Dilla University internship report on construction project management

DILLA UNIVERSITY ABWC ENTERPRISE
UNIVERSITY OF THE GREENLAND

[DILLA UNIVERSITY] Internship report
DILLA UNIVERSITY ABWCENTERPRISE
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
HOSTING COMPANY: - AMHARA BUILDING WORKS CONSTRUCTION
ENTERPRISE
TITLE: - INTERNSHIP REPORT
DURATION: - FOUR MONTHS (JUNE-SEPTEMBER 2021 G.C)
ADVISER: - YARED TILAHUN (M.Sc.)
ABWC ENTERPRISE SUPERVISOR: - ABEBE ALEMAYEHU (M.Sc.)
PREPERD BY: - DANIEL YILKAL………………. ID NO :- RTCH-5687/17
DILLA, ETHIOPIA (2021 GC.)
PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

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Declaration
I, DANIEL YILKAL hereby declare that this internship report is prepared and submitted by
me under the guidance and supervision of my academic mentor, Mr. YARED TILAHUN. I
want to express that I have successfully followed the activities in the site and achieved my
mission during the internship periods. In addition, I had compiled this report according to
writing guideline for an internship attached by university industry linkage and community
services (UILCS), office of the institute.
Finally, I can assure that the report contains all the events and procedures that I observed and
performed during the internship periods.
_________________________ _______________
Student Signature
_________________________ _______________
Mentor Signature
_________________________ _______________
Supervisor Signature

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Acknowledgement
Above all, I want to thank the ALMIGHTY GOD for what I have done for me until today,
blessing my life and giving me patience and strength to finish this internship report and
internship project.
Then, I would like to express my humble and deepest gratitude to Amhara Building Works
Construction Enterprise and workers of an enterprise Especially for project manager (Engineer
ABEBE ALEMAYEHU (MSc. CEng)), site engineer (Engineer SOLOMON (MSc. CEng)),
office engineer (Mr.TYACHEW METALGN), consult engineer (Mr. GETENET), construction
Forman’s (Mr.DEGISEW and Mr. TSEHANEH), data collector (Mr. ZERIHUN and Mr.
DEMISEW) and other who help me on each and every part of site and office work to respond
questions without being bored by sacrifice their working time.
Finally, my gratitude goes to Dilla University College of engineering and technology for their
effort to organize and deliver such important program. And also thanks to instructor YARED
TILAHUN (MSc) who is Dilla University Advisor for providing me with the chance of
exploring difference Knowledge from internship project.

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Executive summary
This is a report, which I have prepared to make a representative document for my four-month
internship program. It is all about the practical knowledge I gained, the value added and the
new brand idea I was grasped through the continuous support of my supervisor. Moreover, this
report is an outcome of the exercise I conducted during my internship period at AMHARA
BUILDING WORKS CONSTRUCTION ENTERPRISE.
In these report, I was tried to describe about the company’s profile and background that I have
worked by including brief history, objectives, vision, mission, main products or services, and
the overall organization.
In addition to that, I was tried to describe briefly about the overall internship experience, which,
all works conducted on the site, the tasks I performed, and the ideal things that I inspected are
dealt on. In addition, I was describing on tasks that I was able to understand both in office and
on site of supper structure by including details starting from the entry to the company to the
challenges that I faced and the measures that I tried to take during the course of the program.
I have also presented my observations and experiences during the intern time about the overall
benefits I gained from the internship program. I was tried to discuss the skills that I gained
which are proven to be quite helpful in the long run. And mention detail benefits are dealt on
based on aspects such as improving and upgrading:- practical skills, theoretical skill, team
playing skill, interpersonal communication skill, work ethics, leadership skill and
entrepreneurship skill.
Finally, at the end I cease my report with conclusion and recommendation to the concerned
sectors. Accordingly, I tried to conclude in short how the internship program was looks like
and the overall company’s performance in which I have been practiced. Moreover, I
recommended the companies and university that I thought it would be indispensable for their
success.

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Table of content
Declaration ............................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................................. ii
Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ iii
Table of content ..................................................................................................................................... iv
List of tables............................................................................................................................................ v
List of figures ......................................................................................................................................... vi
Abbreviation ......................................................................................................................................... vii
1. BACKGROUND OF HOSTING COMPANY ............................................................................... 1
1.1. History of ABWC enterprise .................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Vision....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.3. Mission .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.4. Strategic directions ................................................................................................................. 1
1.5. Main products and services of ABWC Enterprise ................................................................... 2
1.6. Main customers or the end users of ABWC enterprise’s ........................................................ 2
1.7. Overall organization and work flow ........................................................................................ 4
2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE .................................................................................... 5
2.1. How I get into the company.................................................................................................... 5
2.2. The section that I had been working in .................................................................................. 5
2.3. Work tasks I have been executing .......................................................................................... 8
2.4. The procedure I followed while performing my tasks .......................................................... 25
2.5. Qualities I have been in performing my work tasks. ............................................................ 26
2.6. Challenges faced me while performing work task ................................................................ 26
2.7. Measures I took to overcome my challenge ......................................................................... 27
3. OVER ALL BENEFITS THAT I HAVE GAINED FROM THIS INTERNSHIP PROGRAM .. 28
3.1. Practical skills ........................................................................................................................ 28
3.2. Theoretical Knowledge ......................................................................................................... 28
3.3. Interpersonal Communication Skill ....................................................................................... 29
3.4. Team Playing Skill .................................................................................................................. 29
3.5. Leadership Skill ..................................................................................................................... 29
3.6. Work Ethics Issues................................................................................................................. 29
3.7. Entrepreneurship skill ........................................................................................................... 30
CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................... 31
RECOMMENDATION ........................................................................................................................ 32
REFERENCE........................................................................................................................................ 33
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................................................... 34

iv
List of tables
Table 1-removing period of formwork for structures .............................................................. 15
Table 2-moment distribution.................................................................................................... 20
Table 3-different grades of concrete used in our site ............................................................... 23

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List of figures
Figure 1 combolcha administration building (G+7) .................................................................. 2
Figure 2 bure industry shed........................................................................................................ 2
Figure 3 ABWC Enterprise head office G+7 & G+5 twin building. ......................................... 2
Figure 4 road constructions carried out by ABWCE ................................................................ 2
Figure 5 overall organization work flow of Amhara building works construction enterprise... 4
Figure 6 gojjam cultural center auditorium building aerial view and auditorium interior ........ 5
Figure 7-site staff organizational chart ...................................................................................... 5
Figure 8 takeoff sheet format ..................................................................................................... 9
Figure 9 bar schedule format ................................................................................................... 10
Figure 10 bill of quantity format .............................................................................................. 10
Figure 11 cost break down format ........................................................................................... 10
Figure 12 grand summary format ............................................................................................ 11
Figure 13 sample payment certificate ...................................................................................... 11
Figure 14 beam formwork ....................................................................................................... 12
Figure 15 -column formwork construction .............................................................................. 13
Figure 16-flat slab formwork ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 17-flat slab formwork ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 18-stair formwork ......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 19-column spacer.......................................................................................................... 14
Figure 20-checking H. alignment ............................................................................................ 14
Figure 21- checking V. alignment ........................................................................................... 14
Figure 22 false works ............................................................................................................... 15
Figure 23-position of beam reinforcements ............................................................................. 16
Figure 25-column construction ................................................................................................ 18
Figure 26-stair reinforcement .................................................................................................. 19
Figure 27-solid slab reinforcement .......................................................................................... 20
Figure 28-column strip and middle strip reinforcement for positive moment ......................... 20
Figure 29-column strip and middle strip reinforcements for positive and negative moment .. 21
Figure 30-shear wall construction ............................................................................................ 21
Figure 31-concrete mixing ....................................................................................................... 23
Figure 32- Concrete transporting using barilla and chute ........................................................ 24
Figure 33-compaction of concrete ........................................................................................... 25

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Abbreviation
1. BC….........................Building Contractor.
2. GC….........................General Contractor.
3. ABWC enterprise….........Amhara Building Works Construction Enterprise.
4. EBCS…...Ethiopian Building Codes and Standards.
5. ANRS …..........Amhara National Regional State.
6. C30… Concrete grade having compressive strength of 30Mpa.
7. ETB: Ethiopian birr.
8. L*W*D: Length*Width*Depth.
9. Mpa: mega Pascal.
10. RC: Reinforced concrete.
11. UIL: University industry linkage.
12. Φ: Diameter.
13. 1:2:3: 1bag cement, 2 volume of sand, 3 volume of aggregate.

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1. BACKGROUND OF HOSTING COMPANY
1.1. History of ABWC enterprise
ABWC Enterprise is governmental enterprise of the Amhara regional state, which has
marvelous success stories in the building construction. Prior to 2016, the Enterprise under the
names of ANRS housing development project office and ANRS construction and housing
development Agency had been able to undertake several projects.
Since 2006 GC, the Amhara national regional state has been implementing a government-led
low and middle-income housing program. The program had a mission to alleviate the housing
problem in the region. The ANRS Housing development project office was assigned to
coordinate the low cost condominium projects, which were initially implemented in 8 major
cities of the region. The number of the beneficiary cities has reached from 8 to 12 in two years
of period. The council of the Amhara regional government has passed a regulation bill
no.131/2015, which gave the legal basis for the establishment of the Enterprise. The company
with an initial capital of 964,838,269.00 ETB is established as a public enterprise of the
regional government.
1.2. Vision
Our vision is to be among the top building construction enterprise in east Africa in 2025.
1.3. Mission
To build and deliver high quality and cost effective building constructions on schedule for our
clients; to produce construction input materials and apply updated construction technologies;
to contribute our share for the sustainable development and gap filling of the sector.
1.4. Strategic directions
The strategic directions of the enterprise supposed to achieve its mission are:
 Making efficient organization structure and identifying potential area of investment.
 Maintaining technical and managerial competency.
 Enhancing the employees’ Knowledge and Skill.
 Promoting and realizing of KAIZEN philosophy based material management.
 Getting and establishing trust and confidence among the public as well as with the state
administration.
 Getting full access of information regarding the new development trend locally and
globally.
 Building of work atmosphere free of rent seeking attitude and practice.

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1.5. Main products and services of ABWC Enterprise
ABWC Enterprise In the period of 2006 – 2012 GC, the ANRS
project office had, successfully, completed over 836
Condominiums ranging from G+2 to G+4. These
Condominiums has enabled to alleviate the housing problems
of 20093(twenty thousand ninety three) people. and different
type of buildings (G+0) to (G+7) in different town for different
purpose. Figure 1 combolcha administration
building (G+7)
Amhara building works construction enterprise delivers:
 Services in general contracting.
 Services in consulting.
 Services in construction management.
 Services in the production and sales of agro-stone
technology based products (Partition walls, roof Figure 2 bure industry shed
ceilings, doors, windows, skirts and so on...)
 Services in the production of aggregates of various
size (00; 01; 02).
 Services in the production of hollow cement block of
various size.
 Services in construction material test (HCB test,
Aggregate test, Silt content test).
Figure 3 ABWC Enterprise head office
 Services in machinery and vehicles rental.
G+7 & G+5 twin building.
1.6. Main customers or the end users of ABWC enterprise’s
Since its establishment as housing development project office in
2006 G C, the company had taken several contract agreements
with a total sum of above 3 billion Birr, which are completed and
delivered for their end users or clients. Few of them are listed as
follows:
 Peoples live in different town: Since ABC works
Enterprise built 836 Condominiums of five typologies Figure 4 road constructions carried
ranging from G+2 to G+4 in 12 Towns of the region. out by ABWCE

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 University Student: Such as Condominiums for Students dormitory G+3 and G+4, in
Debretabor University. And Condominiums for Students dormitory G+3 and G+4, in
Woldiya University.
 Different Enterprises: Since 62 Production Buildings (G+0 to G+4) for micro and
small enterprises in different town of country. In addition, Buildings for new Plywood
factories in D/Markos, Enjibara and Combolcha Buildings for new gypsum factory in
Dejen are built by ABC Works enterprise.
 Students: 48 High Schools in various Weredas of the Amhara Region. And High
Schools in various Weredas of the Benshangulgumz Region.
At present time, ABC Works Enterprise is engaging in several ongoing construction project
works. The Total contract amount of these projects exceeds 2 billion birr. Few of ongoing
projects are:
 Oromo zone’s office Building, Kemissie, (G+6).
 Gojjam Cultural and Auditorium Building (G+3).
 Bahirdar and gonder industry zone.
 Cmbolcha administration office (G+7).
 South Gondar zone administration office (G+4).

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1.7. Overall organization and work flow
Figure 5 overall organization work flow of Amhara building works

construction enterprise

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2. OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPERIENCE
2.1. How I get into the company
The university has an internship program that allows students to get practical knowledge; we
had detailed orientation by the internship coordinators and our department head.
I get into the company-sending letter that was gin to us by the university industry linkage (UIL)
officer to the company office. Soon the project manager positively accepted my request to work
as an intern student on the company.
I decided to work on this company for two reasons. Firs, the company was located in my
hometown Debre Markos. The second reasons is that, the company is well organized in which
i can learn a lot from the experienced engineer and other staff members.
2.2. The section that I had been working in
In ABC Works enterprise on Gojjam Cultural Center
Auditorium building project, there were two working
sections, office and site. I had no specific work position in
the company, but i have been working in different sections
of the company (site). To develop and improve my
practical skills I was spent my time more on the site. I had
been working on the side of the consultant and site
supervisor in office then my role was not only limited to
visiting sites and practically understanding the job but my
role was also to make some, quantity takeoffs, bar
Figure 6 gojjam cultural center
schedules of the project Gojjam Cultural auditorium auditorium building aerial view and
auditorium interior
building in office.
The workflow in sections of the site works was good and the power is come from the manager
and transfer to the other system. In the following chart show, the workflow of the hosting
company and work breakdown of Gojjam cultural center Auditorium building project as
follows:
Figure 7-site staff organizational chart

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Project manager:
He/she is the person who manages and control the overall activities in a given project. All the
departments are responsible to the project manager. Each department of a given construction
project should submit report work executed, work plan/schedule in daily, weekly, and monthly
bases.
Some Responsibilities of a Project manager include but not limited to the following:
 Monitor the work progress on hand.
 Analyze work progress ahead, predict any difficulties, and prepare a proper mitigation.
 Prepare and offer subcontractor agreements.
 Examine takeoff sheets and payment certificates and ask payment for works executed.
 Reviewing reports produced by the office engineer.
 Go through the reports, schedules, and material request submitted by the construction
engineer.
 Validating subcontractor’s payment.
 Approving material request and ordering the materials through the project
administration for their purchase, etc.
Sit engineer:
the Site Engineer is the one who is closer to the construction work and he/she gives more
clarification and guidance of the site work. The Site Engineer is assigned at a particular site if
the construction project consists different sites and he/she works closer with construction crew.
Among different important activities that the Site Engineer, some of them are:
 Follow – ups excavation, bar bending, formwork installation, and concrete casting
works.
 Works closely with the General Forman and the construction crew.
 Organizes and prepares weekly/monthly report.
 Verifying/preparing takeoff sheets of executed work.
 Check and correct subcontractor payment certificate.
 Quantifying and requesting material need for the work that is going to be executed.
 Reporting and submitting daily output in site diary.
Office engineer:
The main responsibilities of the Office Engineer is preparation of the weekly and monthly
reports of the activities on the project and reporting to the project manager and Head Office.

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Among the activities of the Office Engineer is reporting on the cost and benefit that the
company made.
Among major Office Engineer activities, some of them are:
 Organization and preparation of financial reports and financial progress,
 Preparation of the Payment Certificate
 Analysis/Preparation of the direct cost,
 Computation of weekly and monthly expense of
o Labor.
o Machinery and equipment, and
o Material.
 Preparation of working drawing,
 Limited redesign work for checking the original drawing provided by the consulting
agent,
 Compiling and reporting data collected from the Data Collectors and Quantity
Surveyors, etc.
Administrator:
Most contactor consists project administrator. This person is very important in the way that any
financial activities and construction material store is managed by him. Some of the
responsibilities of the Administrator are:
 Paying approved payments.
 Buying approved materials requested by the construction head.
 Paying wage for daily labor worker.
 Managing and administrating site store.
 Managing equipment maintenance shop and personnel, etc...
General Forman:
This person is very important construction personnel in monitoring the site activity and works
closely with the Site Engineer. He/she should get assistance and clarification on project design
drawings and he/she should guide the construction crew in achieving the desired output.
Some of the activities performed by the General Forman are:
 Understanding and interpreting project design drawings:
o Structural drawings.
o Electrical drawings.
o Sanitary drawings.

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o Architectural drawings.
 Guiding the Chief Carpenter, Gang Chief, Mason, Electrician, and labors.
 Monitoring and follow up:
o Bar bending, reinforcement assembly, and arrangement,
o Excavation works.
o Formwork installation.
o Electric conduit laying.
o Concrete casting. Etc…
 Reporting and discussing site challenges with the Site Engineer.
Data collector:
He/she collects project work data. The data collected include daily work executed,
subcontractor work quantity, material on site, number of construction crew with their title, etc.
Then, this is reported and submitted to the Office Engineer for report preparation and
documentation purpose.
The data collector will be responsible for the following duties:
 Collecting of daily work activities including material, labor and machineries and time
taken for each work item.
 Preparation of cost analysis for all activities as per construction schedule in
coordination with site engineer.
 Prepare take off sheet
 Prepare site diary
 Prepare monthly report coordinate with office engineer.
2.3. Work tasks I have been executing
While performing my task at the company, I have noticed how every activity was going in its
own working procedure. In this section of my report, I will try to describe some of the activities
that I have performed in my hosting company. Throughout the internship session, I engaged
and executed both office and site work.
2.3.1. Office work:
Office work are works that are carried in the office mainly divided in to the technical and
management part. Ongoing site work resorts and problems against execution of works are
recorded and reported in the office. The main tasks conducted in the office includes:

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2.3.1.1. Preparation of work plan/method of statement
The method of statement is prepare before the construction is start. and prepared by project
manager and the site engineer. Construction work method statements are essential for the safe
construction of building works that meet the client’s performance requirements. This technical
note describes the process of writing and method of statement and gives guidance on
appropriate structure and contents. The method of statement will be concerned with safety,
quality and logistic (human resource, equipment and material) for an activity of work.
2.3.1.2. Preparation of work methodology
The working methodology is one of the pat of method of statement and specified by following
as the contract document. As technical specification is the guideline for the execution of the
construction activity, the work is to be performed in line with this bill of quantity (BOQ).
The following is sample work methodology for placing of reinforcement bar that I see in the
office and execute in the site.
 Preparing Bar Schedule.
 Preparing appropriate reinforcement as per the bar schedule.
 Place the reinforcement inside the formwork
 Polish the reinforcement bar before concreting if there is any rust.
2.3.1.3. Preparation of takeoff sheet
This is a process of measuring or scaling dimensions from drawings and recording all
dimensions in an easily understandable format. These special formats are called “Takeoff
sheets” or “Dimension Paper.
Figure 8 takeoff sheet format

The purpose of each column
Column 1 is used for stating the number of times an item occurs and is called the timesing
column. Forward slash is followed after the unit less number. It means ‘times’.
Column 2 is called dimension column as it is used to enter the dimensions of the items of
works. The dimensions are entered in the order of Length, Width & Height or thickness.

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Column 3 is called squaring column. The stated dimensions in column 2 are multiplied to
determine the quantity of the work either in m, m2, m3 or in pcs. Or No.
Column 4 is called description column and description of the work item in squaring column is
Briefly stated.
2.3.1.4. Preparation of bar schedule
A separate sheet (Bar Schedule) is used to prepare reinforcement quantities as shown below.
Figure 9 bar schedule format

2.3.1.5. Preparation of bill of quantity
It is the format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of the
Specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total
cost for each trade of item.
Figure 10 bill of quantity format

2.3.1.6. Preparing cost break down
Used to estimate the amount of direct labor, equipment, and material cost.
Figure 11 cost break down format

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2.3.1.7. Preparation of grand summary
This format is the total summary that select from the total quantity at each work item.
Figure 12 grand summary format

2.3.1.8. Preparation of payment certificate
Payment certificates should be prepared on official formats. And should be signed by the
supervisor, consultant, client, and the contractor.
Figure 13 sample payment certificate

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2.3.1.9. Preparation of site diary
A site diary is also known as construction log or site journal or company log. Have the
following advantages:
 Identify the number of labor.
 Identify the shortage of material.
 Identify the shortage of labor.
 Identify waste time in day-to-day activities by different reasons.
2.3.1.10. Some documents stored in the office:
 One copy of the contract agreement.
 One set of approved drawings.
 One set of approved bill of quantities and specifications.
 One copy of General Conditions of contract.
 One set of approved Ethiopian standards, and BS.
2.3.2. Site work
When I came to this site the construction work of the substructures are almost finished only I
have seen the grade beam from sub structure and at the super structure I have seen the following
structures and work executing at the site. Like beam, column, slab, staircase, shear wall (lift),
hunched beam etc...
2.3.2.1. Formwork
Formwork is a temporary structural element, designed and erected to safely supporting vertical
and lateral load of fluid concrete until the concrete sets and support self and other applied loads
on the structure.
One should always remember that these works should be constructed in such a way that
removal of formwork can be done easily as planned.
In our site, we use three types of formworks as listed below:
 Steel formwork: used for circular columns and other circular structure.
 Plywood: we use plywood for casting of shear wall structure in the site.
 Wooden formwork: we use this for all rectangular and square structure of the site
(footing pad, foundation columns, grade beams…………).
Formwork for beams:
The carpenters prepare all the material then began their work with
fixing the timber PONTE AND SPONDA (site term) referring soffit
and Side of beam at the right position with or without the false work.
Figure 14 beam formwork

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Formwork for columns:
Generally, the formwork construction held for the elevation and foundation column as a whole.
To construct these columns the first step was standing the reinforcement bars. The length,
number of the bars and amount of stirrups were taken from the detail drawing of the plan.
Figure 15 -column formwork construction
The construction was began from the base which is called KRACHARI (in ordinary word) used
as fixing in the position of the preceding stages. And members called GANCHO (in ordinary
word) used as tying the eucalyptus on the floor during construction, those GANCHO will be
cut after finishing our work even if they serve as stirrup for common house construction they
are wastage in such projects like.
Slab formwork:
Slab formwork is installed using props commonly called Cristi. The props are mainly used for
the purpose of supporting the Soffit formwork. They are erected so that they could have
consistent height and form a level surface for laying the bottom formwork of the slab,
commonly called Fondo.
Figure 17-flat slab formwork
Figure 16-flat slab formwork

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Slab formwork and beams formworks are usually built up together. In addition to that, they are
casted at same time. These formworks basically consists bottom soffit and side formwork,
commonly known as Sponda. In my company, I observed flat slab formwork and concrete
casting.
Stair formwork:
Firs erect eucalyptus and set formwork by take
caring the inclination of the stair. Setting the
reinforcement as per the drawing and fix the riser
formwork. Take car the formwork at the landing for
remove pin connection of the concrete by adding the
length of the going.
Figure 18-stair formwork
Techniques that we should taking care while preparing formwork:

 Horizontal alignment: - to maintain columns position and to avoid torsion effect.
Checked by LIGNA (in ordinary word) (see figure 19).
 Vertical alignment: - to check columns slope and to avoid eccentric moment they used
plumb bob(TUMBI) to saw the alignment was correct(see figure 18).
 Opening: - at top of the formwork there is an opening used for pouring and vibrating
of the concrete. We fill the concrete to a depth of 1.5 m from total column height 3.00
m of elevation column in order to avoid segregation.
Spacer: - are provided for face of column as concrete cover (see figure 20).
Figure 19-column spacer Figure 20-checking H. alignment Figure 21- checking V. alignment

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Removal period of formwork:

Structure Removal time
Vertical formwork to columns, walls and beams 16 hours
Soffit formwork to slab, stair 21 days
Proposed to slabs 14 days
Soffit formwork to beams 21 days
Proposed to beams 14 days
Table 1-removing period of formwork for structures
2.3.2.2. Scaffolding
Scaffolding is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the
construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all of man made structures.
Scaffolding supports formwork and other structures (such as precast girders). These are:
Christy:
Christy made as long as the story height from floor slab to the beam of the next floor, it support
the soffit form work of the beam & distribute the load coming from the beam to the lower floor
slab, it was fixed with a horizontal structure call it “mager ”.
Ponty:
Ponty are structures which support the soffit formwork of slab temporarily & distribute the
load coming from slab.
Figure 22 false works
2.3.2.3. Beam
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by resisting
bending moment, shear and torsion effect. Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces

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but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (i.e. loads due to an earthquake or wind). The
loads carried by a beam are transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the
force to adjacent structural compression members.
Beam reinforcement:
Generally, there are three types of reinforcement in beam namely negative, positive and stirrups
reinforcement.
Positive bars: These kinds of bars are mainly used to resist the positive moment. This moment
is mostly developed at the mid span on the beams and these positive bars are placed at the mid
span.
Negative bars: These are bars used to resist negative moment. Most of the time they are found
at the support of the beams. They are placed on 1/3 of span length from the center of the column
to top, where bending moment is maximum.
Stirrups: There is bars that placed to provide diagonal shear resistance it‟ called “stafa” (site
term). The spacing of stirrups near the support is closer than the span since there is a high shear
force up to one-third of the beam and maximum at “d” distance from the center of the beam
column connection. The main purpose of stirrup in beam is to resist the diagonal shear faller
or to resist the continuous diagonal crack of beam.
Figure 23-position of beam reinforcements
Lapping should be fulfill the following criteria as EN standard:

 Laps between bars should normally be staggered and not located in areas of high
moments/forces.
 At any section should normally be arranged symmetrically.

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 The clear distance between lapped bars should not be greater than 4Φ or 50 mm,
otherwise the lap length should be increased by a length equal to the clear space where
it exceeds 4Φ or 50 mm;
 The longitudinal distance between two adjacent laps should not be less than 0,3 times
the lap length, l0;
 In case of adjacent laps, the clear distance between adjacent bars should not be less than
2Φ or 20 mm.
2.3.2.4. Column
A column is a vertical structural member transmitting axial compression loads with or without
moments. Column support mainly vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these
loads to the foundation. Usually column is called compression member, because the
compression forces or stresses dominate their behavior. In addition, most columns are
subjected to moment as well as axial load. The bending action may produce tensile forces over
a part of the cross section.
Any building structure loads increase as we go down to the ground and so bottom structural
members are properly configured that they carry all super structural loads above it and transfer
safely to the foundation. Hence the sections of columns in upper stores are reduced as they
have to carry lesser loads. But center lines of columns must coincide accurately for various
columns of different stores.
Each column diameter, reinforcement etc. is not the same. Their reinforcement size and length
are vary this is because of load variability.
Longitudinal (main) bars:-secured to starter bars projecting from the column or foundation
below. It works with the concrete to carry the compressive loads and they resist the tensile
stresses.

17
Links (ties) stirrups: - these are wrapped around the vertical bar to prevent buckling and the
definition as beam for shear failure prevention.
Figure 24-column construction

How to check vertical and horizontal alignment of column:
The Forman check the column before and after the formwork is casted. Before concrete is
placed, vertical and horizontal alignment should be checked.
The horizontal alignment of column is checked by measuring distance from alignment rope to
formwork by using the center-to-center distance from the drawing.
The vertical alignment of column is checked by plum bob.
1. Extend plum bob (TUMBI) from tip to down ward
2. After a plum bob (TUMBI) is arrest; measure the distance at top, middle and bottom part
between end point of form work and plum bob. Then, if the measured distance at every point
is equal, we say that the column is vertically aligned
As we discussed above the lap length of column is 40Φ mm as per EBCS.
2.3.2.5. Stair
The staircase is structure, which is an important component of a building, and create the means
of access between the various floors in the building. It consists of a flight of steps, usually with
one or more intermediate landings (horizontal slab platforms) provided between the floor
levels. The horizontal top portion of a step (where the foot rests) is termed tread and the vertical
projection of the step (i.e., the vertical distance between two neighboring steps) is called riser.
Reinforcement bar for stair:
Proper detailing of the longitudinal bars is required at the junction of the flight and landing
slab. The bottom bars in the waist slab should not be continued to the bottom of the upper

18
landing slab at the reentrant corner, but extended to the top of the landing slab. This is to prevent
the bars (in tension) from breaking out at reentrant corners.
Figure 25-stair reinforcement
2.3.2.6. Slab
Slabs are structural part of a building that transmit load acting on it normal to their plane and
then to beam. It is widely used for firm floors and roof of the building. Their aim is to provide
a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of a building, equipment’s, furniture’s and
sometimes-internal partitions. . They are supported by either beams or walls or directly by
columns.
Solid slab:
It is a type of slab, which has beams mostly have higher thickness than the slab. In the site this
slab has a thickness of 15 cm.
Tension loads on the slab resisted by providing positive and negative reinforcement.
Positive reinforcement should be at the bottom in longitudinal and transversal direction of the
span. Field moment reaches quickly to the long span length than the short span length.
Short length bars have a tendency of bending than long length bars that is why short bars are
put at the bottom.
Top reinforcement used to resist negative moment. If the span was at the edge, the top
reinforcement bends L/3 of its span length serves as negative(for support moment)
reinforcement.

19
Figure 26-solid slab reinforcement

Flat slab:
As we saw in the class and the science of flat slab have two portions to transfer loads from slab
to directly to the column with or without drop panels and/or column head by using,
 Column strip.
 Middle strip.
Therefore, I will write and indicate in the following form when l saw in the site. In addition, l
will try to compare the fieldwork and the paper work.
Flat slabs have support moment and field or span moment. The support moments are negative
but the span moment are positive moment. However, these two moments are distribute through
column and middle strip of the slab. The distribution of moments are shown below in the table.
Moment Column strip Middle strip
At the support 75% 25%
At the span 55% 45%
Table 2-moment distribution

Therefore, by using the above table we can distribute the moments. These is all about the
definition. But how to set the rebar’s we can see in the following figures.
Figure 27-column strip and middle strip reinforcement for positive moment

20
The rebar found in column strip transfer/carry moments approximately 55% of the total positive
moment. Lx/4m in both side of the center of the column.
Middle strip reinforcement of the carry approximately 45% of the total positive moment.
Lx/4m in both side of the center of the column.
Figure 28-column strip and middle strip reinforcements for positive and negative moment
2.3.2.7. Shear wall

Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system; they can resist forces
directed along the length of the wall. Shear wall is very important for the structure to have
sufficient strength against vertical loads together with adequate stiffness to resist lateral forces.
Figure 29-shear wall construction
2.3.2.8. Expansion joint

Expansion joint is used to:
 To prevent failure of the building; when using expansion joint the failure of some parts
of the block is not affect the adjacent block.

21
 To maintain the building easily when the part of the building is fail accidentally or
finished its life time, it is possible to maintain only the failure part of the building or
block without the effect of the adjacent buildings or blocks.
 To protect differential settlement; the settlement of one block is no or less effect for the
other block.
2.3.2.9. Concrete work
Concrete work is obtained by mixing aggregate, cement, sand and water. Properties of concrete
depends on:
 The amount and type of cement
 The amount of fine and coarse aggregate (aggregate gradation)
 Water to cement ratio
 Curing of concrete and
 Temperature and humidity during mixing, transporting, and placing
First, we have to check the following ingredients before we start mixing the concrete:
Cement:
Cement is used as a binder between sand and the coarse aggregate. The binding ability depends
on the type of cement used and the water-cement ratio. Cement should be stored separately
from other items and should be protected from contact of moisture. For a particular project type
of cement should be selected. Ordinary Portland Cement or Pozolonic Portland Cement are
different types of cement Company Brands. In the site we have been working the type of
cement used are: Derban Cement (the one mostly used), East Cement, and Muger Cement.
Aggregate and sand:
Consists of naturally occurring sand, and basaltic stone gravel. Aggregate used in cement
should be clean, hard, sharp and durable. Moreover, have to be free from excessive dust and
harmful material like iron, mica, shale.
Each grade of crushed gravel is stored separately in well drained and in a place which prevent
any possibility of intermixing.
Sand is used to avoid the presence of voids, which prevent segregation, and it reduces the
amount of cement that would have been used.
Water:
Water is an important ingredient of concrete as it actively participates in the chemical reaction
with cement. Water has two advantages in concrete mix. This are it reacts chemically with
cement and it lubricates all other materials and makes the concrete workable.

22
In this section we will see about mix proportion of concrete, mixing of concrete, transportation,
conveying, placing of concrete, curing of concrete, and other related topics about concrete
work.
Mix proportions:
The mix proportion is different for different construction part of the building. It is essential to
produce appropriate mix design using the proposed proportion or trial mixes and tests to
achieve the required strength.
In our site the mix is proportioned by using a gauge box, manufactured from plywood with
dimensions 40 * 50cm, the depth varies depending on the grade of concrete. For example, for
C25 the depth is 20cm and for C30, 18cm. However, the mix ratio remains the same 1:2:3 (1
cement to 2 Sand to 3 aggregate) because the depth balance the grade of concrete.
Concrete class mix- ratio Box dimension(cm)
C-5 1:4:6 20*40*50
C-25 1:2:3 20*40*50
C-30 1:2:3 18*40*50
Table 3-different grades of concrete used in our site
Mixing of concrete:
The concrete is mixed in our site using an efficient automatic
mechanical mixer and by hand. The concrete mixing procedure is:
 Water is poured to the mix drum to wash away all
unnecessary materials in it.
 Cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate added according
to specific grade of concrete.
 Sufficient water added that will result in a workable mix,
which can be poured efficiently into position around
reinforcement and will produce a dense concrete of specific
strength.
 The mixing process is stopped when the cement is thoroughly
distributed throughout the mass, approximately 3 minutes Figure 30-concrete mixing
after the whole of water has been added.
 The concrete will not be discharged from the mixer unless it is properly mixed, having
a uniform color and consistency. The amount of water is adjusted by trial and error and
based on experience as described previously

23
Transporting, conveying, and placing of concrete:
Means transport the ready mixed concrete from the mixer to the working place, and this
depends on the size of the job, depth below ground level or height above the ground level at
which the concrete is to be placed & the quick transportation of concrete is essential In our
site we use Chutes for underground construction such as footing pad and manual
transportation of concrete (barilla, The transport of concrete had been conveying using a
barilla, which is made from corrugated iron sheet and eucalyptus. Two people have involved
in carrying the barilla.) for foundation columns, grade beam, columns, and other construction
works, and manual transportation for above ground construction.
The transport of concrete had been conveying using a barilla, which is made from corrugated
iron sheet and eucalyptus. Two people have involved in carrying the barilla.
Figure 31- Concrete transporting using barilla and chute
Placing of concrete:
It refers to casting of the concrete on its final position and thus ensures proper distribution of
concrete in the structure; Concrete must be placed in position as soon after mixing as possible
and before too stiff to work.
The important points to be noted in placing concrete are the following:
 Inside of form work should be inspected.
 Check for the proper positioning of spacers and reinforcement.
 Choose the right equipment for the concrete.
 There should be no segregation of concrete when it is placed.
 It should be thoroughly compacted in position in layers.
 Avoid excessive horizontal movement.
 Maintain sufficient placement capacity.

24
Compacting of concrete:
Compaction is the shaking or vibrating of the concrete to liquefy it and expel any trapped air.
Compaction must be done as concrete is placed, while it is still plastic. Never let concrete dry
out and stiffen because it will be too difficult to compact. Properly compacted concrete is more
dense, strong and durable.
Figure 32-compaction of concrete
Curing of concrete:
Curing is the operation of maintaining humidity and temperature of freshly placed concrete to
assure satisfactory hydration of cement and proper hardening of the concrete or to keep concrete
moist for some time (3 - 7 days). By keeping concrete, moist the bond between the paste and
the aggregates gets stronger.
2.4. The procedure I followed while performing my tasks
First, when they told me to handle a particular task, I try to ask everything that is unclear for
me to execute that task. Then I go through with the work and try to finish the work within the
time they gave me. The office Engineer takes and sees all the works I have done. He checks
and corrects me if there is an error with my work. After this, he tells me the correct way to
handle the task. For example in quantity surveying or when I prepare take off sheets, I try to
explain or describe all necessary steps that has to be followed for every items of works as per
specification and bill of quantities.
I try to follow the easiest and short methodology in order to qualify different tasks in
understandable manner when the other person sees it.
I need to work each and every task by myself unless I didn’t understand it well. Additionally I
want to execute any type of work independently, accurately and with the required speed.

25
After I have finished my office works, I want to see activities that are under going on site.
Because as a training taker I have to observe and participate both in office and site in order to
develop my theoretical as well as practical skills.
Whenever, when I perform site works, I followed the following procedure:
 First, I follow safety procedure; I wear helmet and safety shoes.
 I enter in to the site and write all the activities done on a sheet of paper.
 I observe or I ask how I do the work and participate on working well.
 When I get to the site in the morning, I take the floor plan and check the work done.
For instance if the work scheduled for the previous night was concrete casting I check
if the concrete casting is stopped at 1/3 from a major structure.
 Then I check the finished work by referring the plan. E.g. if the finished task is
reinforcement work of the column, I check the quantity and check the proper orientation
of bars and its diameter. If the finished work is formwork of the column, I check
horizontal and vertical alignments of column by using the bubble (plumb bob) and so
on….
2.5. Qualities I have been in performing my work tasks.
To tell you the truth, I try to complete any tasks that are expected from me within specified
time. Especially I was focus on the accuracy of works and in finishing them quickly. I
independently go through with the work without need of much assistance.
Apart from the work, I assist my staff members by sharing ideas with them and I have given a
good service in different offices with good communication with my staff members.
Polite way of treating everybody in the site as well as in the office is crucial thing in order to
have a good link of work with all stakeholders of the company. Because of this, I make a
smooth relationship with all of my staff members to avoid interruption of workflow. In
addition, I developed a good work ethics during this period. Like punctuality, reliability,
professionalism, accuracy and so on…
2.6. Challenges faced me while performing work task
It is know that every work needs strong motivation to participate and perform it. When I enter
to the company I assumed that everything run smoothly. After I enter, the company there is no
direct and smooth way to run in any direction.
Generally, the challenges that is facing me in 4-months internship program were look like this:
 The challenge I have faced while I am working is lack of allocating (distribution) of
works to the practicing students like me regularly. As a trainer, they have to arrange

26
continuous works to the practicing students in order to train us in all aspects of
construction sector. In addition, they have to control our performance and punctuality
throughout the training.
 Weather condition made me not to easily perform my tasks.
 Communication with the site worker with site knowledge.
 Less accessible transport service in the morning.
 The lack of theoretical concept about office work.
 The lack of knowledge in quantity survey.
 The design of the project was very complex and difficult to understand easily in
internship or in student stage.
 Lack of safety tools and materials, safety tips in the project site.
2.7. Measures I took to overcome my challenges
Throughout the training, I try to fix my obstacles within my own talent and skill because these
challenges make me stronger and increase my technical skill. I try to adopt the culture, belief
and general life style of the site community.
Here some of the methods I took in order to solve those problems:
 When there is no task is available for me, I try to cooperatively work with the quantity
surveyor and data collector. Within these measures, I try to use my training time
effectively as per expected.
 I asked the site engineer to prepare for us the working space out of the site.
 Ask Forman and engineers to understand the complex drawing and get more
information.
 Wear strong and good quality construction safety shoes.
Generally, the working progress of this internship program was so exciting and full of
challenging. Those challenging also made some body to know the work follow method. Since
any kinds of construction was full of problems and those problems should be solved.
Therefore, I can say that these follow methods made me to develop my knowledge and
experience in skills.

27
3. OVER ALL BENEFITS THAT I HAVE GAINED FROM THIS
INTERNSHIP PROGRAM
For something that takes inputs there is something in return, a benefit. In my internship too,
there were some benefits those are gained accordingly. While I was working in Amhara
Building Works Construction Enterprise on Gojjam Cultural Center Auditorium Building hall
for a specific location in Deber Markos town in general I have gained the following important
and interesting benefits.
3.1. Practical skills
When I started working in the company something was new for me. I had only the theoretical
Knowledge of the works. It was really fascinating and inspiring to see and experience the
lessons we have been learning for the past four years. So I tried to experience and learn every
work as much as I can. I tried to learn every aspects of the work both technical and nontechnical
terms. From our internship time in Amhara Building Works Construction Enterprise on Gojjam
Cultural Center Auditorium Building, I deserve high practical skill in site and office work.
Some Practical skills I gained in the company are listed below;
 Reade real design and drawing with its specifications.
 Preparing bill of quantity for construction work
 Where negative bars are placed.
 How flat slabs are constructed.
 How formworks are braced for columns (using plumb bob i.e. for vertical alignment)
 How slab & beam formwork prepared
 How & when scaffoldings are erected and removed.
 Concrete work such as mixing, Casting, transporting, and curing of concrete for
different construction and other practical skill.
3.2. Theoretical Knowledge
Since the practice depends first on theory, it was easy to correspond with each other. It is not
very challenging to change the theory into practice. Theoretical knowledge is dependable on
principles, logic and calculations. It is interesting when the theoretical knowledge & the
practice meet exactly as you wanted to.
In my internship time I have gained so many, theoretical knowledge’s in addition to practical
Skills. Since I work in the site and office sections of the company, some of the theoretical
knowledge learn and read is applied effectively. And these help me to exercise and understand
in unforgettable way because I was done some site and office work by my selves.

28
3.3. Interpersonal Communication Skill
Interpersonal communication is a way of communication that a person have with other people
Who might have contact with. Meeting with the staffs was a little tough. Then after time has
passed I let my selves to them by reasonably talking on issues those are related to the office
work. Then step by-step when I got into the work, there comes the opportunity to communicate
on work related talks.
The other relation we involved was with internees who were come from different universities
with different backgrounds. The First week of our meeting, it possessed a great effort for nice
interaction because of background, hobby and other similar things. Our relation developed with
days and we investigate common friends.
3.4. Team Playing Skill
Team playing skill is a skill of a person to work with other people co-operatively. This skill
was developed easily and rapidly. It begins when we were in campus. Some assignments given
were done in groups. This helps us to handle different characters of the persons we worked
with.
Our work tasks need lot of cooperation and communication with one another especially in site
work section because site works need high degree of coordination with accuracy. In each and
every tasks contribution of every individuals adds a value for the best output. While we were
doing this different tasks, ideas where rose and there were arguments between us.
3.5. Leadership Skill
Leadership is a skill to guide, control and monitor peoples. In our internship time in ABWC
Enterprise on Gojjam Cultural Center Auditorium Building Project different works help us to
Improve and exercise my leadership ability. Leading a work came with responsibility. And the
works give responsibility of performing different site works and work bill of quantity with
other peoples. These highly contribute to the process of improving my leadership skill.
3.6. Work Ethics Issues
Punctuality: - arriving on time at work was necessary since it was part of my job. In any part
of Work punctuality is directly related with accuracy, correctness and finally with result of test.
Being not punctual means reporting incorrect result, this is because most of office works are
related with time, and arriving on time in all part of project is must to have accurate and correct
result. All this helped me to understand how punctuality is important in work place.

29
Responsibility: - I have taken responsibility to the jobs I were doing and the equipment’s.
Responsibility in our work place was important work Ethics, because I was responsible for all
tasks I perform. This helped me to understand the importance of responsibility.
Office disciplines: - in work place, I do not have to disturb the working atmosphere. For
example, Abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things, which disturb other
worker’s working mood.
Cooperation: - Each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while working.
That is because it is through such system problems could be easily solved, which facilitate the
workflow in the company.
3.7. Entrepreneurship skill
By now in our country, construction is the leading business relative to other new business.
Since our country is developing country the country need different more civil facilities to
become developed country, which need high participation of construction technology and
management parties starting from, design up to finishing construction. Construction needs high
investment, which delivers high profit for both contractor and client. We saw and hear different
construction related problems. Understanding this make me to think more about being
Entrepreneur and we saw different construction firms, which work together with Amhara
Building Works Construction Enterprise.
At last but not least, now a days Entrepreneurship is significant issue in worldwide because of
increasing number of literate manpower. I observed that there are many job opportunities in
the construction sector, if someone takes contracts or sub–contracts. This shows someone can
be successful in generating income for him/herself and has job opportunities for people for
instance some of the sub- sectors such as carpentry, electrician, Reinforcement works (bar
bender), sanitary work and etc… in the construction work.

30
CONCLUSION
From the past internship time I conclude the following based on practical and theoretical
knowledge that gained from my internship time:
In my internship period I got the chance to improve both my theoretical and practical
knowledge When I stay in the site I was learned how to communicate with the site workers. I
Believed that the skills gained from the internship will actually help me for my future career,
because I was familiar with the skills, which are essential in the working environment. More
supports me to learn the different hierarchs of the projects. During these past internship time, I
have been able to see the different theoretical and practical aspects, methodologies. I have been
fulfilling our curiosity in learning practically building construction well in this internship
program.
Generally, the internship program creates a vital role in our four years theoretical lessons. The
internship program connects me to the real construction works and made me to hold a vital
confidence.

31
RECOMMENDATION
From my internship time, I recommended the following regarding to Hosting Company,
college of engineering and technology and university industry linkage respectively.
For Hosting Company:
During the last my intern time I could observe different hard working activities in the site.
However, there are some points to be recommended, because those activities have negative
impact on construction industry.
 Avoid or decrease delay preparations of drawing and delay delivery of drawing.
 Prepare or full fill safety tolls and materials in the site or in office for engineer and daily
labor.
 Mark or paint accidental place in the site such as deep hole, edge of building structure…
 Care should be taken when handling, casting and placing the concrete
 Take consecutive attendance for internship student come from different organization
For college of engineering and Technology:
 Make a strong linkage with hosting company and control the attitude and efficiency of
the student in the site.
 Assign advisor on time and control the connection between advisor and the internship
student.
 Give greater attention for practical knowledge before internship semesters.
 Give necessary and required information about internship for student before start the
internship.
 Control the student with department and create linkage with hosting company and
collect Information about the student.
 Control and mange advisor that assign for students.

32
REFERENCE
1. http://abwce.org.et/?q=content/background
2. http://abwce.org.et/?q=content/mission-and-visio
3. Company documents containing organizational structure and brief history.
4. Others related internship reports.
5. Building construction handouts.
6. Construction materials handouts.
7. Reinforced concrete structure I & II handouts.
8. Oral information.

33
APPENDIX
Armata: concrete.
Buhaka: mix of cement and water.
Senkelo: which is used for transport of the concrete and other materials.
Riga: is leveled wood/steel, which is used to level concrete during casting and as supporter in
formwork
Mero: is like bar used to chisel the concrete and as a peg.
Crista: is a vertical member made up of wooden or steel material, which is used to support the
structural formwork
Fondo: it is a panel used to under beam or bottom formwork.
Sponda: it is a side/depth formwork of beams, which helps to keep the dimensions of the beam.
Cracher: It is a wooden strut used to support column formwork or panels.
Penci: is `panel but is small in size which is used to fill the small opening in form work.
Tumbi: This is used to check verticality alignments of column formwork and used in masonry
works ̸ plumbing bobs
Mefas: is flat tool used level the concrete during casting.
Barela: This is wooden supported flat plate used to transport concrete works like cement,
aggregate, sand etc.
Kebalato: for guiding bar space in the slab for top and bottom reinforcement

34

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DILLA UNIVERSITY ABWC ENTERPRISE

UNIVERSITY OF THE GREENLAND

DILLA UNIVERSITY ABWCENTERPRISE

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DILLA, ETHIOPIA (2021 GC.)

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 5 overall organization work flow of Amhara building works

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 7-site staff organizational chart

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 8 takeoff sheet format

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 9 bar schedule format

Figure 10 bill of quantity format

Figure 11 cost break down format

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 12 grand summary format

Figure 13 sample payment certificate

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 15 -column formwork construction

Figure 17-flat slab formwork

Figure 16-flat slab formwork

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Techniques that we should taking care while preparing formwork:

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Removal period of formwork:

Table 1-removing period of formwork for structures

Figure 22 false works

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 23-position of beam reinforcements

Lapping should be fulfill the following criteria as EN standard:

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 24-column construction

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 25-stair reinforcement

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 26-solid slab reinforcement

Table 2-moment distribution

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

2.3.2.7. Shear wall

Figure 29-shear wall construction

2.3.2.8. Expansion joint

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 31- Concrete transporting using barilla and chute

PREPARED BY DANIEL YILKAL

Figure 32-compaction of concrete