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Toaz - Info Chemistry Project On Analysis of Fertilizerspdf PR
Toaz - Info Chemistry Project On Analysis of Fertilizerspdf PR
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ANALYSIS ON FERTILIZERS
Acknowledgment
I am deeply indebt ed t o Mr. O.J. Abraham sir, our physics facult y wit hout whose const ruct ive
guidance t his project /vent ure would not have been a success. His valuable advice and
suggest ions for t he correct ions, modificat ions and improvement did enhance t he perfect ion in
performing my job well.
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I am obliged t o Sr. Kiran our principal for providing t he best of facilit ies and environment t o
bring out our innovat ion and spirit of inquiry t hrough t his vent ure.
I t ake special pleasure in acknowledging Mam Nirmala for her willingness in providing us wit h
necessary lab equipment s and const ant support wit hout which t his effort would have been
wort hless.
I am grat eful t o My Parents and My Brother whose blessings and wishes have gone a long
way in t he complet ion of t his arduous t ask.
Last but not t he least I t hank all My Friends and Batch Mates, wit hout t heir prompt support
my effort s would have been in vain.
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT MISS SAUMYA GUPTA OF CLASS XII-SC HAS SCCESSFULLY
CARRIED OUT THE PROJCT ENTITLED “ANALYSIS ON FERTILIZERS” UNDER MY
SUPERVISION.
ALL THE WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS WAS DONE BY THE CANDIDATE HERSELF.
THE APPROACH TOWARDS THE SUBJECT HAS BEEN SINCERE AND SCIENTIFIC.
MRS.BEENA DASHORA
CHEMISTRY FACULTY
SECONDARY SCHOOL
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION
(f) Phenomenon
2. EXPERIMENT:
(a) Aim
(b) Apparat us
(c) Procedure
(d) Result s
3. BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
(a) Definit ion: When light t ravels from one medium t o anot her it changes t he direct ion of it s
pat h at t he int erface of t he t wo media.
(i) The incident ray, t he refract ed ray and t he normal t o t he int erface at t he point of
incidence, all lie in t he same plane.
(ii) The rat io of t he sine of t he angle of incidence of t he sine of angle of refract ion is
const ant .
Bending Light:
When a st ick is submerged int o wat er, t he st ick appears bent at t he point it ent ers int o wat er.
This opt ical effect is due t o refract ion. As light passes from one t ransparent medium t o
anot her, it changes speed and it bends. How much t his happens depends on t he refract ive index
and t he angle bet ween t he light ray and t he line perpendicular i.e. normal t o t he surface
separat ing t he t wo mediums.
µ = C/V
A ray of light t ravels along st raight line in a homogenous medium meaning densit y same
t hroughout . When it t ravels from one medium t o anot her medium of different densit ies t he light
deviat es from it s original pat h. The amount of deviat ion of light from it s original pat h depends
on t he indices of refract ion of t he t wo media and is described quant it at ively by Snell’s law.
1. Angle of incidence – The angle t hat t he incident ray makes wit h t he normal is known as angle
of incidence (“i").
Ð i = Ð AOB
AO – Incident ray
OB – Normal
2. Angle of refract ion – The angle t hat t he refract ed ray makes wit h t he normal is known as
angle of refract ion.
Ð r = Ð COQ
OQ – Refract ed ray,
OC – Normal
3. Angle of emergence – The angle t hat t he emergent ray makes wit h t he normal is known as
reemergence.
Ð e = Ð SQR
SQ – Emergent ray
RS – Normal
The values given are appropriat e and do not account for t he small variat ion of index wit h light
wavelengt h which is called dispersion.
Snell’s Law:
In 1621, a Dut ch physicist named Willeboard Snell (1591-1626), derived t he relat ionship
bet ween t he different angles of light as it passes from one t ransparent medium t o anot her.
Snell’s law st at es t hat when light passes from one t ransparent medium t o anot her speed of
light changes and t hus it deviat es from it s original pat h and ext ent of deviat ion is given by t he
relat ion-
n1 sin q1 = n2 sin q2
Since n1 < n2
q1 > q2
Therefore refract ed ray bends t owards t he normal when it t ravels from rarer t o dense medium.
Case II :
n1 / n2 = sin q2 / sin q1
Therefore n1> n2
n1/ n2 > 1
q2 > q1
Therefore refract ed ray bends away from t he normal when it t ravels from denser t o rarer
medium.(For bot h cases refer t o diagrams)
1. Frequency is t he charact erist ics of t he source and remains unaffect ed when t he medium
changes.
l1 = wavelengt h in medium 1
l2 = wavelengt h in medium 2
V1 = nl1
V2 = nl2
V1 / V2 = l1 / l2
Medium 1 = wat er
Medium 2 = air
Refer t o diagram
1. The sun is visible a lit t le before t he act ual sunrise and a lit t le aft er t he act ual sunset . By
act ual sunrise we mean t he act ual crossing of t he horizon by t he sun.
2. The apparent flat t ening of sun at sunset and sunrise is also due t o at mospheric
refract ion.
When light passes from an opt ically denser medium t o a rarer medium at t he int erface, it is
part ly reflect ed back int o t he same medium and part ly refract ed int o t he second medium. This
reflect ion is called int ernal reflect ion.
When a ray of light t ravels from denser t o rarer medium t he ray deviat e away from t he normal.
At a part icular angle called crit ical angle t he refract ed ray just grazes or t ouches t he surface
i.e. Le of refract ion = 90°. The angle of refract ion in denser medium for which t he Le of
refract ion in rarer medium = 90° is called crit ical angle.
If angle of incidence is great er t han t he crit ical angle t he ray get s t ot ally int ernally reflect ed.
Consider t hat ray of light is t raveling from denser t o rarer medium. Let ‘C’ be t he crit ical angle.
The angle of incidence (i)
Ð i = LC
mµ = Sin C
a
Sin C = 1 / a µm
DIAGRAM
1. Mirage: It is phenomenon occurring in desert s. The ground air layer get s heat ed up and
expands. Mirage is an opt ical illusion. The upper layer is denser as compared t o lower layer.
The ground get s heat ed up very quickly t he lower layer of air expands and densit y
decreases. The ray of light t raveling from t he upper layers get s deviat ed away from
normal and suffers t ot al int ernal reflect ion and t he dist ant object appears t o be invert ed
and t o t he observer pool of wat er appears at a dist ant place and t his phenomenon is
called mirage.
2. Ext ra brilliance of diamonds : Refract ive index of diamond is approx. 2.45 or 2.9 when a ray
of light ent ers int o diamond mult iple reflect ion t akes place inside due t o TIR as µ = 1 /
sin C, C approx. 23° (very small).
EXPERIMENT
Aim: To det ermine refract ive index of wat er using a t raveling microscope.
Refract ion is a phenomenon of propagat ion of light from one t ransparent medium int o t he ot her
medium such t hat light deviat e from it s original pat h. The rat io of velocit y of light in t he first
medium t o t hat in t he second medium is called refract ive index of second medium w.r.t . t he
first medium.
The bot t om surface of a vessel cont aining a refract ing liquid appears t o be raised, such t hat
apparent dept h is less t han t he real dept h. Refract ive index of refract ing liquid is defined as t he
rat io of real dept h t o t he apparent dept h.
Wit h wat er = r2
Paper piece = r3
Real dept h = r3 – r1
Apparent dept h = r3 – r2
µ = r3 – r1 / r3 – r2
Refer t o t he diagram
PROCEDURE:
OBSERVATIONS
50 V.S.D. = 49 M.S.D.
= 1/50 M.S.D.
CALCULATIONS
RESULTS
The refract ive index of wat er by using t raveling microscope is det ermined t o be 1.33.
PRECAUTIONS
NITROGEN:
Preparation:
Most of nit rogen fert ilizers are obt ained form synt het ic NH3. This chemical compound is used
as gas or in wat er solut ion or it is convert ed t o salt s.
Nitrogen Deficiencies
Nitrogen in Excess –
(b) Weaken st em
PHOSPHORUS:
Preparation:
Most phosphoric fert ilizers are obt ained by t he t reat ment of calcium phosphat e wit h
H2SO4and phosphoric fert ilizers. Calcium phosphat e is mainly derived from phosphat e rock and
bones. Phosphat e rock is found in deposit s of sediment ary origin laid down on beds of ocean
floor.
Phosphorus deficiencies –
Advantages of P:
Phosphorous in excess
POTASSIUM:
Preparation:
It is t he sevent h most abundant element found in eart h’s crust . Pot assium chloride which is
principal commercial form of pot ash and some KNO3 is also used for product ion of pot ash
fert ilizer.
Potassium deficiencies:
Advantages of K:
Potassium in excess
Fertilisers- V
RESULT- Fert ilizer has Ca2+ as cat ion. (The fert ilizer det ect ed is Vermi Compost ).
*****
Fertilizer–III
RESULT- The given fert ilizer has N in element al form. (The fert ilizer det ect ed is urea).
*****
(Urea)
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