (0.4)2 ∗ 103
𝑀𝑐 = 580.096
If moment capacity of concrete (Mc) less than calculated moment (m), we should increase the
grade of the concrete. But in our case Mc=580.096>M=129.923 no need of increasing the depth.
 Calculation of rebars for both long and shorter direction
𝑓𝑐𝑑
𝜌= 2𝑚
𝑓𝑦𝑑[1−√1− ]
𝑓𝑐𝑑∗𝑏∗𝑑2
129
𝜌 = ((11.33)/(260.87)[1 − √1 − 2 ∗ 11.33∗103 ∗1.0∗0.42 ])
11.33
𝜌= 258
260.87[1−√1− ]
1812.8
11.33
𝜌 = 260.87 ∗ (0.073890542)
0.5 0.5
𝜌 = 0.003209184 ≈ 0.00321 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 260.9 = 0.00192
Development length
𝑓𝑦𝑑
𝑙𝑑 = ∅ 4𝑓𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑦𝑘 300
𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1.15 = 260.87𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑠
0.35√𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.35√20
𝑓𝑏𝑑 = 𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1𝑚𝑝𝑎
𝛾𝑐 1.5

∅𝑓𝑦𝑑 16∗260.87
𝑙𝑑 = 4𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 1043.24𝑚𝑚
4
𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 = 1𝑚 − 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 1𝑚 − 0.05 = 0.95𝑚
Ld available <ld, bend the bars up ward with a minimum length of 10cm, so the total length of the
bar after the face of column should be 95+10=105cm.
Detail for foundation

QUANTITY CALCULATION
FOUNDATION
I. Material Requirement
Under foundation construction we interested to calculate quantity for:
 concrete work
i.e. It consists lean and structural concrete
 Reinforcement bar
 Formwork
 LEAN CONCRETE
 It is measured in m 2
i.e. Because the depth is less than 20cm as it is recommended in BATCODA.

 When we take the dimension we should extend 10cm in each sides of the footing
pad as shown in the figure below.
A=l*w
A=2.6*2.6

A=6.76 m2
 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
 It is measured in m3.
i.e. The depth is greater than 20 cm, so it is recommended to measure in volume.
 V= l*w*h
v=2.4*2.4*.4
v=2.304 m3
 REINFORCEMENT BAR

Total length= (16*2900)*2

=92,800mm
=92.8m
 FORM WORK
 measured in m 2
A=l*w
A1=2.4*2.4=5.76m2
At =5.76*4
= 23.04m2

II. RATE CALCULATION

The general formula for quantizing concrete making materials is given below. We can use this
formula for more calculations over any concrete of your need.
Assume the following:
 concrete mix ratio is ….a:b:c
 total volume of the concrete…z m3
 total sum of parts ….r
 density of cement ….u
 density of fine aggregate….v
 density of coarse aggregate…w
i.e. 1.30 is given for the shrinkage property for concrete and 1.05 in for the probability of wastage
at site.
 LEAN CONCRETE
 Take a mix ratio of 1:4:6.
a
 Amount of cement =(r) ∗ z ∗ u ∗ 1.30 ∗ 1.05
= (1/11)*z*1400*1.30*1.05
=173.73*z kg
Change in to quintal in order to calculate its price:

Density= (173.73*z kg)
=1.7373*z q
For 1 q …….. 275 birr
1.7373 q………x
1.7373∗275
x= 1
x=477.757 birr
173.73∗z kg
i.e. 173.73*z kg= =0.1210 m3
1400
b
 Amount of sand =( r ) ∗ z ∗ v ∗ 1.30 ∗ 1.05
4
=(11) ∗ z ∗ 1840 ∗ 1.3 ∗ 1.05
=913.31*z kg
3
Change in to m by dividing the mass value by its density.
913.31∗z kg
= 1840
=0.4964*z m3
For 1 m3……….533 birr
0.4964……..x
x=395.808 birr
c
 Amount of gravel =(r) ∗ z ∗ 2250 ∗ 1.30 ∗ 1.05
6
=(11) ∗ z ∗ 2250 ∗ 1.30 ∗ 1.05

=1675.23*z kg
Change in to volume:
Volume (m3) = (1675.23/z kg)/2250
=0.74454*z m3
For 1 m3 of gravel ……..533 birr
0.74454 m3………..x
x=533*0.74454
=395.808 birr
Total volume of the mix=0.74454+0.4964+0.1210=1.365 m3
i.e. 1.365>1m3 because of the addition of ingredients for shrinkage and wastage.
Total amount birr calculated for 1 m3 of lean concrete is calculated as follow:
1.365 m3 ……..1138.1464
1m3 …………x
x=(1 ∗ 1138.1464)/)1.365)
x=833 birr/m3
But in m2, x=833 birr/m3*0.5m=416 birr/m2
Take a mix ratio 1:2:3
a
= (1/6)*z*1400*1.30*1.05
=
318.5*z kg
=3.185*z q
For 1 q …….. 275 birr
3.185q………x
3.185∗275
x= 1
x=875.875 birr
318.5∗z kg
i.e. 318.5*z kg= =0.2275 m3
1400
b
=(2/6) ∗ z ∗ 1840 ∗ 1.3 ∗ 1.05
=837.2*z kg
3
837.2∗z kg
= 1840

=0.455*z m3
0.455……..x
x=242.515 birr
c
=3/6 ∗ z ∗ 2250 ∗ 1.30 ∗ 1.05
=1535.625*z kg
Volume (m3) = (1675.23/z kg)/2250
=0.6825 *z m3
For 1 m of gravel ……..533 birr
3
0.6825 m3………..x
x=533*0.6825
=363.09 birr
Total amount birr calculated for 1 m3 of structural concrete is calculated as follow:
1.365 m3 ……..1481.48
1m3 …………x
x=(1 ∗ 1481.48)/1.365)
x = 1085.33 birr/m3.
 REINFORCMENT
 It I measured in kg
 The current market price for diameter 10 rebar accounts 175 birr.so from this we can analyze
the current price per kg ,as follow below :
0.222 ∗ ∅2 0.22 ∗ 102

= = (0.62)kg/m
36 36
kg
(0.62) ( ) ∗ (12m) = 7.4kg
m
From this we can conclude,
For 7.4kg…175 birr
1 kg………….x

x=24 birr/kg
 FORM WORK
For 1 mt^2……….143 birr…. (Current market)
23.04 m^2……..x
x=3294.72 birr
BEAM
A. Material Requirement
Under beam construction we are interested to calculate quantity for:
 concrete work
i.e. It consists structural concrete
 Reinforcement bar
 Form work
v=l*w*h
v=26.21*0.3*0.5
v=3.9315 m3

 REINFORCEMENT BAR
 For main reinforcement bar
Total length= 3*(10930+11515+5760) +5*(3835) +2*(4885) +6*(6600)
+6600+2*(8025+1071+8025)
=3*(28205) +5*(3835) +2*(4885) +6*(6600) +6600+2*(17121)
=194,002mm=194.002m
 For stirrups (∅8)
Total length=115*((2*450) + (2*50) + (2*250))

=172,500mm=172.5m
 FORM WORK
A= l*w
A1=0.5*26.21=13.105 m2
A2=0.3*0.5=0.15m2
At = ((2*13.105) + (2*0.15)) =26.51 m2

A. RATE CALCULATION
The general formula for quantizing concrete making materials is given below. We can use this
formula for more calculations over any concrete of your need.
Assume the following:
 concrete mix ratio is ….a:b:c
 total volume of the concrete…z m3
 total sum of parts ….r
 density of cement ….u
 density of fine aggregate….v
 density of coarse aggregate…w
i.e. 1.30 is given for the shrinkage property for concrete and 1.05 in for the probability of wastage
at site.
Take a mix ratio 1:2:3
a
= (1/6)*z*1400*1.30*1.05
=
318.5*z kg
=3.185*z q
For 1 q …….. 275 birr
3.185q………x
3.185∗275
x= 1
x=875.875 birr
318.5∗z kg
i.e. 318.5*z kg= 1400
=0.2275 m3
b
=(2/6) ∗ z ∗ 1840 ∗ 1.3 ∗ 1.05
=837.2*z kg
3
837.2∗z kg
= 1840
=0.455*z m3
0.455……..x
x=242.515 birr
c
=3/6 ∗ z ∗ 2250 ∗ 1.30 ∗ 1.05
=1535.625*z kg

Volume (m3) = (1675.23/z kg)/2250
=0.6825 *z m3
For 1 m of gravel ……..533 birr
3
0.6825 m3………..x
x=533*0.6825
=363.09 birr
Total amount birr calculated for 1 m3 of structural concrete is calculated as follow:
1.365 m3 ……..1481.48
1m3 …………x
x=(1 ∗ 1481.48)/1.365)
x = 1085.33 birr/m3.
 REINFORCMENT
 It I measured in kg
 As we father information, the current market price for diameter 10 rebar accounts 175 birr.so from this we
can analyze the current price per kg ,as follow below :
0.222 ∗ ∅2 0.22 ∗ 102

= = (0.62)kg/m
36 36
kg
(0.62) ( ) ∗ (12m) = 7.4kg
m
From this we can conclude,
For 7.4kg…175 birr
1 kg………….x
x=24 birr/kg
 FORM WORK
For 1 mt^2……….143 birr…. (Current market)
26.51 m^2……..x
x=26.51*143=3,790.93 birr

STAIR CASE
A. MATERIAL REQUIRMENT
 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
PART-1
A1=l*w
A1=1.2*2.7
A1 =3.24m2
PART-2
A =L*W
2
A =3.090*2.7
2
A =8.343m2
2
PART-3
A =l*w*
3
A =2.23*2.7
3
A =6.021m^2
3
Total area =A1+A2+A3

=3.24+8.343+6.021
=17.604 m2
 REINFORCMENT BAR

∅8 REBAR
 (6*9*550)=29,700MM=29.7m
∅10 REBAR
 (10*1200)=12,000mm=12m
∅20 REBAR
 7*(2285+1945+3400+5520+2200)
=7*(15,350)
=107,450mm
=107.45m
 FORM WORK
1. PART-1
A=l*w
A=0.85*1.2
A=1.02m2
At=2*1.02=2.04 m2

2. PART-2
A=l*w
A=0.85*3.09
A=2.6265 m2
At=2*2.6265
=5.253m2
3. PART-3
A=l*w
A=2*(0.85*2.33) + (1.2*0.85)
A=4.981m2
4. For riser form work

At=9*0.15*1.2
At=1.62 m2

B.RATE CALCULATION
i.e. The same as the previous one.
COLUMEN
A. MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
 STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
V=l*w*h
V=6*0.4*0.4 =0.96 m3
 REINFORCMENT BAR
 MAIN BAR
6*(4340+3325) =45.99 m

 STIRRUPES
49*(4*(350) + (2*50)) =49*1500=73,500mm=73.5m

 FORM WORK
A=4*0.4*6=9.6 m2
B. RATE CALCULATION
i.e. The same as the previous one

Summary of bill of quantity


PART – III
(Research Proposal)
Abstract|
In concrete industry, there is a need for water-to-cement ratio (w/c), estimation of cement-based
materials since the w/c ratio of cement mixtures is typically given at the batch plant, and this ratio,
sometimes, is deliberately changed to have a more workable cement mixture. As water cement ratio
is the ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in the concrete mix, it has an important
influence on the quality of concrete produced. A lower water cement ratio leads to higher strength
and durability. The water cement ratio is independent of total cement content of the concrete mix.
The water cement ratio affects the porosity, workability, compressive strength of concrete and other
related properties if it is exceeded or lower from its mix design proportion when we mix the
ingredients in mixing plant/mixer/. The higher the porosity, permeability to many external
chemicals and substances is increased. This results in faster deterioration of concrete.
The purpose of this article is to bring about a better understanding of how the performance
characteristics of the concrete may be affected with water additions that exceed or lower the
designed mixture proportions as compared to performance of the concrete as designed.

Acknowledgment
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Sir Alemayehu Gola and for my brother Abetu
Antehunegn for their valuable advice to get knowledge on proposal writing. Without them it may
be impossible to move a step ahead through the project idea. They tried to provide us their insight
about the proposed research idea.
Finally, I want thank Engineers, labors in ,and working officials for giving me the opportunity to
perform such researches and projects so that I could be capable of improving my professional
skills regarding to different civil engineering aspects so as to solve the problems observed in the
public arena.

1. Introduction
1.1 Background and Justification of the study
Concrete is a versatile engineering material consisting of cementing substance, aggregates, water
and often controlled amount of entrained air. It is initially a plastic, workable mixture which can be
molded into a wide variety of shapes when it wet. The strength is developed from the hydration due
to the reaction between cement and water. The products, mainly calcium silicate, calcium
aluminates and calcium hydroxide are relatively insoluble which bind the aggregate in a hardened
matrix. Concrete is considerably stronger in compression than in tension, for structures required to
carry only compressive loads such as massive gravity dams and heavy foundations, reinforcement
is not required and the concrete is consequently called plain concrete. When the structure is to be
subjected to tensile stresses, steel bars are embedded in the concrete. Concrete develops its strength
by hydration of the cement and addition to form a complex series of hydrates.
The initial hydration fixes the cement particles into a weak structure surrounded by a water-filled
space. The higher the initial water content, the further will be the average spacing between the
cement grains. Where the initial water/cement ratio is high, the resulting pore structure within the
hydrates is interconnected and the resulting concrete has low strength, high penetrability and low
durability. In practice long-term strength gain will only occur in conditions where the concrete
retains or gains sufficient water for hydration to continue. Once dried so that the internal relative
humidity falls below 95 per cent, further hydration effectively stops. However, if the concrete is
rewetted, hydration will start again. Another important point is that water should not be added after
any significant quantity of concrete has been discharged from the mixer because the quantity of
water is already determine in the mix design.
A general understanding of the role of water in the process of cement hydration is important. The
cement in the concrete needs water to hydrate and form Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) which
is the glue that holds the concrete together. The water is chemically bound (consumed) during the
reaction with the cement at approximately 25 pounds of water to every 100 pounds of cement.
Therefore, it could be said that a water to cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) of 0.25 is needed for
the C-S-H and hydration products to be formed. That, however, is not all of the water that is needed.
There is additional water that becomes physically bound between the cement hydrates. In order to
have enough water to possibly enable complete hydration of the cement, approximately 20 pounds
of water to every 100 pounds of cement is necessary. Combined, this equates to approximately 45
pounds resulting in a w/cm of 0.45. And as other studies have shown that an approximate ratio of
0.4 was necessary for complete hydration of the cement. It should be noted that a concrete rarely
gets the benefit of complete cement hydration typically because of the lack of physical access to
the inner unhydrated cement particles and also due to lack the minimum required curing that would
be needed.
Contrary to the above discussion regarding increased w/cm values resulting in the maximum
potential for cement hydration, a concrete designer is faced with the reality that lower w/cm values
often enhance strength and other durability characteristics of their product. The reason is not
because the crystals formed during hydration are weaker, rather, because with the higher amounts
of water in the mixture comes greater dispersion. Therefore, less bridging of the C-S-H crystals can
take place. The resulting concrete is less dense, lower in strength, and higher in permeability. Of
concrete being adjusted is uncertain as is the impact of the water addition on the concrete properties.
Generally there are a lot of negative impacts arise due to the wrong usage of water amount in the mix.

However it needs analysis in order to know the effect of water cement in the concrete mix in different
perspectives. For the analysis of the effect of water-cement ratio and the reasons why the exact
water/cement ratio is not applicable at site, different analysis tools could be employed. These analysis
tools are procedures, methodologies and computer models that are used to carry out the analyses
whether or not exceed or lower amount of water in the cement is advisable in concrete mix and how we
apply real design water/cement ratio at site. These tools differ in their computational capabilities,
input requirements and output measures. Consequently, proper application of each tool to solve the
effect of exceed or lower water/cement problems is a challenge to the workers and working officials
in obtaining reasonable water/cement analysis results for the projects. This challenges eventually
affects the cost and time to perform construction projects. And we need guidelines on the uniform
and consistent application of tools is therefore needed to overcome this challenge; besides creating
awareness on the effect of using disproportion amount of water and cement in the mix.
1.2 Problem statement
Together with the development of the country the number of construction projects like high way
and building constructions increase from time to time. Thus we need to have well-mannered
construction technology and habit that enables us having construction projects that can
accommodate their own design period without failure. Even though there are things which are
important for our construction technology development, there are also a lot of problems face in
relation with the poor proportioning/usage/ of water-cement ratio.
During mix design the designer proportion the amount of water with that of cement according to
the rule and regulations of ACI mix design. But when we see the applicability of water- cement
ratio in site it absolutely differ in amount from pre determine water cement ratio by the designer.
In most cases due to the addition of water during mix and after some amount of concrete has been
used ,it cause to have a concrete with weak compressive strength ,less dense ,and with higher
permeability due to the less bridging of the Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate /C-S-H/ crystals bond. So in
order to get a concrete with good compressive strength, much dense with lower permeability we
need to create awareness on the effects resulted due to mal proportion of water-cement ratio for
those labors who are working at site and for a better performance of designed water-cement ratio it
is good to have a skilled man power that can provide appropriate tools to determine the exact w/c
ratio and can transform his/her knowledge for the respective working officials.
As I saw in my studying area, even though there are those engineers and formals, the workers are
not willing to do the instruction how they use water amount for the given amount of mix because
of different reasons:
 Because of their need to accomplish their work as fast as they want by
making the mix more workable.
 Because a big problem of narrow-mindedness.
 Poor management of managing officials.
 Because of availability of water far from their working area, and this result
for use of small amount of water in order to decrease their tiresome.
 Improper payment compared with their work.
Generally poor skilled man power, poor management and because of problems related with workers
cause for the undesirable applicability of water-cement ratio in construction site.

1.3 Objective of the study

The main objective of the research is to point out different defects observed on the applicability of
already determine water-cement ratio in construction sites, and its effect on construction in Bahir
Dar city and providing the possible solutions to those problems.
Specific objectives of the research will:
 Identify the different defects which potentially affect the prominent engineering material
concrete.
 Analyze both qualitatively and quantitatively the effect of the observed problems on the
concrete.
 Investigate reasons for poor applicability of the designed w/c in construction site.
 Provide the possible measures to those of the stated defects.
1.4 Significance of the study
As the concrete is one of the mainly common used materials in building construction, it is surely
important to produce concrete in ideal structure. This could be possible using ideal component in
concrete. Besides other effect w/c ratio is the important parameter to produce concrete. This work
represents effects of w/c ratio on physical and mechanical properties of the concrete.
Besides it used to investigate problems and reasons why the desired amount of water/cement are
not applicable over different construction projects and to focus on the measures how those problems
get a solution.
2.0 Material and Methodology
A properly prepared methodology provide the base for the entire analysis process by identifying the issues
to be solved, data requirements, performance measures, schedule, and analysis deliverables. This study
focuses on literature review and interviewing labors and engineers. The data was collected through
interviewing, group discussion as well as previously determine laboratory document analysis. Once the data
collections were performed, data organization and preparation was carried out to make it ready for analysis.
The type of methodology design that are proposed to be employed to conduct this report are descriptive
research in order to assess the effect of water/cement ratio and its applicability in construction sites of Bahir
Dar city. In this methodology there will be a clear investigation of the potential site which I thought to be
problematic. Besides I try to investigate causes why the implementation of designed water/cement ratio is
wrong in construction project compared with that of the design value.
2.1 Work Materials and Specimens Preparation
The research materials used in this investigation are cement, sand, gravel, laterite and water.
Sand size distributions were determined by sieve analysis test which is a process of dividing a
sample of aggregate (fine and coarse). A sample of air-dried aggregate was graded by shaking or
vibrating a nest of stacked sizes with the largest sieve at the top for the material retained to be
coarse compared to the sieve but finer than the sieve above. The research materials used in this
investigation are cement, sand, gravel, laterite and water. Sand size distributions were determined
by sieve analysis test which is a process of dividing a sample of aggregate (fine and coarse). A
sample of air-dried aggregate was graded by shaking or vibrating a nest of stacked sizes with the
largest sieve at the top for the material retained to be coarse compared to the sieve but finer than
the sieve above. To evaluate the compressive strength and workability, cube and slump tests were
then carried out.

2.2 EXPERIMENTAL TEST PROCEDURES

Cube Test: A 6 kg weight of fine aggregate was weighed on a 15cm* 15cm* 15cm pan physical
balance and then poured into a wheel barrow. Three kilogram of cement was added and it was
thoroughly mixed with the sand. Also, a 12 kg weight of gravel was measured and added to mix.
Water-cement ratios of 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70 and 0.80 (having respective water quantities of 650cl,
1800cl, 1950cl, 2100cl, and 2400cl) were then used with the aggregates. With the addition of water
into the mix, the whole mix was then mixed thoroughly into a fine paste. Meanwhile, the concrete
molds/cubes were oiled (lubricated) to prevent the concrete from sticking to them and for easy de-
molding.
The concrete was then poured into the cube and placed on the compacting machine, which when
switched on vibrated the cubes, making the concrete to lose the trapped air in the mix. This was
allowed for 2 minutes +before the switching off. The excess concrete was cleared from the surface
with the aid of the travel and the cubes were marked for easy identification to prevent mix-up. These
processes were repeated for casting lateritic concrete but the sand was replaced with laterite.
After the casting of the cubes, they were allowed to set and harden for 24 hours before de-molding.
The cubes were then covered with polythene sheets to prevent excess evaporation.
After de-molding the cubes were placed in a curing tank for specified numbers of days (i.e., 7, 14,
28 days, respectively). At each specified period of days, the cubes were crushed to determine the
compressive strength of the concretes. The bearing surfaces of the crushing machine were wiped
clean and the test cubes well placed for the load to be applied to the opposite side of the cube as
casted. Also, the axes of the cubes were carefully aligned in the center of the plates.
Slump Test: A means of evaluating workability of concrete is the slump test. Slump is the distance
through which a cone full of concrete drops when the cone is lifted. The apparatus used for the
slump test are tamping rod, a cone, measuring rule, scoop, straight edge and a clean platform.
Cement, sand, gravel, and laterite of 3 kg were used. 12 kg weight of gravel was measured and
added to mix. Water-cement ratios of 0.55, 0.60, 0.65, 0.70, and 8.0 were then used with the
aggregates. The specific gravity of sand, gravel and cement are 2.5, 3.5, and 3.142, respectively.
The mix proportion used is 1:2:4 and batching was by weight. The mold for the slump test is a
frustum or cone whose inside was moistened; it was placed on a smooth surface with the smaller
opening at the top, and filled with concrete in three layers. Each layer was tapped twenty five times
with a standard 16 mm diameter steel rod, rounded at the end as the tamping rod. The mold was
firmly held against its base during the test, this was facilitated by handles or foot-rest brazed to the
mold.
Immediately after filling, the cone was slowly lifted and the unsupported concrete then slumped.
The decrease in the height of the concrete was then measured. Concrete which incidentally
dropped immediately around the base of the cone was cleaned off.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Effect of Water-Cement Ratios on the Compressive Strength of Concrete
and Lateritic Mixes
Table 1 shows the variation of the weight, density and crushing/compressive strength of concrete
mixes with water-cement ratios. It was observed that the weight, density and compressive strength
of the concrete cubes decrease with increase in water-cement ratio. However, the compressive
strength was observed to increase with age; after casting the concrete mixes, the compressive
strength increases as the number of curing day increases. This shows that the water-cement ratio is
the main determinant of the weight, density and crushing strength of the concrete cubes.
The plot of compressive strength of the concrete mixes versus water-cement ratio is shown in Figure
1 while Figure 2 shows the plot of compressive strength versus age. For the respective water-cement
ratio, the compressive strength was observed to be highest at 28 days after casting. Also, during
each testing, the compressive strength of the concrete mixes was observed to be highest at 0.55
water-cement ratio.

In a similar way, the variations of weight, density and compressive strength of lateritic concrete
mixes with water-cement ratios are shown in Table 2. The compressive strength of lateritic concrete
mixes was also observed to decrease with increase in water-cement ratio and increase with age; the
highest value was exhibited at 28 days after casting.
Figure 3 shows the plot of compressive strength versus water-cement ratio while Figure 4 shows
the plot of compressive strength of lateritic concrete versus age. It was found that water-cement
ratio above 0.65 causes a very significant reduction in the compressive strength of the lateritic
concrete mixes. This is in contrast to the performance of the concrete mixes which shows consistent
decrease of compressive strength with increase in water-cement ratio. The bar chart representations
of the variations of compressive strength of concrete mixes and lateritic concrete mixes versus
water-cement ratio, for different ageing periods, are respectively shown in Figures 5 and 6.

3.2 EFFECT OF WATER-CEMENT RATIOS ON THE WORKABILITY OF

CONCRETE AND LATERITIC MIXES
Table 3 shows the results of the slump test on concrete and lateritic concrete.
Table 3: Results of Slump Test on Concrete and Lateritic Concrete Mixes. he s lp tes t meas ures the fluidity of concrete. Under conditions o f unifo rm operat ion, changes in s lump indicate change in mate rials , mix p roporti ons or the water conten ts . In the s lump tes t carr ied out, the s lumps of 0.55 to 0.70 a re clas s ified true in concrete m ixes , i.e., the water contents are not enoug h to caus e s hear. For 0.80 water -cement rat io, the water content is s uch that the fluidi ty of the mixture is la rge enough to caus e collaps e of the concrete cone. However, in lateritic concrete the s lumps of 0.55 to 0.80 are all clas s ified tr ue, i.e., the water contents are
not enough to caus e s hear

The slump test measures the fluidity of concrete. Under conditions of uniform operation, changes
in slump indicate change in materials, mix proportions or the water contents. In the slump test
carried out, the slumps of 0.55 to 0.70 are classified true in concrete mixes, i.e., the water contents
are not enough to cause shear. For 0.80 water-cement ratio, the water content is such that the fluidity
of the mixture is large enough to cause collapse of the concrete cone. However, in lateritic concrete
the slumps of 0.55 to 0.80 are all classified true, i.e., the water contents are not enough to cause
shear.

4.CONCLUSION
From the analysis of the tests carried out, it was revealed that increase in water-cement ratio causes
reduction effect on the compressive strength of both concrete and lateritic concrete mixes. However,
the compressive strength of both concrete and lateritic concrete mixes increases with age.
Water-cement ratio above 0.65 was found to cause a very significant reduction in the compressive
strength of the lateritic concrete mixes. This is in contrast to the performance of the concrete mixes
which show consistent decrease of compressive strength with increase in water-cement ratio.
For 0.80 water-cement ratio, the water content is such that the fluidity of the mixture is large
enough.And also if the amount of water added in the mix is greater beyond the requaired or from
its design value,it cause fordecreament in workablity and to get a concrete mix with weak calcium-
silicate-hydrate /C-S-H/ but generally the out come of not maintaing a proper water cement ratio
whould be.
 not achiving required comperssive strength of concrete.
 reduction of concrete durablity due to higher permablity.
 loss of fresh concrete properties.
 workablity of concrete can be expressed in terms of consistency and cohessiveness.
 for agiven slum,the water requrement generally decreases when:
 the maximum size of well greaded aggerigate is increased.
 the contente of angular and rough textured particles in aggerigate is rduced.
 the amount of entaired air in the concrete mixture is increased.

5. RECOMMENDATION
The use of lateritic materials for concrete should be discouraged because the workability is poor
and there is a lot of void that have adverse effect on the strength.Even though it is not excuted
through experment,to have a well proportion water/cement implmentation,we should have skilled
full man power graduated specfically in human resource management and in designing w/c and its
measuring standarde tools.

6. Reference
 www.holcim.lk sample document on the effect of water-cement ratio.
 ACI mix design.
 ASTUM
 Hand book of construction material.
 Worked examples on mixing design documents focusing on effects of water-cement
ratio.
 Lafe, O. 1986. Elements of Reinforced Concrete Design. Macmillan Publishers:
London, UK.
 Mataiwal, D.S. and D. Adepegba. 1989. “Report of Soil Tests for New Lecture
Theatre Site”. Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University: Bauchi, Nigeria.
 Meshiba, E.A. 1987. “Genetic Influence on Compaction and CBR Characteristics of
the Three Lateritic Soils in Ile-Ife Area of Southwest Nigeria”. Proceedings 9th
African Region Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation. Lagos, Nigeria. 461-
465.

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BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF CIVIL AND WATER RESOURCE ENGINEERING

FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT

PREPARED BY: MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN

Mentor: _________________________________ signature: _________________

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page I

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page II

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page III

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page IV

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page V

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR Page VI

1. Introduction to the hosting company

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 1

1.2 Overall Organizational Workflow Chart

Figure 1. Organizational Workflow Chart

1.3 Job Description

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 2

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 3

1.5 Owned Equipment and plant

1.6 Current active projects of the company

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 4

2 Overall Internship Experience

 A mixed use building project located at Sefene Selam kebelle 04

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 5

2.2.2 Undertaken Tasks and Procedures

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 6

Figure 2. Procedural approach for base line establishment

Figure 3. Base line Establishment using angle and distance values

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 7

Subsidiary offset lines can then be set off at right angles

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 8

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 9

Figure 7. Continuous profile

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 10

Component Rate of Heat Ultimate

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 11

Figure 8. Honey Combing of Concrete

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 12

Figure 9. Fracturing Effect of Rounded Aggregate

Deleterious substance Maximum percentage by

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 13

Table 3. Deleterious Substances in Fine Aggregates

Deleterious substance Maximum percentage

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 14

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 15

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 16

How to Remove Cement Bags

Temporary On-Site Storage of Cement

How Does Storage Affect the Strength of Cement?

Table 4. Relationship between Age of Cement and Its Strength

ii. Reinforcement bar placing, curtailing and splicing

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 17

 BAR DIAMETER*40=THE OVER LAPPING DISTANCE

Table 5. Bar Diameter and respective Overlapping distances

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 18

 The diameter of the bar that we use for the mesh.

Figure 10. Beam Reinforcement Figure 11. Slab Reinforcement

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 19

Figure 12. Different types Reinforcement tying

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 20

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 21

 improper stripping and shore removal

MEZEKIR ANTEHUNEGN @ KOKEB BIAZEN BUILDING CONTRACTOR 22

Figure 13. Column and Beam Formworks

Mentor: _________________ signature: _