Fallacy

Appeal to Pity or Argumentum

-The argument tries to persuade by arousing unrelated sympathetic responses.

EXAMPLE:
"You should not convict the defendant of murder because seeing him imprisoned
would shatter his poor mother's heart."
"Isn't it preferable to be unfair than just, when the just man may be beaten,
kicked, clubbed, insulted, and humiliated by those arresting him while respecting
the law and not resisting arrest?"

Appeal to Ignorance
-This fallacy occurs when you argue that your conclusion must be true, because
there is no evidence against it.

EXAMPLE:
"I guess I didn't get the job. They never called me back".
"Since you haven't been able to prove your innocence, I must assume you're
guilty".

Equivocation
-occur when a significant term or phrase in an argument is employed in an
ambiguous manner, with one meaning in one section of the argument and a different
meaning in another.

EXAMPLE;
"A warm beer is better than a cold beer. After all, nothing is better than a cold
beer, and a warm beer is better than nothing".
"Noisy children are a real headache. Two aspirin will make a headache go away.
Therefore, two aspirin will make noisy children go away".

Composition
-Inferring that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some
part of the whole. This is the opposite of the fallacy of division.

EXAMPLE:
“The universe must be caused by something because everything in the universe
has a cause.”
“The legs of this chair are made of wood, so the whole chair must be made of
wood.”