Examples On Columns

RC-II Examples on Columns
Table of Contents
EXAMPLE-1: Generating an Interaction Chart ........................................................................ 2
EXAMPLE-2: Section Design for Uniaxial Bending ................................................................ 2
EXAMPLE-3: Section Design for Uniaxial Bending ................................................................ 3
EXAMPLE-4: Section Design for Biaxial Bending .................................................................. 5
EXAMPLE-5: Section Design for Biaxial Bending .................................................................. 7
EXAMPLE-6: Column Design (2D Frame) .............................................................................. 9
EXAMPLE-7: Column Design (2D Frame) ............................................................................ 14
EXAMPLE-8: Column Design (3D Frame) ............................................................................ 22
Unity University 1 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Department of Civil Engineering
EXAMPLE-1: Generating an Interaction Chart
See the document “Generation of Column Interaction Chart”.
EXAMPLE-2: Section Design for Uniaxial Bending

A column having dimension 250mm x 400mm supports a design axial load of 1100kN & a
final design moment of Mx=160kNm. Design the column using C25/30 concrete and S-460
steel. Use a clear cover of 25mm and ϕ8 link. Assume the rebars are to be put on two faces.
SOLUTION
Step-1: Material Properties, Loading and dimensions
Concrete: C25/30 ⇒ fck = 25; fcd = 14.17
Rebar: S-460 ⇒ fyk = 460; fyd = 400
NEd = 1100kN, MEd = 160kNm, b = 250mm & h = 400mm
Step-2: Select h’/h.
Assuming ϕ16 rebar; h’ = 25+8+8 = 41. h’/h = 41/400 = 0.1025 ≈ 0.1
Rebars at two faces & h’/h = 0.1 ⇒ use Uniaxial Chart No. 2.
Step-3: Calculate  and .
N Ed 1100 103 M Ed 160 106
   0.7763    0.2822
f cd bh 14.17  250  400 f cd bh 2 14.17  250  4002
Step-4: Go to the chart chosen and pick the coordinates (,) to get ω.
From Uniaxial Chart No. 2, for  = 0.78 and  = 0.28; we get  = 0.6
Step-5: Calculate the area of reinforcement
 Ac f cd 0.6   250  400  14.17
As ,tot    2126mm 2
f yd 400
Step-6: Number of rebar

Round-up the № of rebars to a multiple of 2 for symmetric rebar at two faces.
№ of ϕ14 = 2126/154 = 13.8 ≈ 14ϕ14 ---- (weight/m = 1.028*14=16.912kg/m)
№ of ϕ16 = 2126/201 = 10.6 ≈ 12ϕ16 ---- (weight /m = 1.578*12=18.936 kg/m)
№ of ϕ20 = 2126/314 = 6.8 ≈ 8ϕ20 ---- (weight /m = 2.466*8=19.728 kg/m) --- Better
Based on rebar spacing (to avoid congestion), the 8ϕ20 option is better.
⇒ In step-2, h’ is calculated using ϕ16, but the preferred size is ϕ20 ⇒ recalculate h’ & h’/h.
For ϕ20, h’ = 25+8+10 = 43 h’/h = 43/400 = 0.1075 ≈ 0.1 ⇒ no change OK
Therefore, provide 8ϕ20 (four on each of the 250mm face)
Provided area of steel is; As = 8*314= 2512mm2

Step-7: Check min. & max. provisions
 0.1 N Ed 0.11100 103
 f   275mm2
As ,min  yd 400 ⇒ As,min = 275mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  250  400  200mm
2
As = 2512 ≥ As,min = 275 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(250*400) = 4000mm2 As = 2512 ≤ As,max = 4000 OK
6mm
 Link size; s   ⇒ ϕ6 we used ϕ8 ≥ ϕ6 OK
0.25  0.25  20  5mm
 Maximum link-spacing along the length
The “critical zone” of the column is the part of the column within a distance equal to h (400mm)
from the top & bottom of the column.
20  20  20  400mm

Outside the critical zone; Sl ,max  b  250mm ⇒ Sl,max = 250mm.
400mm

Inside the critical zone; Smax = 0.6*Sl,max = 0.6*250 = 150mm.
 Provide ϕ8@150mm c/c within a distance of 400mm from the top and bottom of the
column & ϕ8@250mm c/c in the remaining central region.
 Additional link legs
Since we have 2 unrestrained rebars in the middle of each short face, check if they are within
150mm from restrained bars. The rebar spacing on the short face is;
b  2b 250  2  43
Sb    54.67mm
Nb  1 4 1
Sb ≤ 150 and 2*Sb=109.34 ≤ 150, hence, no need for intermediate link.
EXAMPLE-3: Section Design for Uniaxial Bending

A column having dimension 300mm x 300mm supports a design axial load of 940kN & a final
design bending moment of My=61kNm. Design the column using C25/30 concrete and S-460
steel. Use a clear cover of 25mm and ϕ8 link. Assume the rebars are to be put on two faces.
SOLUTION
Rebar: S-460 ⇒ fyk = 460; fyd = 400
NEd = 940kN, MEd = 61kNm, b = 300mm & h = 300mm

Step-2: Select h’/h.
Assuming ϕ16 rebar; h’ = 25+8+8 = 41. h’/h = 41/300 = 0.137
Since we don’t have chart for h’/h=0.137, interpolate between h’/h=0.1 and h’/h=0.15
Rebars at two faces & for h’/h = 0.1 ⇒ use Uniaxial Chart No. 2.
Rebars at two faces & for h’/h = 0.15 ⇒ use Uniaxial Chart No. 3.
Step-3: Calculate  and .
N Ed 940 103 M Ed 61106
   0.737    0.1594
f cd bh 14.17  300  300 f cd bh 2 14.17  300  3002
Step-4: Go to the chart chosen and pick the coordinates (,) to get ω.
Interpolating for h’/h=0.137, we get  = 0.2422
 Ac f cd 0.2422   300  300  14.17
As ,tot    773mm 2
f yd 400
Step-6: Number of rebar

Round-up the № of rebars to a multiple of 2 for symmetric rebar at two faces.
№ of ϕ14 = 773/154 = 5.02 ≈ 6ϕ14 ---- (weight/m = 1.028*6=7.248kg/m)
№ of ϕ16 = 773/201 = 3.85 ≈ 4ϕ16 ---- (weight /m = 1.578*4=6.312 kg/m) --- Better
№ of ϕ20 = 773/314 = 2.46 ≈ 4ϕ20 ---- (weight /m = 2.466*4=9.864 kg/m)
Based on weight, the 4ϕ16 option is better.
Therefore, provide 4ϕ16 (one at each corner)
 0.1 N Ed 0.1 960 103
 f   240mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  300  300  180mm
2
As = 804 ≥ As,min = 240 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(300*300) = 3600mm2
As = 804 ≤ As,max = 3600 OK
6mm
0.25  0.25 16  4mm

20  20 16  320mm


400mm

Inside the critical zone; Smax = 0.6*Sl,max = 0.6*300 =180mm ≈ 150mm.
Since we have no rebars in the middle, no need for intermediate link.
EXAMPLE-4: Section Design for Biaxial Bending

A column having dimension 400mm x 600mm supports a design axial load of 2180KN & final
design moments of My=285KNm and Mz=109KNm. Design the column using C25/30 concrete
and S-460 steel. Use a clear cover of 30mm and ϕ8 link. Assume a rebar arrangement of 8
rebars of equal areas.
SOLUTION
Rebar: S-460 ⇒ fyk = 460; fyd = 400
NEd =2180kN, MEd,y =285kNm, MEd,z =109kKNm, b = 400mm & h = 600mm
Step-2: Calculate b'/b = h'/h
h’/h = 0.1 & Eight rebars of equal areas corresponds to Biaxial Chart No.17 to 20.
Step-3: Calculate , y and z.
N Ed 2180 103
   0.641
f cd bh 14.17  400  600
M Ed , y 285 106 M Ed , z 109 106
y    0.1397 z    0.0801
f cd bh 2 14.17  400  6002 f cd b 2 h 14.17  4002  600

Step-4: Select suitable chart
 = 0.641 is between 0.6 & 0.7; hence we have to interpolate.
For h’/h = 0.1 &  = 0.6 ⇒ use Biaxial Chart No. 18.
For h’/h = 0.1 &  = 0.7 ⇒ use Biaxial Chart No. 18.
Step-5: Get  corresponding to ν, μy and μz from the chart
For ν = 0.6, μy = 0.14 and μz = 0.08 we get  = 0.24
For ν = 0.7, μy = 0.14 and μz = 0.08 we get  = 0.3
by interpolating, for ν = 0.641, we get  = 0.2646
 Ac f cd 0.2646   400  600  14.17
As ,tot    2250mm 2
f yd 400
Step-7: Rebar size (for eight rebars of equal areas)

As,tot =8as ⇒ as=As,tot/8 ⇒ as = 2250/8 = 281.25mm2
 2 4as 4* 281.25
The diameter of the rebar; as      18.93mm
4  
The rebar diameter will be the next larger available size, which is 20mm (ϕ20).
⇒ In step-2, h’ is calculated assuming ϕ16, but our rebar size is ϕ20 ⇒ recalculate h’ & h’/h.
For ϕ20, h’= 30+8+10 = 48. h’/h = 48/600 = 0.08≈ 0.1 ⇒ no change. OK
Therefore, provide 8ϕ20 (three at each face)
 0.1 N Ed 0.1 2180 103
 f   545mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  400  600  480mm
2
As = 2512 ≥ As,min = 545 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(400*600) = 9600mm2 As = 2512 ≤ As,max = 9600 OK
6mm
0.25  0.25  20  5mm
20  20  20  400mm

400mm


Since we have one unrestrained rebar in the middle of all faces, check if it is within 150mm
from restrained bars. The rebar spacings are;
b  2b 400  2  48
Short face; Sb    152mm >150 ⇒ intermediate link needed.
Nb  1 3 1
h  2h 600  2  48
Long face; Sh    252mm >150 ⇒ intermediate link needed.
Nh 1 3 1
Since the column has 8 rebars (3 rebars on all faces), use a “diamond” shaped internal link. The
internal angle of the link should be ≤ 135°.
EXAMPLE-5: Section Design for Biaxial Bending

A column having dimension 400mm x 400mm supports a design axial load of 450kN & final
design moments of My = 160kNm and Mz = 110kNm. Design the column using C25/30 concrete
and S-460 steel. Use a clear cover of 30mm and ϕ8 link. Assume a rebar arrangement of 4
rebars at the corners.
SOLUTION
Rebar: S-460 ⇒ fyk = 460; fyd = 400
NEd =450kN, MEd,y =160kNm, MEd,z =110kKNm, b = 400mm & h = 400mm
Step-2: Calculate b'/b = h'/h
h’/h = 0.1 & 4 bars positioned at the four corners corresponds to Biaxial Chart No.1 to 4.
Step-3: Calculate , y and z.
N Ed 450 103
   0.1985
f cd bh 14.17  400  400
M Ed , y 160 106 M Ed , z 110 106
y    0.1764 z    0.1213
f cd bh 2 14.17  400  4002 f cd b 2 h 14.17  4002  400
Step-4: Select suitable chart

4 rebars positioned at the four corners; h’/h = 0.1 and  = 0.2 ⇒ use Biaxial Chart No. 1.

Step-5: Get  corresponding to ν, μy and μz from the chart
From Biaxial Chart No.1, for ν = 0.2, μy = 0.18 and μz = 0.12 we get  = 0.42
 Ac f cd 0.42   400  400  14.17
As ,tot    2381mm 2
f yd 400
Step-7: Rebar size (for 4 rebars at corners)

As,tot =4as ⇒ as=As,tot/4 ⇒ as = 2381/4 = 595.25mm2
 2 4as 4*595.25
The diameter of the rebar; as      27.53mm
4  
The rebar diameter will be the next larger available size, which is 30mm (ϕ30).
⇒ In step-2, h’ is calculated assuming ϕ16, but our rebar size is ϕ30 ⇒ recalculate h’ & h’/h.
For ϕ30, h’=30+8+15=53 h’/h=53/400=0.1325 ⇒ it has changed. Therefore, we have to
interpolate between h’/h=0.1 and h’/h=0.2. To do that, go to step-4 and update the calculation.
4 rebars positioned at the four corners; h’/h = 0.1 &  = 0.2 ⇒ use Biaxial Chart No. 1.
4 rebars positioned at the four corners; h’/h = 0.2 &  = 0.2 ⇒ use Biaxial Chart No. 5.
For h’/h = 0.1; from Biaxial Chart No. 1, for ν = 0.2, μy = 0.18 and μz = 0.12 we get  = 0.42
For h’/h = 0.2; from Biaxial Chart No. 5, for ν = 0.2, μy = 0.18 and μz = 0.12 we get  = 0.59
by interpolating, for h’/h = 0.1325, we get  = 0.4753
The new area of steel is As,tot = 2694mm2 which gives a diameter of 29.28mm ⇒ ϕ30
Therefore, provide 4ϕ30 (one at each corner)
 0.1 N Ed 0.1 450 103
 f   112.5  113mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  400  400  320mm
2
As = 2828 ≥ As,min = 320 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(400*400) = 6400mm 2
As = 2828 ≤ As,max = 6400 OK
6mm
 Link size; s   ⇒ ϕ8 we used ϕ8 = ϕ8 OK
0.25  0.25  30  7.5  8mm
20  20  30  600mm

400mm


Since we have no rebars in the middle, no need for intermediate link.
EXAMPLE-6: Column Design (2D Frame)

The figure below shows a braced frame along with the first order bending moment and axial
force diagrams of columns DE and EF. The section of these columns is also shown. Bending
is assumed to occur only in the plane of the frame (the xz plane or about y axis). Use C25/30
concrete, S-460 steel, a clear cover of 25mm and ϕ8 link. Design column EF.
SOLUTION
1) Material properties
 Concrete: C25/30 ⇒ fck = 25; fcd = 14.17; Ecm = 31.5GPa
 Rebar: S-460 ⇒ fyk = 460; fyd = 400; Es = 200GPa; εyd = 2‰
 Assuming ϕ14 rebar, distance to rebar centroid;
h '  cov s  0.5 h '  25  8  0.5  7  40mm
Therefore, h’/h = 40/400 = 0.1

2) Check Slenderness
 The axial load and moments are;
NEd = 1015kN M01 = −80kNm M02 = 110kNm
 Clear length of column EF is; L = story height – beam depth
L = 4.5m–0.35m = 4.15m = 4150mm
 Effective Length (L0)

L0  0.5L 1 
k1  k2   EI L 
1   ki  column
 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    2EI L  beam
Since the column being considered is column EF, find k at joints F and E (k1 and k2) as follows.
 Moments of inertia (I):
250  3503
Beam CF & JF: I CF  I JF   89322.917 104 mm4
12
250  4503
Beam BE & HE: I BE  I HE   18984.375 105 mm4
12
300  4003
Column EF: Ic   1.6 109 mm4
12
 Stiffness ratios at joints (k):
At joint F; k1 
 EI L  column
 0.1
2 EI CF 2 EI JF

LCF LJF
1.6 109
4150 385542.17
k1    0.643  0.1
2  89322.917 10 2  89322.917 10
4 4
599650.35

6500 5500
At joint E; k2 
 EI L  column
 0.1
2 EI BE 2 EI HE

LBE LHE
1.6 109
4150 385542.17
k2    0.3025  0.1
2 18984.375 10 2 18984.375 10
5 5
1274475.52

6500 5500
 0.643  0.3025 
L0  4150  0.5  1  1  
 0.45  0.643  0.45  0.3025 
L0  4150  0.5  1.5883 1.402  4150  0.74612  3096.4mm

 Slenderness ratio (λ)
L I col 1.6 109
 0 where, i is radius of gyration; i    115.47mm
i Acol 300  450
L0 3096.4
    26.82
i 115.47
 Limiting Slenderness ratio (λlim)
20ABC
lim  take A=0.7 and B=1.1
n
N Ed 1050 103
n n  0.597
f cd bh 14.17  300  400
M 01 80
C  1.7  rm where, rm  rm   0.727
M 02 110
C  1.7  (0.727)  2.427
20  0.7 1.1 2.427
lim   48.38
0.597
Since λ=26.82 < λlim =48.38; the column is short for bending about y axis.
Therefore, ignore second-order effects.
3) Minimum moment, Imperfection moment & Equivalent 1st order moment
 Minimum moment
M min  N Ed emin
h / 30
emin   Where, h is size of the section perpendicular to axis of bending (=400mm)
20mm
400 / 30  13.3mm
emin    emin  20mm
20mm
M min  1015  20 103  20.3kNm
 Imperfection moment
M imp  N Ed eimp
L0 3096.4
eimp  eimp   7.74mm
400 400
M imp  1015  7.74 103  7.86kNm
 Equivalent moment
0.6M 02  0.4M 01 0.6 110  0.4  (80)  34
M 0e   M 0e    M 0 e  44kNm
0.4M 02 0.4 110  44
Equivalent moment including imperfections; M 0 Ed  M 0e  M imp  44  7.86  51.86kNm
End-moment including imperfections;  M 02  M imp  110  7.86  117.86kNm

4) Design moment
M 0 Ed  M 2
M Ed   The final value of MEd must be greater than end-moment (M02+Mimp).
M min
Because the column is short, M2 = 0. Therefore;
51.86  0
M Ed    M Ed  51.86kNm
20.3
Taking the larger of the final mid-height-moment (51.86) and the end-moment (117.86);
M Ed  117.86kNm
Since this is for bending about y axis; M Ed y  M Ed  117.86kNm
The normalized axial load () and normalized moment () are;
N Ed 1015 103 M Ed 117.86 106
   0.597    0.173
f cd bh 14.17  300  400 f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
5) Reinforcement Detailing & Drawing
 Main Rebar
Assuming the rebars will be put at two faces and since h’/h=0.1; use Uniaxial Chart No. 2.
Therefore, the total area of reinforcement is;
 Ac f cd 0.18   300  400  14.17
As ,tot    766mm2
f yd 400
The number of rebar can be chosen by comparing the weight per unit length of different bar
sizes and taking the one that is lighter without being too crowded. Make sure to Round-up the
№ of rebars to a multiple of 2 for symmetric rebar at two faces.
№ of ϕ14 rebar = 766/154 = 4.974 ≈ 6ϕ14 ---- (weight/m = 1.028*6=7.25kg/m)
№ of ϕ16 rebar = 766/201 = 3.81 ≈ 4ϕ16 ---- (weight/m = 1.578*4=6.31kg/m) --- Better
⸫ Use 4ϕ16 (2 on each of the 300mm long face; in other words, 1ϕ16 at each corner).
The provided area of steel is; As = 4*201= 804mm2
 Check min. & max. provisions
 0.1 N Ed 0.11015 103
 f   254mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  300  400  240mm
2
As = 804 ≥ As,min = 254 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(300*400) = 4800mm2
As = 804 ≤ As,max = 4800 OK
 Links
6mm
0.25  0.25 16  4mm

20  20 16  320mm

400mm

Inside the critical zone; Smax = 0.6*Sl,max = 0.6*300 = 180mm ≈ 150mm.
Since we have no rebars on the faces, no need for intermediate link.
The complete structural drawing of the column-line DEF is shown in page-19.

Note that;
 The first link should be at a distance of 50mm from the top/bottom of the beam or slab.
 The lap length for columns with C25/30 & S-460 is 50*ϕ.
Therefore, for ϕ16; Lap length = 50*16 =800mm
 The link spacing in the lap zone is like the critical zone. (S=150mm for this case).
 The footing thickness is assumed to be 400mm (with a cover of 50mm).

Design column DE of the frame given in Example-6. If the column is slender, use nominal
curvature method to calculate the final moment. Take ϕ(∞,t0)=3.5 & M0EQP/M0Ed = 0.6.
SOLUTION
 Assuming ϕ14 rebar, distance to rebar centroid;
h '  cov s  0.5 h '  25  8  0.5  7  40mm
Therefore, h’/h = 40/400 = 0.1
 The axial load and moments are;
NEd = 1200kN M01 = 90kNm M02 = 125kNm
 Clear length of column DE is; L = story height – beam depth
L = 4.3m–0.45m = 3.85m = 3850mm
 Effective Length (L0)

L0  0.5L 1 
k1  k2   EI 
L
1   k  column
 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    L
i
2 EI
beam
Since the column being considered is column DE, find k at joints E and D (k1 and k2) as follows.
 Moments of inertia (I)
Beam BE & HE: I BE  I HE  18984.375 105 mm4
300  4003
Column DE: Ic   1.6 109 mm4
12
 Stiffness ratios at joints (k)
At joint E; k1 
 EI L  column
 0.1
2 EI BE 2 EI HE

LBE LHE
1.6 109
3850 415584.4
k1    0.326
2 18984.375 10 2 18984.375 10
5 5
1274475.52

6500 5500
At joint D; Because the column is fixed at joint D; take k2 = 0.1
 0.326  0.1 
L0  3850  0.5  1  1  
 0.45  0.326  0.45  0.1 
L0  3850  0.5  1.42011.1818  3850  0.6478  2494mm

 Slenderness ratio (λ)
L I col 1.6 109
 0 where, i is radius of gyration; i    115.47mm
i Acol 300  450
L0 2494
    21.6
i 115.47
 Limiting Slenderness ratio (λlim)
20ABC
n
N Ed 1200 103
n n  0.706
f cd bh 14.17  300  400
M 01 90
C  1.7  rm where, rm  rm   0.72
M 02 125
C  1.7  (0.72)  0.98
20  0.7 1.1 0.98
lim   17.96
0.706
Since λ=21.6 ≥ λlim=17.96; the column is slender for bending about y axis.
Therefore, second-order effects must be considered.
 Minimum moment
M min  N Ed emin
h / 30
20mm
400 / 30  13.3mm
emin    emin  20mm
20mm
M min  1200  20 103  24kNm
 Imperfection moment
M imp  N Ed eimp
L0 2494
eimp  eimp   6.235mm
400 400
M imp  1200  6.235 103  7.48kNm
0.6M 02  0.4M 01 0.6 125  0.4  90  111
M 0e   M 0e    M 0e  111kNm
0.4M 02 0.4 125  50
Equivalent moment including imperfections; M 0 Ed  M 0e  M imp  111  7.48  118.48kNm
End-moment including imperfections;  M 02  M imp  125  7.48  132.48kNm

4) Design Moment
M 0 Ed  M 2 118.48  M 2
M Ed   M Ed    M Ed  118.48  M 2
M min 24
Note that the final value of MEd must be greater than the end-moment (M02+Mimp =132.48kNm)
Because the column is slender, M2 should be calculated using nominal curvature method (see
page-20 for the nominal stiffness method).
Second order moment M2 using Nominal curvature method
 yd
M 2  N Ed e2 where, e2  0.1 L20 k kr
0.45d
Where d = h*[1−(h’/h)] d = 400*[1−0.1] = 360mm
 yd  2‰ (from step-1)
Correction for creep; k  1  ef  1
f ck  25 21.6
  0.35      0.35    0.331
200 150 200 150
M 0E,QP
ef   (, t0 )  ef  3.5  0.6  2.1
M 0Ed
k  1  0.331 2.1  1.695 ≥ 1
2 103
⇒ e2  0.1 2494  2
1.695  kr ⇒ e2  (13.02  kr ) mm
0.45  360
⇒ M 2  1200 13.02 103  kr ⇒ M 2  (15.62  kr ) kNm
Substituting inside M Ed  118.48  M 2  M Ed  118.48  15.62kr
nu  n
But kr  1 where nbal  0.4 ; nu 1
nu  nbal
N Ed nu  0.706
we already got; n  = 0.706 ⇒ kr  1
f cd bh nu  0.4
the term kr (and hence MEd) is calculated iteratively as follows.
Note: during the iteration, for the calcualtion of ω, it is assumed that the rebars will be put at
two faces. For h’/h=0.1, this corrosponds to Uniaxial Chart No.2.
For 1st iteration, take kr = 1
 M Ed  118.48  15.62 1  134.1
N Ed M Ed 134.1106
  0.706    0.197
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
1.3  0.706
⇒ nu  1    1  0.3  1.3 kr   0.66  1
1.3  0.4

For 2nd iteration, take kr = 0.66
 M Ed  118.48  15.62  0.66  128.79
N Ed M Ed 128.79 106
  0.706    0.1894
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
1.29  0.706
⇒ nu  1    1  0.29  1.29 kr   0.656  1
1.29  0.4
For 3rd iteration, take kr = 0.656
 M Ed  118.48  15.62  0.656  128.73
N Ed M Ed 128.73 106
  0.706    0.1893
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
The value of ω is identical to the value in the 2nd iteration and we can stop the iteration. Also
notice how MEd and μ are very close to the values in 2nd iteration.
The moment, MEd = 128.73kNm is the final mid-height-moment. Earlier we got an end-moment
(M02,x+Mimp,x) of 132.48kNm. Taking the larger of these; M Ed  132.48kNm (governs).
Because the MEd value at mid-height is not the governing moment, we need to get a new ω
using MEd = 132.48.
N Ed M Ed 132.48 106
  0.706    0.195
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
To summarize; the design loads, moments and their respective normalized values are:
NEd = 1200kN MEd = 132.48kNm
 = 0.706  = 0.195 ⇒ ω = 0.3
 Main Rebar
 Ac f cd 0.3   300  400  14.17
As ,tot    1276mm2
f yd 400
The number of rebar can be chosen by comparing the weight per unit length of different bar
sizes and taking the one that is lighter without being too crowded. Make sure to Round-up the
№ of rebars to a multiple of 2 for symmetric rebar at two faces.
№ of ϕ14 rebar =1276/154 = 8.3 ≈ 10ϕ14 ---- (weight /m=1.028*10=10.28 kg/m)
№ of ϕ16 rebar =1276/201 = 6.3 ≈ 8ϕ16 ---- (weight /m=1.578*8=12.624kg/m)---Better
№ of ϕ20 rebar =1276/314 = 4.1 ≈ 6ϕ20 ---- (weight /m=2.466*6=14.796 kg/m)
⸫ Use 8ϕ16 (4 on each of the 300mm long face).
The provided area of steel is; As = 8*201= 1608mm2

 0.1 N Ed 0.11200 103
 f   300mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  300  400  240mm
2
As = 1608 ≥ As,min = 300 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(300*400) = 4800mm2
As = 1608 ≤ As,max = 4800 OK
 Links
6mm
0.25  0.25 16  4mm
20  20 16  320mm

400mm

Since we have 2 unrestrained rebars on the 300mm face, check if they are within 150mm from
restrained bars. The rebar spacing on the short face is;
b  2b 300  2  41
Sb    72.7mm
Nb  1 4 1
Because 2*72.7=145.4 ≤ 150, there is no need for an internal link.
The complete structural drawing of the column-line DEF is shown in the next page. Note that;
 The footing thickness is assumed to be 400mm (with a cover of 50mm).


Nominal stiffness method
The design moment can be calculated using the nominal stiffness method as follows.
  
M Ed  M 0 Ed 1  
 ( N B / N Ed )  1
2 2
 using c0 = 8;     0.125 2
c0 8
 2 EI
NB  EI  kc Ecd I c  ks Es I s
L20
Ecm 31.5 300  4003

Ecd    26.25GPa Ic   1.6 109 mm4
 ce 1.2 12
M 0E,QP
ef   (, t0 )  ef  3.5  0.6  2.1
M 0Ed
1st iteration
For first trial, because the area of steel is unknown, use;
0.3 0.3
ks = 0 and kc   kc   0.1463
1  0.5ef 1  0.5  2.1
⸫ EI  0.1463  26.25 1.6 109  0  6.145 109 kNmm2

 2 EI  2  6.145 109
NB  ⇒ NB   9750.5kN
L20 24942
 0.125 2 
M Ed  118.48 1    118.48 1.173  139kNm
 (9750.5 /1200)  1 
N M Ed 139 106
  Ed  0.706    0.204
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
 Ac f cd 0.33   300  400  14.17
As ,tot    1403mm2
f yd 400
k1k2
From here on, because we have the area of steel, use; ks = 1 & kc 
1  ef
f ck 25  21.6
where k1    1.118 k2  n  0.2  k2  0.706   0.09 ≤ 0.2
20 20 170 170
1.118  0.09
⇒ kc   0.0324
1  2.1
Because the only parameter that change during iteration is the area of steel, As, (and hence EI)
we can write EI interms of As to make it suitable for iteration as follows.
EI  kc Ecd I c  ks Es I s ⇒ kc Ecd I c  0.0324  26.25 1.6 109  1.358 109

I s  (as d s2 )
For rebars on opposite faces, Is simplifies to; I s  As d s2
Where, d s  0.5  h 1  2(h '/ h)  d s  0.5  0.8h  d s  0.5  0.8  400   160mm
⇒ I s  As 1602 ⇒ ks Es I s  1 200  As 1602  5.12 106  As

⸫ EI  1.358 109  (5.12 106  As )
Now we can perform the iterations as follows.

2nd iteration
For As  1403 ⇒ EI  1.358 109  (5.12 106 1403)  8.541109 kNmm2
 2 EI  2  8.541109
NB  ⇒ NB   13552.4kN
L20 24942
 0.125 2 
M Ed  118.48 1    118.48 1.12  132.7kNm
 (13552.4 /1200)  1 
N Ed M Ed 132.7 106
  0.706    0.195
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
 Ac f cd 0.3   300  400  14.17
As ,tot    1276mm2
f yd 400
3nd iteration
For As  1276 ⇒ EI  1.358 109  (5.12 106 1276)  7.891109 kNmm2
 2 EI  2  7.891109
NB  ⇒ NB   12521.3kN
L20 24942
 0.125 2 
M Ed  118.48 1    118.48 1.1308  133.98kNm
 (12521.3 /1200)  1 
N Ed M Ed 133.98 106
  0.706    0.197
f cd bh f cd bh 2 14.17  300  4002
Since, the value of ω is identical to the value in the 2nd iteration, we can stop the iteration.
The moment, MEd = 133.98kNm is the final mid-height-moment. Earlier we got an end-moment
(M02,x+Mimp,x) of 132.48kNm. Taking the larger of these; M Ed  133.98kNm (governs).
Because the MEd value at mid-height governs, the value of ω will remain as above (ω=0.3).
NEd = 1200kN MEd = 133.98kNm
 = 0.706  = 0.197 ⇒ ω = 0.3
The amount of reinforcement and the detailing is the same as the nominal curvature method.

The figures below show a frame structure that is non-sway in all directions. Design column B2
at the ground floor (shown in blue in the 3D figure). Use C25/30 concrete, S-460 steel, a clear
cover of 25mm, ϕ16 main rebar and ϕ8 link. Take ϕeff = 1.2.

SOLUTION
 Distance to rebar centroid; b '  h '  cov s  0.5 b '  h '  25  8  0.5 16  41mm
 Letting b'/b = h'/h; b’/b = 41/400 = 0.1025 ≈ 0.1 h’/h = 41/600 = 0.07 ≈ 0.1
Therefore, b'/b = h'/h = 0.1
2.1) Bending about y axis
Refering to the frame in the xz plane (Frame-2), the axial load and moments are;
NEd = 2720kN M01,y = −70kNm M02,y = 79kNm
The clear length of the column is, Ly = 7m = 7000mm.
 Effective Length (L0y)
L0, y  0.5Ly
 k1  k2   EI 
L
1  1   k  column
 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    2EI L 

i
beam

250  5003
Beams: IAB= ICB (at both floors): I  2604.167 106 mm4
12
4003  600
Column: (I = Iyy) I yy   3.2 109 mm4
12
At top joint; k1 
 EI L  column
 0.1
2 EI AB 2 EI CB

LAB LCB
3.2 109
7000 457142.86
k1    0.1505  0.1
2  2604.167 10 2  2604.167 10
6 6
3038194.44

4000 3000
At bottom joint; k2 
 EI L  column
 0.1
2 EI AB 2 EI CB

LAB LCB
because the beams and the support conditions are the same as the top joint, k2=k1;
k2  0.1505
 0.1505  0.1505 
L0, y  7000  0.5  1  1  
 0.45  0.1505  0.45  0.1505 
L0, y  7000  0.5  1.2506 1.2506  7000  0.62529  4377 mm

 Slenderness ratio (λy)
L I yy 3.2 109
 0 here, i=iy is radius of gyration about y; iy    115.47mm
i Acol 400  600
L0, y 4377
y    37.906
iy 115.47
 Limiting Slenderness ratio (λlim,y)
20ABC
n
N Ed 2720 103
n n  0.8
f cd bh 14.17  400  600
M 01,y 70
C  1.7  rm where, rm  rm   0.886
M 02,y 79
C  1.7  (0.886)  2.586
20  0.7 1.1 2.586
lim, y   44.53
0.8
Since λy=37.906 < λlim,y =44.53; the column is short for bending about y axis.
Therefore, ignore second-order effects for bending about y axis.
2.2) Bending about x axis
Refering to the frame in the yz plane (Frame-B), the axial load and moments are;
NEd = 2720kN M01,x = 120kNm M02,x = 200kNm
The clear length of the column is, Lx = 7m = 7000mm.
 Effective Length (L0,x)

L0, x  0.5Lx 1 
k1  k2   EI L 
1   ki  column
 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    2EI L  beam

250  5003
Beams: I12 (at both floors): I  2604.167 106 mm4
12
400  6003
Column: (I = Ixx) I xx   7.2 109 mm4
12
At top joint; k1 
EI 
L column 
 0.1
2 EI12
L12
7.2 109
7000 1028571.4
k1    1.4811  0.1
2  2604.167 10 6
694444.4
0
7500

At bottom joint; k2 
 EI 
L column
 0.1
2 EI12
L12
because the beams and the support conditions are the same as the top joint, k2=k1;
k2  1.4811
 1.4811  1.4811 
L0, x  7000  0.5  1  1  
 0.45  1.4811  0.45  1.4811 
L0, x  7000  0.5  1.767 1.767  7000  0.88349  6184.42mm
 Slenderness ratio (λx)
L0 I xx 7.2 109
 here, i=ix is radius of gyration about x; ix    173.205mm
i Acol 400  600
L0,x 6184.42
x    35.706
ix 173.205
 Limiting Slenderness ratio (λlim,x)
20ABC
n
N Ed 2720 103
n n  0.8
f cd bh 14.17  400  600
M 01,x 120
C  1.7  rm where, rm  rm   0.6
M 02,x 200
C  1.7  (0.6)  1.1
20  0.7 1.11.1
lim, x   18.94
0.8
Since λx=35.706 ≥ λlim,x =18.94; the column is slender for bending about x axis.
Therefore, second-order effects must be considered for bending about x axis.

 Minimum moment (Mmin,y)
M min  N Ed emin
h / 30
20mm
400 / 30  13.3mm
emin , y    emin , y  20mm
20mm
M min, y  2720  20 103  54.4kNm

 Imperfection moment (Mimp,y)
M imp  N Ed eimp
L0, y 4377
eimp , y    10.9425mm
400 400
M imp , y  2720 10.9425 103  29.76kNm
0.6M 02,y  0.4M 01,y 0.6  79  0.4  (70)  19.4
M 0e, y   M 0e, y    M 0e, y  31.6kNm
0.4M 02,y 0.4  79  31.6
Equivalent moment including imperfections; M 0 Ed , y  M 0e,y  M imp , y  31.6  29.76  61.36kNm
End-moment including imperfections;  M 02,y  M imp , y  79  29.76  108.76kNm

 Minimum moment (Mmin,x)
M min  N Ed emin
h / 30
20mm
600 / 30  20mm
emin, x    emin , x  20mm
20mm
M min, x  2720  20 103  54.4kNm
 Imperfection moment (Mimp,x)
M imp  N Ed eimp
L0, x 6184.42
eimp , x    15.461mm
400 400
M imp , x  2720 15.461103  42.05kNm
0.6M 02,x  0.4M 01,x 0.6  200  0.4 120  168
M 0e, x   M 0e, x    M 0e, x  168kNm
0.4M 02,x 0.4  200  80
Equivalent moment including imperfections; M 0 Ed , x M 0e,x  M imp , x  168  42.05  210.05kNm
End-moment including imperfections;  M 02,x  M imp , x  200  42.05  242.05kNm
4) Design Moment
For each bending direction;
M 0 Ed  M 2
M Ed  
M min
Note that the final value of MEd must be greater than the end-moment (M02+Mimp).

 M 0 Ed , y  M 2,y 61.36  M 2, y
M Ed , y   M Ed , y   M Ed , y  61.36  M 2,y
 M min,y 54.4
Because the column is short for bending about y axis, M2,y = 0. Therefore; M Ed , y  61.36kNm
Taking the larger of the final mid-height-moment (61.36) and the end-moment (108.76);
M Ed , y  108.76kNm
M Ed , y 108.76 106
The normalized moment ratio for y will be;  y    0.08
f cd b 2 h 14.17  4002  600
N Ed 2720 103
Recall that the normalized axial load is;     0.8
f cd bh 14.17  400  600
 M 0 Ed , x  M 2,x 210.05  M 2,x
M Ed , x   M Ed , x   M Ed , x  210.05  M 2,x
 M min,x 54.4
Because the column is slender for bending about x axis, M2,x should be calculated as follows.
Second order moment about x (M2,x) using Nominal curvature method
 yd
M 2,x  N Ed e2, x e2, x  0.1 L20, x k kr
0.45d x
Notice that L0, d and kϕ are direction dependent (should be calculated for bending about x).
dx = h*[1−(h’/h)] since h’/h=0.1, ⇒ dx =600*[1−0.1]=540mm
 yd  2‰ (from step-1)
Correction for creep; k  1  ef  1
f ck  25 35.706
  0.35   x    0.35    0.237 ef  1.2 (given)
200 150 200 150
k  1  0.237 1.2  1.284 ≥ 1
2 103
⇒ e2, x  0.1 6184.422  1.284  kr ⇒ e2, x  (40.42  kr ) mm
0.45  540
⇒ M 2,x  2720  40.42 103  kr M 2,x  (109.94  kr ) kNm
Substituting inside M Ed , x  210.05  M 2,x  M Ed , x  210.05  109.94kr
nu  n
But kr  1 where nbal  0.4 ; nu 1
nu  nbal
N Ed nu  0.8
we already got; n  = 0.8 ⇒ kr  1
f cd bh nu  0.4
the term kr (and hence MEd) is calculated iteratively as follows.

Note: during the iteration, for the calcualtion of ω below, a uniform rebar on all faces is
assumed. For h’/h=0.1, this corrosponds to Biaxial Chart No.35.
For 1st iteration, take kr = 1
 M Ed , x  210.05  109.94 1  320
M Ed , x 320 106
x    0.157
f cd bh 2 14.17  400  6002
From Biaxial chart No. 35, for  = 0.8, x = 0.157 and y = 0.08; we get  = 0.4
1.4  0.8
⇒ nu  1    1  0.4  1.4 kr   0.6  1
1.4  0.4
For 2nd iteration, take kr = 0.6
 M Ed , x  210.05  109.94  0.6  276
M Ed , x 276 106
x    0.135
f cd bh 2 14.17  400  6002
1.35  0.8
⇒ nu  1    1  0.35  1.35 kr   0.579  1
1.35  0.4
For 3rd iteration, take kr = 0.579
 M Ed , x  210.05  109.94  0.579  273.7
M Ed , x 273.7 106
x    0.134
f cd bh 2 14.17  400  6002
The value of ω is identical to the value in the 2nd iteration and we can stop the iteration. Also
notice how MEdx and μx are very close to the values in 2nd iteration.
The moment, MEd,x= 273.7kNm is the final mid-height-moment. Earlier we got an end-moment
(M02,x+Mimp,x) of 242.05kNm. Taking the larger of these; M Ed , x  273.7kNm (governs).
Because the MEdx value at mid-height governs, the value of ω will remain as above (ω=0.35).
NEd = 2720kN MEd,x= 273.7kNm MEd,y= 108.76kNm
 = 0.8 x = 0.134 y = 0.08 ⇒ ω = 0.35

5.1) Main Rebar
The total required area of steel is;
 Ac f cd 0.35   400  600  14.17
As ,tot    2976mm2
f yd 400

For uniform rebar on all faces, area of rebar on each face is;
As ,tot 2976
As , face    744mm 2
4 4
Let, Nb and Nh are the number of rebar on the “b face” and “h face” respectively. Then, the total
number of rebars, N, can be written as; N  2( Nb  Nh )  4
For uniform rebar on all faces, Nb = Nh and the above equation simplifies to; N  4( Nb  1)
Let, as is area of a single rebar. Then, the number of rebar on each face, (Nb=Nh), can be derived
as follows;
As ,tot  as  N  As ,tot  4as ( Nb  1)
As , face
 As , face  as ( Nb  1)  Nb  1
as
744
Therefore, for ϕ16 rebar  N b   1  4.7  516
201
5ϕ16 on each face gives a total of; N 4( Nb  1) ⇒ N = 4*(5−1) = 16ϕ16 rebars.
Therefore, provide 16ϕ16 (5 on each face).
In this example, the rebar size is set to be ϕ16. But, as a demonstration, the result of other rebar
sizes along with the ϕ16 is shown here.
ϕ14 744/154+1 = 5.83 ≈ 6/face = 20ϕ14 ---- (weight/m = 1.028*20=24.16 kg/m)
ϕ16 744/201+1 = 4.7 ≈ 5/face = 16ϕ16 ---- (weight/m = 1.578*168=25.248 kg/m)
ϕ20 744/314+1 = 3.37 ≈ 4/face = 12ϕ20 ---- (weight/m = 2.466*12=29.592kg/m)
ϕ24 744/452+1 = 2.65 ≈ 3/face = 8ϕ24 ---- (weight/m = 3.551*8=28.408kg/m)
Even if the 20ϕ14 is lighter than the chosen one (16ϕ16), the rebar spacing on the 400m face
becomes small (the spacing between 6ϕ14 on the 400mm face will be 64mm).
 0.1 N Ed 0.1 2720 103
 f   680mm2

0.002  Ac  0.002  400  600  480mm
2
As = 3216 ≥ As,min = 680 OK

As,max = 0.04Ac = 0.04*(400*600) = 9600mm2
As = 3216 ≤ As,max = 9600 OK
5.2) Links
6mm
0.25  0.25 16  4mm

20  20 16  320mm


Outside the critical zone; Sl ,max  b  400mm ⇒ Sl,max = 320mm ≈ 300mm.
400mm

Since we have rebars on the faces, check if every bar is within 150mm from restrained bars.
The rebar spacing are;
b  2b 400  2  41
Short face; Sb    79.5mm
Nb  1 5 1
h  2h 600  2  41
Long face; Sh    129.5mm
Nh  1 5 1
There are 3 unrestrained rebars on the short face and because 2*79.5 > 150, we have to add an
internal link (labeled st.1c & st.1’c in the drawing).
There are 3 unrestrained rebars on the long face and because 2*129.5 > 150, we have to add an
internal link (labeled st.1b & st.1’b in the drawing).
The complete structural drawing of the column-line starting from the footing is shown in the
next page. To demonstrate lapping and link arrangement, it is assumed that the footing is at 2m
from the ground and the foundation column has the same reinforcement as the column designed
in this example (the ground column).
Note that;



Examples On Columns

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Examples On Columns

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RC-II Examples on Columns

Unity University 1 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

EXAMPLE-2: Section Design for Uniaxial Bending

Step-6: Number of rebar

Unity University 2 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

As = 2512 ≥ As,min = 275 OK

EXAMPLE-3: Section Design for Uniaxial Bending

Unity University 3 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step-6: Number of rebar

As = 804 ≥ As,min = 240 OK

Unity University 4 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

20  20 16  320mm

EXAMPLE-4: Section Design for Biaxial Bending

Unity University 5 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step-7: Rebar size (for eight rebars of equal areas)

As = 2512 ≥ As,min = 545 OK

Unity University 6 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

EXAMPLE-5: Section Design for Biaxial Bending

Step-4: Select suitable chart

Unity University 7 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Step-7: Rebar size (for 4 rebars at corners)

As = 2828 ≥ As,min = 320 OK

Unity University 8 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

EXAMPLE-6: Column Design (2D Frame)

Unity University 9 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    2EI L  beam

Unity University 10 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

End-moment including imperfections;  M 02  M imp  110  7.86  117.86kNm

Unity University 11 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

As = 804 ≥ As,min = 254 OK

Unity University 12 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

The complete structural drawing of the column-line DEF is shown in page-19.

Unity University 13 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Unity University 14 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

End-moment including imperfections;  M 02  M imp  125  7.48  132.48kNm

Unity University 15 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Substituting inside M Ed  118.48  M 2  M Ed  118.48  15.62kr

Unity University 16 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Unity University 17 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

As = 1608 ≥ As,min = 300 OK

Unity University 18 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Unity University 19 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Ecm 31.5 300  4003

⸫ EI  0.1463  26.25 1.6 109  0  6.145 109 kNmm2

Unity University 20 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

⇒ I s  As 1602 ⇒ ks Es I s  1 200  As 1602  5.12 106  As

Now we can perform the iterations as follows.

Unity University 21 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Unity University 22 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    2EI L 

 Moments of inertia (I):

Unity University 23 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

 0.45  k1  0.45  k2    2EI L  beam

 Moments of inertia (I):

Unity University 24 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

3) Minimum moment, Imperfection moment & Equivalent 1st order moment

Unity University 25 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

End-moment including imperfections;  M 02,y  M imp , y  79  29.76  108.76kNm

End-moment including imperfections;  M 02,x  M imp , x  200  42.05  242.05kNm

Unity University 26 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

Substituting inside M Ed , x  210.05  M 2,x  M Ed , x  210.05  109.94kr

Unity University 27 of 31 Prepared by: Feysel N.

5) Reinforcement Detailing & Drawing