A

Figure above shows a typical plan of a school building. It is constructed using cast in-situ
method and the slab panels are 3 x 8 m each. Prepare a complete design of beam 2/A-D.

Design data:

Slab thickness = 125 mm

Loads from slab sw + finishes, partitions etc. = 15 kN/m
Characteristic live load, qk = 10 kN/m (from slab)
Nominal cover, c = 25 mm
Concrete’s characteristic strength, fck = 30 N/mm2
Steel characteristic strength (main), fyk = 500 N/mm2
Beam size, bw x h = 250 x 450 mm

1. Loads acting on beam.

Characteristic permanent action on beam, gk

Self-weight of beam = 25 x bw x h = 25 x 0.25 x 0.45 = 2.81 kN/m

Total charac. permanent action, gk = self-weight of beam + gk from slab

= 2.81 + 15 = 17.81 kN/m
Total charac. variable action, qk = 10 kN/m
Design load acting on beam 2/A-D, w = 1.35gk + 1.5qk
= 1.35(17.81) + 1.5(10) = 39.04 kN/m

2. Produce shear force diagram (SFD) and bending moment diagram (BMD).

The coefficients from Table 3.5 (BS8110) can be applied to the continuous beam analysis if all
the provisions stated below are fulfilled.

(1.35gk + 1.5qk)

For this case:

a) Qk ≤ Gk = 10 < 17.81 (OK)
b) Loads should be uniformly distributed over 3 or more spans = 3 spans (OK)
c) Variation in span length should not exceed 15% of the longest =same span (OK)

Beam 2/A-D
w = 39.04 kN/m

8m 8m 8m
 0.45F 0.55F 0.6F

+ + +

- - -

0.6F 0.55F 0.45F

0.11FL 0.11FL
- -

+ + +

0.09FL 0.07FL 0.09FL

3. Calculate the design moments and shear force values.

F = wL = (39.04) x (8) = 312.32 kN

w = 39.04 kN/m

8m 8m 8m

140.54 171.78 187.39

+ + +

- - -

187.39 171.78 140.54

274.84 274.84

- -

+ + +

224.87 174.9 224.87

4. Design the main reinforcements.
Calculate the effective depth, d.

Assume bar = 20 mm

link = 8 mm d

d = h – c - link - bar/2 = 450 – 25 – 8 - 20/2

= 407 mm

Location 1: At mid span A-B and C-D (can be designed as flanged section)

M = 0.09 FL = 224.87 kNm

3000 mm 3000 mm

bw = 250 mm
bw = 250 mm

Section A-A

Lo values

Mid span A-B & C-D => lo = 0.85 (8000) = 6800 mm

Calculate the effective width of flange, bf

beff =  beff,i + bw  b; beff,i = 0.2 bi + 0.1 l0  0.2 l0

b1 = b2 = (3000 - 250)/2 = 1375 mm
beff,1 = beff,2 = 0.2(1375) + 0.1(6800) = 955 mm  0.2(6800) = 1360 mm (OK)
beff = beff,1 + beff,2 + bw = (955 + 955) + 250 = 2160 mm < b = 1375 + 1375 + 250 = 3000 mm (OK)

Design the main reinforcement.

Compare Mf with the design moment, M.

M =224.87 kNm < Mf = 1582 kNm

 compressive stress block lies in flange Design the beam as rectangular section.

 compression reinforcement is not required

> 0.95d  use = 0.95d

1337
0.95

Provide: 5H20 (As,prov = 1570 mm2) !!check the arrangement and net clearance (cbs)!!

!!check curtailment!!

Check the area of reinforcement.

At support B & C (design as rectangular section)

M = 0.11FL = 274.84 kNm

 compression reinforcement is required

Calculate d’

Provide: 3H16 (As’prov = 603 mm2)

Provide: 4H25 (As,prov = 1963 mm2) check net clearance (cbs)!

Check the area of reinforcement.

At mid span B-C (design as flanged section)

M = 0.07FL = 174.9 kNm

Mid span B–C => lo = 0.7 (8000) = 5600 mm

Calculate the effective width of flange, bf

beff =  beff,i + bw  b; beff,i = 0.2 bi + 0.1 l0  0.2 l0

b1 = b2 = (3000 - 250)/2 = 1375 mm

beff,1 = beff,2 = 0.2(1375) + 0.1(5600) = 835 mm  0.2(5600) = 1120 mm (OK)
beff = beff,1 + beff,2 + bw = 835 + 835) + 250 = 1920 mm < b = 1375 + 1375 + 250 = 3000 mm (OK)

Design the main reinforcement.

Mf = ............................. = 1406 kNm > M = 174.9 kNm
 compressive stress block lies in flange  Design as rectangular section.
0.018

1920
compression reinforcement is not required
0.018
0.98d > 0.95d

1039

0.95
Provide: 4H20 (Asprov = 1271 mm2) !!check the arrangement and cbs!!

Check the area of reinforcement.

5. Design the shear reinforcement.

location 1: near 1st support:

VEd = 0.45F = 140.54 kN

Calculate VRd,c
Proposed reinforcements for the end span: 5H20 at mid span. Assume 2H20 are curtailed
from reaching the support. Asl = 3H20 = 942 mm2
k = 1 + (200/407)1/2 = 1.7  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 942/(250x407) = 0.009 < 0.02
VRd.c = max{62.27; 43.23} = 62.27 kN

VEd (140.54) > VRd,c (62.27)  shear reinforcement is required

Calculate VRd,max

try  = 22:

> VEd (140.54) (OK - use 22)

Design shear reinforcement

140.54
0.36

Provide H8-250 (Asw/s = 0.4 mm2/mm)

s = 250 < min{0.75d = 305.25 mm; min dimension = 250 mm} = 250 mm (OK)

location 2: near 1st interior support:

VEd = 0.6F = 187.39 kN

Calculate VRd,c
Proposed reinforcements: 4H25 at support. Asl = 1963 mm2
k = 1 + (200/407)1/2 = 1.7  2.0; l = Asl/bwd = 1963/(250x407) = 0.019 < 0.02

VRd.c = max{79.88; 43.23} = 79.88 kN

VEd (187.39) > VRd,c (79.88)  shear reinforcement is required

Calculate VRd,max

try  = 22:
 > VEd (187.39) (OK - use 22)
Design shear reinforcement

Provide H8-200 (Asw/s = 0.5 mm2/mm)

s = 200 < min{0.75d = 305.25 mm; min dimension = 250 mm} = 250 mm (OK)

(Asw/s)min = 0.08bw/fyk x fck1/2 = 0.21 (provide H8 – 250 for locations where VEd < VRdc

!!!Design for other critical locations: internal span close to internal support, end span close
to end support, etc. !!!

6. Check beam’s capacity against deflection.

Check only at mid section (sagging moment) of each span. Support not required!

Location 1: mid section of end span

 = As,req/bwd = 1337/(250x407) = 0.013 > 0 = (30)1/2x10-3 = 5.48x10-3

use eq. 7.16b:
From table 7.4N, K = 1.3 (end span of continuous beam)

= 1.3[11 + 1.5(30)1/2(5.48x10-3/0.013) + 1/12(30)1/2(0)1/2] = 18.8

modification factor - reinforcement:

310/s = (500/500) x (1570/1337) = 1.17

modification factor - section shape:

the section was designed as a flanged section. bf/bw = 2160/250 = 8.64 > 3

 need to multiply 0.8

modification factor - span length:

span length = 8 m > 7 m  length MF = 7/8 = 0.875

(l/d)allowable = 18.8 x 1.17 x 0.8 x 0.875 = 15.40

(l/d)actual = 8000/407 = 19.66 > (l/d)allowable = 15.40

 this span is not sufficient against deflection

Increase bending reinforcement. Try 3H25 + 2H20 (2100)

 new 310/s = (500/500) x (2100/1337) = 1.57 > 1.5  use 1.5

 new (l/d)allowable = 18.8 x 1.5 x 0.8 x 0.875 = 19.74 > (l/d)actual (OK)

!!!Check for other critical locations: mid span for internal span.!!!

7. Check the beam for cracking.

Check at tension zones.

Location 1: mid span of span A-B and C-D

Location 2: interior supports at grid B and C

fs = fyk/1.15 x (Gk + 0.3Qk)/(1.35Gk + 1.5Qk)

= 500/1.15 x (17.81 + 0.3x10)/(1.35x17.81+1.5x10)
= 232 MPa

Taking wk = 0.3 mm → maximum allowable spacing ≈ 230 mm

 250

2H20
3H25 this is clear bar spacing!! should be
used after proposed the bending reinf't.
S1 S1 For crack check, use the actual spacing

For the two locations, reinforcements at the outermost are the same: 3H25

s1 = [250 - 2(25) - 2(8) - 3(25)]/2 = 47 mm > 230 mm OK!

Crack check passed

8. Detailing

Presented in longitudinal profile with several cut sections for special reinforcement
arrangements.

***Required information: grid no., neighbouring beams and slabs outline, correct
reinforcements at correct locations, link reinforcements indicated with coverage zones,
supports, reinforcements lapping locations and lapping length, curtailment locations and
dimensions, reinforcement anchorage, etc.***