GATE Online Coaching Classes: Digital Communications

GATE Online Coaching Classes
Digital Communications
Online Class-3
By
Dr.B.Leela Kumari
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering
University college of Engineering Kakinada
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada
6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 1

Queries

Session-3
Baseband Transmission
• Comparison between TDM and FDM

• Pulse code Modulation
• Regenerative repeaters
• Noise in PCM Systems
• Differential pulse code modulation
• Noise in DPCM Systems
• Objective Type Questions and Problems
Comparison of TDM and FDM

Pulse Code Modulation(PCM)
PCM is used to convert analog signal in to
digital signal
The operations in Transmitter section
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
The operations in Receiver section
Quantization
Decoding and Filtering

Pulse Code Modulation

Pulse Code Modulation

• Sampler converts analog signal in to discrete
signal
• Quantizer converts discrete signal in to digital
signal
• Encoder translates the Quantized signal more
appropriate format of signal(Line coding)
• The Quantizing and encoding operations are
usually performed in the same circuit, which is
called n analog to digital converter

 The essential operations in the Receiver are
Regeneration of impaired signals
Decoding and demodulation
These operations are usually performed in the same
circuit, which is called n digital to analog converter
 Regenerative repeaters are used t intermediate points

long the transmission route from the transmitter to the
receiver to reconstruct transmitted sequence of coded
pulses in order to combat the accumulated effects of
signal distortion and noise
 The Quantizer at the receiver, is to take decision bout

the presence or absence of a pulse(There re only two
Quantization levels.

The out put of the quantizer goes to the
decoder which is an A/D converter that
performs the inverse operation of the encoder
The decoder output is a sequence of

quantized pulses.
The original base band signal is reconstructed

in the holding circuit and LPF

Standards of PCM
1. The European Standards
2. The American Standards
 The working of the two standards remain the
same but they slightly different in Specifications
 European PCM has 30 Channels
 North American PCM has 24 Channels
 Japanese PCM has 24 Channels
 Indian PCM has 30 Channels

Bit Rate and Band width of PCM
 Bit rate =nfs
 Let ‘n’ be the no. of bits used to represent each level
No of levels M= 2n
i. e. No. of bits per sample = n
No. of samples per sec = fs
Therefore No. of bits/sec = nfs
 No. of bits/sec is known as Signaling rate of PCM (Rb)

Bit rate of PCM Rb= n x fs (bits/sample.samples/sec)
n is bits per simple
fs is Sampling frequency

Bit rate and Band width of PCM
 Band width of PCM depends on the type of encoding is
used
 Minimum Transmission band width = Rb /2
 We know that fs≥2fm
 Band width of PCM Transmission ≥ signalling rate/2

Band width ≥ Rb /2
≥ nfs/2
≥n(2fm)/2
≥nfm
The transmission Band width of PCM ≥ n fm

Advantages of PCM
Uniform Transmission quality
Compatibility of different classes of traffic in
network
Integrated digital network
Increased utilization of existing network
Good performance over poor transmission path
Noise and cross talk levels low
Disadvantages of PCM
Large Bandwidth requires for transmission
attenuation will increase
Applications of PCM:
Digital audio Applications
Digital Telephony
In Compact Disk

Regenerative repeaters
Objectives :
• Reshaping
• Extracting timing information
• Making symbol detection decision

Pre amplifier compensates attenuation
Equalizer compensates distortion
Timing extraction gives timing pulses
Regenerator converts binary information in to
digital signal

Noise in PCM system
There are two types of noises in a PCM System

transition noise
 Quantization noise
Channel noise is completely eliminated by

Regenerative Repeaters.
Quantization Error depends on the step Size S
The maximum Quantization Error in PCM
system is Δ/2
Signal to Noise Ratio in PCM system

Differential Pulse Code Modulation(DPCM)
• PCM is not really efficient because it generates Redundant Information

• Suppose we have a slowly varying signal m(t), then we
exploit this by using the difference between two
adjacent samples. This will form the basis of
differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) any bits
taking up a lot of bandwidth.
• Let m[n] be the nth sample reading of signal m(t). Then

we can express the difference between two adjacent
samples as e[n] = m[n] – m[n-1]
• Principle: Instead of transmitting m[n], we transmit

e[n].
• At the receiver knowing e[n] and the previous value of

m[n-1] allows us to construct the value of m[n].
• DPCM works on the principle of Prediction

DPCM Transmitter
The signals at each point are named as

m(nTs) is the sampled input
mˆ(nTs) is the predicted sample
e(nTs) is the difference of sampled input and predicted output, often called as prediction error
eq(nTs) is the quantized output
mq(nTs) is the predictor input which is actually the summer output of the predictor output and
the quantizer output

Comparator : The comparator finds out the
difference between the actual sample value m(nTs)
and predicted sample value mq(nTs).
This is known as prediction error and it is denoted

by e(nTs)
It can be defined as e(nTs)= m(nTs)- mˆ(nTs)

Prediction error : The predicted value is produced by
produced by using a prediction Filter

 DPCM works on the principle of Prediction
 The predictor produces the assumed samples from the previous outputs of the
transmitter circuit. The input to this predictor is the quantized versions of the input
signal m(nTs).
 Quantizer Output is represented as
eq(nTs)=Q[e(nTs)]=e(nTs)+qe(nTs)
Where qe(nTs) is the quantization error
 Predictor input is the sum of quantizer output and predictor output,

mq(nTs)=mˆ(nTs)+eq (nTs)
mq (nTs)=mˆ(nTs)+e(nTs)+qe(nTs)
mq (nTs)=m(nTs)+qe(nTs)
The same predictor circuit is used in the decoder to reconstruct the original input.

DPCM Receiver
• In the absence of noise, the encoded receiver input will be the

same as the encoded transmitted information
• the predictor assumes a value, based on the previous outputs. The

input given to the decoder is processed and that output is summed
up with the output of the predictor, to obtain a better output.
mq(nTs)=mˆ(nTs)+eq (nTs)

Noise in DPCM system

Gp=Pm/Pe

 If we define mp and dp as the peak amplitudes of message
signal m(t) and difference signal d(t), respectively.
 Assuming the same number of steps L for both, then the

quantization step Δ in DPCM is reduced in magnitude by
dp /mp . The quantization noise is proportional to (Δ) 2
 the quantization noise power is reduced by a factor (dp /mp )2

and the SNR is therefore increased by (mp /dp ) 2 .
 Maintaining the same SNR, the number of bits can be reduced.
 Example: The AT&T telephone system sometimes operates at

32 kbits/s (or even 24 kbits/s) when using DPCM. [The
telephone system was initially designed to use a 64
kbits/second data rate.]
Advantages
 Bandwidth requirement of DPCM is less
compared to PCM.
Quantization error is reduced because of
prediction filter.
 Numbers of bits used to represent one sample
value are also reduced compared to PCM
Disadvantages
Needs Complex Prediction Circuit

Comparisons of PCM and DPCM

Objective Type questions

1. The sequence of operations in which PCM is done is
a. Sampling, quantizing, encoding
b. Quantizing, encoding, sampling
c. Quantizing, sampling, encoding
d. None of the above
2. In PCM, the parameter varied in accordance with the

amplitude of the modulating signal is
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Phase

3. One of the disadvantages of PCM is
a. It requires large bandwidth
b. Very high noise
c. Cannot be decoded easily
d. All of the above
4. PCM represents
(a) each PCM-encoded sample as a whole
(b) first PCM-encoded sample as a whole and following
samples as diﬀerences from the first PCM-coded sample
(c) first PCM-encoded sample as a whole and following
samples as diﬀerences from the previous PCM-coded
sample
(d) None of the above
5. The expression for bandwidth BW of a PCM system,
where v is the number of bits per sample and fm is the
modulating frequency, is given by
a. BW ≥ vfm
b. BW ≤ vfm
c. BW ≥ 2 vfm
d. BW ≥ 1/2 vfm
6. The mean square Quantization error of a PCM is, if

the step size is ‘S’
a. S2
b. S2/12
c. S/4
d. S

7. In Differential Pulse Code Modulation techniques, the decoding is
performed by
a. Prediction Filter
b. Sampler
c. PLL
d. Quantizer
8. A signal having uniformly distributed amplitude in the interval -V

to +V is to be encoded using PCM with uniform quantization. The
signal-to quantizing-noise ratio (SQNR) is determined by the
(a) dynamic range of the signal
(b) sampling rate
(c) number of quantizing levels
(d) power spectrum of signal

9. DPCM is a technique
a. To convert analog signal into digital signal
b. Where difference between successive samples of the analog
signals are encoded into n-bit data streams
c. Where digital codes are the quantized values of the
predicted value
d. All of the above
10. The SNR in DPCM can be increased by

a. Maximizing the Processing gain
b. Minimizing the Processing gain
c. Independent of Processing gain

11. The noise that affects PCM
a. Transmission noise
b. Quantizing noise
c. Transit noise
d. Both a and b are correct
12. Which one of the following statements about differential pulse code
modulation (DPCM) is true?
a. The sum of message signal sample with its prediction is quantized

b. The message signal sample id directly quantized, and its prediction is
not used
c. The difference of message signal sample and a random signal is
quantized
d. The difference of message signal with its prediction is quantized

13. Regenerative repeaters are used for
a. Eliminating noise
b. Reconstruction of signals
c. Transmission over long distances
d. All of the above
14. The signal to quantization noise ratio in an n-bit PCM system
(a) depends upon the sampling frequency employed

(b)is independent of the value of ‘n’
(c) increasing with increasing value of ‘n’
(d)decreases with the increasing value of ‘n’

15. If the number bits per sample in a PCM system is
increased from and n to (n+1), the improvement is signal to
quantization nose ratio will be
(a) 3 dB
(b)6 dB
(c) 2 n dB
(d)n dB

16. Pulse modulation is used in
a) Radio navigation
b) Automatic landing equipments
c) Data communications
d) All of the above
17. The signal to quantisation noise ratio in a PCM system

depends on
a) Sampling rate
b) Number of quantisation levels
c) Message signal bandwidth
d) None of the above
18. Let m(t) be a non sinusoidal signal with a peak value A. m(t) is fed to a uniform quantizer.
The value of (SNR)0,q in decibels for R-bit code word per sample is
(a) 6 .0 2 R +1. 8 (b) 4.8+ 6 .0 2 R
(c) 6 .0 2 R + 2 (d) 6. 0 2n+4.8
20. A sinusoidal signal with peak to peak amplitude of 1.536 V is quantized into 128 levels using a
midrise uniform quantizer. The quantization noise power is
(a) 0.768 V
(b)48 × 10-6 v2
(c) 12 × 16-6 v2
(d)3.072 V
(∆) =1.536/128 = 0.012v

21. In a PCM system, if the code word length is increased from 6
to 8 bits, the signal to quantization noise ratio improves by
the factor
(a) 8/6
(b)12
(c) 16
(d)8

22. A signal is sampled at 8 KHz and is quantized using 8-bit
uniform quantizer. Assuming SNRq for a sinusoidal signal, the
correct statement for PCM signal with a bit rate of R is
(a) = 32 , = 25.8
(b) = 64 , = 49.8
(c) = 64 , = 55.8
(d) = 32 , = 49.8
• Given sampling rate = 8 KHz, Then bit rate = = ×
=
• =( . + . . ) = . + . × = .

23. The peak to peak input to an 8 bit PCM coder is 2 volts. The signal power to quantization
noise power ratio (in dB) for an input of 0.5 cos is
(a) 47.8
(b) 49.76
(c) 95.6
(d) 99.6

24. In a PCM system with uniform quantization, increasing the number of bits
from 8 to 9 will reduce the quantization noise power by a factor of
(a) 9
(b)8
(c) 4
(d)2
Quantization noise in PCM is given by
Quantization noise reduces by a factor of 4

24. The number of bits in a binary PCM system is increased from n to n+1. As a result, the signal
quantization noise ratio will improve by a factor
(a) ( + 1)/
(b) 2( +1) /
(c) 4
(d)Which is independent of n

25. The bandwidth required for the transmission of a PCM signal increases by a factor of
_____when the number of quantization levels is increased from 4 to 64.
(a) 2 Times
(b) 3 Times
( c) 4 Times
(d)Which is independent of quantization levels
( ) =
Where n – number of bits in PCM code fm – signal bandwidth
=
= =
= =
( ) = =
( ) = =
( ) /( ) = / =
( ) = ( )

26. A sinusoidal signal with peak to peak amplitude of 1.536 V is
quantized into 128 levels using a midtread uniform quantizer. The
quantization noise power is
(a) 0.768 V
(b)48 × 10-6 v2
(c) 12 × 10-6 v2
(d)3.072 V
27. Quantization noise occurs in :
(a) PCM
(b) TDM
(c) FDM
(d) PWM

28. PCM transmission requires _______ Bandwidth than
Amplitude transmission.
(a) More
(b) Less
(c) Same
(d) Negligible
29. Which one of the following communication system is

digital ?
(a) FM
(b) AM
(c) PCM
(d) PAM
30.
The number of quantizing levels =256=28

n= 8
The Sampling Frequency fs = 7KHz
The bit rate of the system is Rb= n x fs
= 8x 7KHz = 56kbps

31. In a PCM system, the signal m(t) = {sin (100πt) + cos(100πt)} V is sampled at the
Nyquist rate. The samples are processed by a uniform quantizer with step size 0.75
V. The minimum data rate of the PCM system in bits per second is .

32

33.

34.

35.

References
1. communication systems by B.P.Lathi
2. Principles of communication systems by Herber Taub.Donald & Schilling,Goutam
Saha
3. Digital Communications ,Design for real World by Andy Bateman
4. Digital Communications by Dr.K.N.Hari Bhat ans Dr.D.Ganesh Rao
5. Communication Syatems,by R.P.Singh , S D Sapre
6. Digital Communications second edition by CH. Kranthi Rekha
7. Digital Communications theory ,techniques and applications by R.N.Mutagi
8. Digital Communications by P.Rama Krishna Rao
9. Wiley Acing the GATE Examination For Electronics and Communication Engineering
10. https://www.aceenggacademy.com/
11. gate study.com
12. https://www.madeeasy.in/
Disclaimer: The material presented in this presentation is taken from various standard
Textbooks and Internet Resources and the presenter is acknowledging all the authors.

Thank You

39.

GATE Online Coaching Classes: Digital Communications

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GATE Online Coaching Classes: Digital Communications

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GATE Online Coaching Classes

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 1

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 2

• Comparison between TDM and FDM

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 4

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 5

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 6

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 7

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 8

 Regenerative repeaters are used t intermediate points

 The Quantizer at the receiver, is to take decision bout

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 9

The decoder output is a sequence of

The original base band signal is reconstructed

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 10

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 11

 No. of bits/sec is known as Signaling rate of PCM (Rb)

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 12

 We know that fs≥2fm

 Band width of PCM Transmission ≥ signalling rate/2

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 13

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 15

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 16

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 17

There are two types of noises in a PCM System

Channel noise is completely eliminated by

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 19

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 24

• Let m[n] be the nth sample reading of signal m(t). Then

• Principle: Instead of transmitting m[n], we transmit

• At the receiver knowing e[n] and the previous value of

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 26

The signals at each point are named as

mˆ(nTs) is the predicted sample

eq(nTs) is the quantized output

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 27

This is known as prediction error and it is denoted

It can be defined as e(nTs)= m(nTs)- mˆ(nTs)

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 28

 Quantizer Output is represented as

Where qe(nTs) is the quantization error

 Predictor input is the sum of quantizer output and predictor output,

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 29

• In the absence of noise, the encoded receiver input will be the

• the predictor assumes a value, based on the previous outputs. The

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 30

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 31

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 32

 Assuming the same number of steps L for both, then the

 the quantization noise power is reduced by a factor (dp /mp )2

 Maintaining the same SNR, the number of bits can be reduced.

 Example: The AT&T telephone system sometimes operates at

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 34

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 35

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 36

2. In PCM, the parameter varied in accordance with the

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 37

6. The mean square Quantization error of a PCM is, if

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 39

8. A signal having uniformly distributed amplitude in the interval -V

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 40

10. The SNR in DPCM can be increased by

6/24/2020 Dr. B. Leela Kumari UCEK JNTUK Kakinada 43