I.

Multiple Choice

1. Which is the most potent mineralcorticoid?

a. Aldosterone
b. Deoxycortisone
c. 11-deoxycortisol
d. All of the above
2. Which part of the adrenal glands secretes sex hormones in minimal amounts?
a. Adrenal medulla
b. Zona glomerulosa
c. Zona fasciculate
d. Zona reticularis
3. Which is the most potent glucocorticoids?
a. Dexamethasone
b. Prednisolone
c. Prednisone
d. Methylrednisone
4. What is the predominant glucocorticoid in dogs?
a. Corticosterone
b. Prednisolone
c. Cortisol
d. Dexamethasone
5. What is the clinical disorder arising with hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?
a. Addison’s disease
b. Cushing disease
c. Primary adrenal insufficiency
d. Secondary adrenal insufficiency
6. What is the mode of action of aldosterone?
a. Increase renal absorption of Na and water
b. Increase renal excretion of K
c. Removal of H ions
d. All of the above
7. Which is not true about ADH?
a. Promotes conservation of water
b. Leads to production of concentrated urine
c. Reduces plasma osmolarity
d. Stimulates thirst center
8. Adrenergic receptors which mediate direct cardiac effects.
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. β2
9. Adrenergic receptors which stimulates rennin secretion
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. β2
10. In urinary bladder this adrenergic receptor causes sphincter contraction
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. both b and c
11. What is the predominant glucocorticoids in laboratory animals?
a. Cortisol
b. Corticosterone
c. Aldosterone
d. Dexamethasone
12. The anti-inflammatory effect of glucocorticoids is due to
a. Stabilization of lysosomes
b. Inhibits release of proteolytic enzymes
c. Selective vascularization
d. All of the above
13. All of the following are stimulators of aldosterone secretion, except
a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypernatremia
c. Hyponatremia
d. Anxiety
14. Which of the following regulates the glucocorticoid output of the adrenal glands?
a. Adrenorticotropic hormone
b. Growth hormone
c. Renin – angiotensin system
d. Thyrotrophic hormone
15. Which part of the adrenal gland does ACTH act to stimulate production of glucocorticoids?
a. Zona glomerulosa
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona fasciculata
d. Adrenal medulla
16. Which part of the adrenal glands contains the chromaffin cells to produce catecholamines?
a. Zona glomerulosa
b. Zona reticularis
c. Zona fasciculate
d. Adrenal medulla
17. All of the following factors are involved in controlling the synthesis and secretion of
aldosterone EXCEPT:
a. Rennin
b. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
c. Concentration of plasma potassium
d. Concentration of plasma sodium
18. Major sites of steroid hormone synthesis
a. Pancreas and gonads
b. Adrenal cortex and gonads
c. Thyroid and parathyroid
d. Thyroid and adrenal cortex
19. All of the following suppresses aldosterone secretion, except:
a. Adrenocorticotropic hormone
b. Atrial natriuretic hormone
c. High sodium concentration
d. Potassium deficiency
20. The following hormones regulate water and electrolyte balance, except:
a. ADH
b. Aldosterone
c. Cortisol
d. Rennin
21. Aldosterone promotes reabsorption of Na and K from what portion of the nephron?
a. Proximal convoluting tubules
b. Distal convoluting tubule and collecting duct
c. Glomerulus
d. Loop of Henle
22. Enhanced secretion when stimulated with angiotensin II
a. Aldosterone
b. Cortisol
c. Dexamethasone
d. ADH
23. Pregnenolone is a precursor
a. Aldosterone
b. Cortisol
c. Dexamethasone
d. ADH
24. Stimulates NaCl absorption in the sweat ducts upon long-term acclimation to a hot climate
a. Aldosterone
b. Cortisol
c. Dexamethasone
d. ADH
25. What is the predominant glucocorticoids in pigs?
a. Hydrocortisone
b. Aldosterone
c. Corticosterone
d. Dexamethasone
26. What cells secretes Vit D3?
a. Juxtaglomerular cells
b. Polkissen cells
c. Mesangial cells
d. Renal tubular cells
27. What is the action of Vit D3?
a. Decrease renal absorption of Ca
b. Increase renal PO4 excretion
c. Increase intestinal absorption of Ca
d. All of the above
28. What is the target site of PTH in the causing osteolysis?
a. Osteoblast
b. Osteoclast
c. Osteocytes
d. A and C
29. What is the calcium-increasing hormone?
a. Parathyroid hormone
b. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol
c. Calcitonin
d. Vit D3
30. What is the target site of PTH in the causing resorption?
a. Osteoblast
b. Osteoclast
c. Osteocytes
d. All of the above
31. What is the calcium-lowering hormone?
a. Vit D3
b. Thyroxine
c. Calcitonin
d. PTH
32. The following are target cells of insulin, except:
a. Liver cells
b. Skeletal and muscle cells
c. Adipocytes
d. All of the Above
33. What is the target cell of glucagons?
a. Liver cells
b. Skeletal muscle cells
c. Adiposytes
d. All of the above
34. The following do not require insulin for glucose transport, except
a. WBC
b. Renal tubular
c. RBC
d. None of the above
35. The following are effect of insulin, except
a. Promotes glycogenesis
b. Prevents glycolysis
c. Enhance gluconeogenesis
d. None of the above
36. What is the condition present in diabetic patients due to excessive breakdown of fats?
a. Ketonuria
b. Ketosis
c. Hypoglycemia
d. Hyperglycemia
37. The following can be done to monitor a diabetic patient
a. Fasting blood glucose
b. BUN
c. Creatinine
d. All of the above
38. He crytalized a hyperglycemic substance from islets of Langerhans and named it glucagons
a. Frederich Sanger
b. Staub et al.
c. Banting and Best
d. Du Vigneaud
39. What is the target cell of glucagons in promoting and increase in blood glucose level?
a. Skeletal muscle cells
b. Renal cells
c. RBC
d. Hepatocytes
40. What hormone is secreted by the kidney and liver?
a. Thymosin
b. Tyrosine
c. NE
d. Erythropoietin
41. What cell is highly dependent on insulin for glucose uptake?
a. Adipose cells
b. Renal tubular cells
c. RBC
d. Intestinal epithelial cells
42. The following are effects of insulin, except:
a. Gluconeogenesis
b. Glycogenesis
c. Lipogenesis
d. Increased glucose utilization
43. The administration of insulin causes
a. Glyconeogenesis
b. Hypoglycemia
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Glycogenesis
44. Which of the following facilitates fat deposition and strongly inhibits lipolysis?
a. Insulin
b. Somatostatin
c. Glucagon
d. None of the above
45. The following are effect of insulin, except:
a. Promotes glycogenesis
b. Prevents glycolysis
c. Enhance gluconeogenesis
d. None of the above
46. Pharmacologic agents that stimulates the release of insulin:
a. β-receptors blocking agents
b. α-receptors blocking agents
c. β- stimulators
d. all of the above
47. Greek term; “a siphon”, suggesting excessive urine formation:
a. Mellitus
b. Insipidus
c. Diabetes
d. Both a and c
48. The insulin receptor
a. Acts as a ligand-responsive transcription factor
b. Has a single subunit
c. Has tyrosine kinase activity
d. Is an ion channel
e. Is coupled to adenylate cyclase.
49. Uncontrolled Type I diabetes mellitus (IDDM or juvenile-onset) is characterized by
a. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells
b. Decreased insulin sensitivity
c. Hypoglycemia
d. Increased glucose utilization
e. Ketoacidosis
50. Unlike liver, muscle cannot release glucose into the bloodstream. This is because muscle
lacks the enzyme
a. Glucose 6-phosphatase
b. Glycogen phosphorylase
c. Hexokinase
d. Thiophorase
e. Transaminase
51. What is the disorder due to inability of insulin production in young animals?
a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
c. Diabetes insipidus
d. Glaucoma
52. What is the disorder due to insensitivity to the effect of insulin in adult animals?
a. Type 1 diabetes mellitus
b. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
c. Diabetes insipidus
d. Glaucoma
53. The action of which one of the following would provide for gluconeogenesis.
a. Growth hormone
b. NE
c. Aldosterone
d. ACTH
54. The administration of insulin causes:
a. Glyconeogenesis
b. Hypoglycemia
c. Hyperglycemia
d. Glycogenesis
55. Which of the following facilitates fat deposition and strongly inhibits lipolysis?
a. Insulin
b. Somatostatin
c. Glucagon
d. None of the above
56. The following are effect of insulin, except:
a. Promotes glycogenesis
b. Prevents glycolysis
c. Enhance gluconeogenesis
d. None of the above
57. Pharmacologic agents that stimulates the release of insulin:
a. β-receptors blocking agents
b. α-receptors blocking agents
c. β- stimulators
d. all of the above
58. Parathyroid hormone increases the absorption of calcium from the intestinal tract by its
action on:
a. Intestinal epithelial cells
b. Bone cells
c. The kidney to activitate Vit D
d. Cholesterol to form Vit D
59. Phosphorus must be balanced in the animal diet with adequate calcium (Ca) and vitamin D
for growth, reproduction, gestation, and lactation, total P is between:
a. 1:10:1
b. 1:20:1
c. 1:15:1
d. 1:25:1
60. PTH is involved also in the activation of Vit D at the _______ level
a. Kidney
b. Gut
c. Bone
d. All of the choices
61. The primary target organ is bone and the lesser effects also occur in the _________
a. Kidney
b. Gut
c. Both a and b
d. None of the choices
62. Which of the following gastrointestinal hormones is the most potent to stimulate the
secretion of calcitonin?
a. Cholecystokinin
b. Secretin
c. Glucagon
d. Gastrin
63. The hormone which decreases the movement of calcium from the labile bone calcium pool
(behind the osteoblast-osteocyte barrier) to the ECF and decreases bone resorption through
an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts
a. Parathyroid hormone
b. Calcitonin
c. Vit D3
d. Phosphorus
64. _______ also has effects on bone, promoting the movement of calcium ions from the labile
pool into ECFs and the resorption of bone, as well as enhancing the effects of PTH on bone
metabolism of calcium.
a. Parathyroid hormone
b. Calcitonin
c. Vit D3
d. Phosphorus
65. Hyperglycemic disorders due to impaired carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism caused
by either lack of insulin secretion or decreased sensitivity of the tissues to insulin or
excessive glucagon secretion.
a. Type 1 DM / Insulin independent
b. Type 2 DM / non-insulin dependent
c. Diabetes mellitus
d. Pituitary diabetes
66. Hyperglycemia may occur because NH4+ stimulates the release of glucagon in this type of
diabetes mellitus
a. Drug induced DM
b. Type 1 DM/Insulin dependent
c. Hyperammonemia
d. Type 2 DM/non-insulin dependent
67. Amylin that when overlyproduced by pancreatic β cells is often involved in the disorder
a. Type 1 DM insulin independent
b. Type 2 DM/non-insulin dependent
c. Diabetes mellitus
d. Pituitary diabetes
68. Calcitonin, CCK, and VIP stimulates the release of which hormone?
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Pancreatic polypeptide
69. Glucagon affects all of the following organs, EXCEPT
a. Liver
b. Adipose tissue
c. CNS
d. Mammary gland
70. A peptide hormone stimulated by the ingestion of protein, exercise and fasting
a. Insulin
b. Glucagon
c. Somatostatin
d. Pancreatic polypeptides
71. Pituitary diabetes occurs due to:
a. Decrease insulin secretion
b. Decrease GH secretion
c. Increase insulin secretion
d. Increase GH secretion
72. Which of the following condition in non-responsive to insulin treatment?
a. Pituitary diabetes
b. Adrenal diabetes
c. Diabetes mellitus
d. Diabetes insipidus
73. The adrenal glands of all the species below releases Epinephrine, whereas this species daily
release Norepinephrine
a. Cats
b. Dogs
c. Cattle
d. Pigs
74. This receptor inhibits the effect of catecholamines on insulin release
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. β2
75. These animals do not exhibit a daily rhythm in the secretion of mineralcorticoids
a. Cats
b. Dogs
c. Cattle
d. Pigs
76. This receptor increased peripheral resistance and increase blood pressure
a. α1
b. α2
c. β1
d. β2
77. The degradation of circulating catecholamines occur largely in the ___________
a. Kidney and liver
b. Nerves
c. Blood
d. Tissues
78. This receptor mediates the release of parathyroid hormone in cattle and possibly in other
domestic animals except in humans
a. β1
b. β2
c. D1
d. D2
79. This receptor inhibit secretion of aldosterone, prolactin, and renin, and may cause emesis in
humans and animals
a. α1
b. α2
c. D1
d. D2
80. The hormone that may signal parturition in sheep
a. DHEA
b. Mineralcorticoids
c. Androstenetione
d. Glucocorticoids

II. Identification

1. _CALCITRIOL__ is the steroid hormone that is known for its important role in regulating
body levels of calcium and phosphorus and in mineralization of bones
2. Source of Parathyroid hormone PARATHYROID GLAND
3. Source or Calcitonin THYROID GLAND
4. The primary cause of osteomalacia and rickets in a deficiency in _VITAMIN D____ activity
5. Source of pancreatic polypeptide ISLETS OF LANGERHANS
6. The activation steps involved in converting Vit D from the diet first takes place in the
LIVER____ and the second takes place in the
7. KIDNEY________
8. The major transporter used for uptake of glucose GLUT 4
9. A potent inhibitor of insulin and glucagon release which predominates in the pancreas and
hypothalamus SOMATOSTATIN
10. The percentage of total mass of pancreas are 70% vasculature
11. _2-3_% endocrine and
12. 8% exocrine
13. A condition when the brain becomes starved for energy, leading to the syndrome of insulin
shock, which is acutely life-threatening. HYPOGLYCEMIA
14. Hypersecretion of ACTH by pituitary corticotropes leads to a marked increase in the
thickness of zona FASCICULATA and
15. zona RETICULARIS
16. The two most important factors that regulate synthesis and secretion of aldosterone
17. ANGIOTENSIN II and SERUM POTASSIUM
18. Two types of hormones that increases the water reabsorption of nephrons
19. ADH and ALDOSTERONE
20. ANDROGEN is an endogenous steroid hormone and intermediate in the biosynthesis of
testosterone and estrogen.