Collage of medical science

Medical laboratory science department

Stage 4th

16-10-2021

ONCOGENES

Prepared By:

✓ Honya Hama Supervised By:

Salim
Dr.Rebin
✓ Asan Namiq
Mahmood
✓ Shatw Aso
✓ Savo Salar
 Table of Content
Introduction: ....................................................................................................................... 2
Types: .................................................................................................................................. 3
Role in cancer:..................................................................................................................... 5
detection methods:............................................................................................................. 6
Reference: ........................................................................................................................... 8

1
Introduction:
The term ONCO- comes from the Greek word Onkos, which means "bulk" or
"mass," and refers to an oncogene's ability to cause tumors. An oncogene is a
piece of genetic material a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence that has been
altered or mutated from its original form, proto-oncogene, with the ability to cause
cancer.

Oncogenes were first discovered in retroviruses (RNA-based viruses that include

reverse transcriptase) and were later identified as cancer-causing agents in a
variety of species.

Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus found cancer-causing viral genes in the mid-
1970s. They also discovered that these so-called "oncogenes" were derived from
normal cells rather than the virus, and that they had been incorporated into the
virus.

2
Types:
There are more than 40 different types of human proto-oncogenes which can
convert to oncogenes.

Some of them are:

oncogenes cancer
HST Stomach carcinoma
ErbB
NRAS Multiple myeloma
ALK Lymphoma
RET, rasH Carcinoma of thyroid
ABL CML
SRC, rasK, Colon carcinoma
HER2 Breast
K-rasv12 Pancreas
MITF Melanoma
cMYC Burkitt lymphoma
Breast
TP53, cMYC, L-myc, rasK, N- Lung cancer
myc, H-ras
lyl Acute T-cell leukemia

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4
Role in cancer:
Cancer is a genetic disorder marked by abnormal cell proliferation and tumor
formation.

Before cancer to show up clinically, a number of factors must happen. These

factors are critical in the initiation and progression of cancer, Damage to DNA
repair pathways, the transformation of a normal gene (proto-oncogene) into an
oncogene, tumor suppressor gene mutations, or genes involved in the apoptotic
process are all factors to consider.

Proto-oncogenes are found naturally in human’s genomes, which codes for

proteins that have roll in cell growth, differentiation and proliferation, however
they do not cause transformation. Although proto-oncogenes were thought to be
"silent" or not expressed until inappropriately activated or being "turned on" to
become oncogenes and promote uncontrolled growth.

Activation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes results in a gain of function and may

be quantitative (an increase in the production of an unaltered product) or
qualitative (the production of a modified product). As a result of these alterations,
activated oncogenes induce abnormal cell proliferation and therefore tumor
development.

5
detection methods:
The majority of mutation detection methods rely on polymerase chain reaction (PCR),
yet PCR does not detect the actual mutation itself.

Rather, PCR produces an amplicon, which is subsequently analyzed using another

technique to look for mutations within the amplicon, such as conformation-based
techniques like

single stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis,

denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE),

sequencing.

A modified PCR can be used as the primary mutation-detection system in some

cases, but electrophoresis may be required to separate the subsequent
amplicons:-

• real-time PCR, the amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS)

• quantitative fluorescent PCR (QF-PCR)
• oligoligation assay
• multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA).

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7
Reference:
1. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "oncogene". Encyclopedia Britannica,
17 Feb. 2019
2. N. Haites,Oncogenes,Editor(s): Sydney Brenner, Jefferey H. Miller,
a. Encyclopedia of Genetics,Academic Press,2001,Pages 1370-1372,
3. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition.
New York: Garland Science; 2002. Finding the Cancer-Critical Genes.
4. Understanding Cancer and Related Topics Understanding Cancer Developed by:
Lewis J. Kleinsmith, Ph. D. (2002b)
5. Frayling I.M., Monk E., Butler R. (2006) PCR-Based Methods for Mutation
Detection. In: Coleman W.B., Tsongalis G.J. (eds) Molecular Diagnostics.
Humana Press.