GENRES

(jenis-jenis teks) Abi jack

NARRATIVE
Narrative is a pieces of writing that tells a story. The story can be
imaginary or based on a real incident. A narrative always deals with some
problems which lead to the climax and than turn into a solution to problem.
Example:>

Snow white
Once upon time there live a little girl named Snow White. She lived
with her aunt and uncle because her parents were dead. One day she
heard her uncle and aunt talking about leaving Snow white in the castle
because they both wanted to go to America and they didn’t have enough
money to take Snow White. Snow White did not want her uncle and aunt
to do this so she decided it would be best if she ran away. The next
morning she ran away from home when her aunt and uncle were having
breakfast. She ran away into the woods. She was very tired and hungry.
Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no one answered so she
went inside and fell asleep. Mean while,the seven drawfs were coming
home from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White
sleeping. When Snow White woke up. She saw the drawfs. The drawf
said, what is your name? Snow White said, My name is Snow White.
Doc said, “if tou wish, you my live here with us”. Snow White told the
drawfs the whole story and Snow White and the seven drawfs live
happily ever after.

Analysis of Snow White

Title : Snow white

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 Orientation : once upon time there lived a little girl named Snow
White. She lived with her aunt and uncle because her parents were dead.

Major complication : one day she heard her uncle and aunt talking about
leaving Snow White in the cascle because they both wanted to go to
America and they didn’t have enough money to take Snow White.

Resolution 1 : snow white did not want her uncle n aunt to do this
so she decided it would be best it she ran away. The next morning she ran
away from home when her aunt and uncle were having breakfast. She ran
away into the woods.

Complication 2 : she was very tired and hungry.

Resolution 2 : Then she saw this little cottage. She knocked but no
one answered so she went inside and fell asleep.

Complication 3 : Meanwhile,the seven drawfs were coming home

from work. They went inside. There they found Snow White sleeping.
When Snow White woke up. She saw the drawfs. The drawf said, what is
your name? Snow White said,My name is Snow White.

Resolution 3 : Doc said, “if tou wish, you my live here with us”.
Snow White told the drawfs the whole story and Snow White and the
seven drawfs live happily ever after.

Recount
. recount text is a text that telling the reader about one story, action
or activity. Its goal is to entertaining or informing the reader.

Generic structure

 Orientation tells who was involved, what happened, where the

events took place, and when it happened.

 Series of Events tell what happened and in what sequence.

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 Reorientation : consists of optional-closure of events/ending.

Example:>

A visit to a sheep property

Last holiday I visited a sheep property. I helped in the shearing sheds
and the yards. On the first day the Merino wethers were crutched. I
helped by sweeping up after the rouse about picket up the wool pieces.
Shearers started early at 7.30 am. After lunch, we started shearing the
lambs. There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until the next day.
Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags. I was tired by the end of
the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished. We all had to help to
get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks. As well, we had to get
a mod mob of ewes and their lambs into the yards for shearing the next
day. Then it was time for tea (that’s what my nanna calls dinner). This
was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.

Analysis of a recount

Title : A visit to a sheep property

Orientation : Last holiday I visited a sheep property. I helped in

the shearing sheds and the yards.

Sequences/series of events : On the first day the Merino wethers were

crutched. I helped by sweeping up after the rouse about picket up the
wool pieces. Shearers started early at 7.30 am. After lunch, we started
shearing the lambs. There were more than 400 so we didn’t finish until
the next day. Once again I was sweeping and picking up dags. I was tired
by the end of the day in the shed but our work wasn’t finished. We all
had to help to get the wethers and lambs back into the paddocks. As well,
we had to get a mod mob of ewes and their lambs into the yards for
shearing the next day. Then it was time for tea (that’s what my nanna
calls dinner).

Reorientation : this was a very long day but I enjoyed it a lot.

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 News Item
 Social function
:: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are
considered newsworthy or important.
 Generic structure
:: newsworthy event (s): recounts the event in summary form
:: Background events: elaborate what happened, to whom, in what
circumstance.
:: sources: comments by participant in, witnesses to and authorities expert
on the event.
 Lexicogrammatical Feature
:: short,telegraphic information about story captured in headline.
:: use of material processes to retell the event (in the text below, many of
the material processes are nominalized).
:: focus on circumstances

Example:>

Town Contaminated

Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered evidence of another

soviet nuclear castatrophe, which killed 10- sailors and contaminated an
entire town. Yelena is the first journalist to speak to people who
witnessed the explosion of nuclear submarine at the naval base of
shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostok. The accident, which occurred 13
months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over
the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the then
Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the
Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a “thermal” and not a
nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to
remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to
secrecy. A board of investigators was later to describe it as the worst
accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

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 Analysis of News Item

Title : Town Contaminated

Newsworthy event : Moscow – A Russian journalist has uncovered

evidence of another soviet nuclear castastrophe, which killed 10- sailors
and contaminated an entire town.

Background events : Yelena is the first journalist to speak to people

who witnessed the explosion of nuclear submarine at the naval base of
shkotovo – 22 near Vladivostok. The accident, which occurred 13
months before the Chernobyl disaster, spread radioactive fall-out over
the base and nearby town, but was covered up by officials of the then
Soviet Union. Residents were told the explosion in the reactor of the
Victor-class submarine during a refit had been a “thermal” and not a
nuclear explosion. And those involved in the clean up operation to
remove more than 600 tones of contaminated material were sworn to
secrecy.

Sources : A board of investigators was later to describe it as

the worst accident in the history of the Soviet Navy.

DESCRIPtion
 social function
:: to describe a particular person, place or thing.
 the structure of the text
:: identification: identifies phenomenon to be describe.
:: description: describe parts, qualities, characteristics.
 Lexico grammatical features
:: focus on specific participants.
:: use of attributive and identifying processes.
:: frequent use of epithets and classifiers in nominal groups.
:: use of simple present tense.

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 Example :>

London

London the capital city of England, has been one of the major cities in
Europe for centuries. Because of its long history, it has many old
buildings.
The historical center of London is now a relatively small area still
known as the city, which covers only about 2,6 sq km (about 1 sq ml). the
city is capitalized, to distinguish it from the larger metropolis. This is
where London began as a Roman colonial town around AD 50, at the
point where the Roman built the first bridge in London. Today this area is
one of the world’s leading financial centers. Most of the financial
activities are crowded along Thread needle Street, near the intersection
known as Bank, which include the huge bank of England complex, the
Royal Exchange, and the stock Exchange. This permanent residential
population of the city is now less than 6000, but about 350,000 commute
here daily to work. The only large residential portion of the city is the
Barbican Center, a concrete complex of towers, parking garages, and
pedestrian walkways located on the northern edge of the city. The
Barbican was built to replace older building destroyed in world war II
(1939 – 1945), when the Germans heavily bombed London.

Report
 social function of the text
:: to describe the way things are, with reference to a range of natural, man
made and social phenomena in our environment.
 the structure of the text
:: general classification: tells, what the phenomenon under discussion is.
:: description: describe parts, qualities, characteristics is like in terms of
(1) parts, (2) qualities, (3) habits or behaviors, if living; uses, if non
natural.

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 lexicogrammatical features

:: focus on generic human and generic non human participants.

:: use of:
 material processes, e.g. has produced, have developed, to feed.
 Relational processes, e.g. is, could have cause, are.
 Mental processes, e.g. feel.
:: use of comparative: contrastive and consequential conjunction.
:: reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction).

Example:

Whales
Whales area sea living mammals. They therefore breathe air but
cannot survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue
whale, which can exceed 30 m in length, is the largest animal to have lived
on earth. Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are
important differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of
broad, flat, horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and it has a single
nostril on top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shinny and
beneath it lies s layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in the kitchen and
and serve to converse that heat and body fluids.

Analysis of a Report

Title : Whales

General classification : Whales area sea living mammals

Qualities parts behavior or use : They therefore breathe air but cannot
survive on land. Some species are very large indeed and the blue whale,
which can exceed 30 m in length, is the largest animal to have lived on earth.
Superficially, the whale looks rather like a fish, but there are important
differences in its external structure: its tail consists of a pair of broad, flat,
horizontal paddles (the tail of a fish is vertical) and it has a single nostril on
top of its large, broad head. The skin is smooth and shinny and beneath it
lies s layer of fat (blubber). This is up to 30 cm in the kitchen and and serve
to converse that heat and body fluids.
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 EXPLANATION

 Social function
:: to explain the processes involved in the formation or workings of
natural or sociocultural phenomena
 Generic structure
:: a general statement to position the reader
:: a sequenced explanation of why or how something occurs.
 Lexicogrammatical feature
:: focus on generic, non human participant
:: use mainly of material and relational processes.

Example:

Tsunami
Tsunami occur when a major fault under the ocean floor suddenly
slips. The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant paddle,
producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean waves
spread out from the vinicity of the earthquake source and move across the
ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they
reach the continental shelf, the part of the earth’s crust that slopes, or rises,
from the ocean floor up to the land.
tsunamis wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe
flooding, loss of lives due to drowning, and damage to property.
A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is generated by disturbance
along the ocean floor. this disturbance can be an earthquake, a landslide, or a
volcanic aruption. A tsunami is undetectable far out in the ocean, but once it
reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling were grows very large.

Analysis of explanation

Title : tsunami

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General statement : Tsunami occur when a major fault under the ocean
floor suddenly slips.

Sequence explanation : The displaced rock pushes water above it like a giant
paddle, producing powerful water waves at the ocean surface. The ocean
waves spread out from the vinicity of the earthquake source and move across
the ocean until they reach the coastline, where their height increases as they
reach the continental shelf, the part of the earth’s crust that slopes, or rises,
from the ocean floor up to the land.
Stunamis wash ashore with often disastrous effects such as severe
flooding, loss of lives due to drowning, and damage to property.

Closing : A tsunami is a very large sea wave that is

generated by disturbance along the ocean floor. this disturbance can be an
earthquake, a landslide, or a volcanic aruption. A tsunami is undetectable far
out in the ocean, but once it reaches shallow water, this fast-traveling were
grows very large.

Discussion

- Social function
:: to present (at least) two points of view about an issue.
- Generic structure
:: issue:
 Statement
 Preview
:: arguments for and againts or statement of differing points of view:
 Point
 Elaboration
:: conclusion or recommendation
- Lexicogrammatical feature
:: focus on generic human and generic non human participant
:: use of:
i. Material proceses, e.g. has produced, have developed, to
feed.
ii. Relational processes , e.g. is, could have cause, are.
iii. Mental processes, e.g. feel.
:: use of comparative: contrastive and consequential conjunction.
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 :: reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns (abstraction)

Example:

National Exam In Pros And Cons

National exam becomes the hot topic in most of discussions. Though the
Supreme Court has rejected an appeal by the government on the organization
of the national exams, the controversy over whether it is necessary to
maintain the national exams (UN) has continued. Some debates include the
primary questions such as; does the quality of Indonesia education depend
on the national exam?, will the quality of the Indonesian education system
worsen without national exam?
People, who support the national exam explain that the quality of the
Indonesia education system will drop without the national exam, so they try
to defend the current system.
However there are people who disagree with the opinion. Those who against
this national exam kept in our high school education say that it doesn't need
the national exams because the quality of education does not just depend on
the national exam. Further, the national exam only measures a small portion
of students' competence in specific subjects, and does not measure students'
competences throughout the semester.
In fact, the national examination can still be useful as an instrument to
evaluate or detect the level of students' cognitive competence in several
subjects, on a national scale

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 ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION
- Social function
:: to persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not
be the case.
- Generic structure
:: thesis
iv. Position: introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.
v. Preview: outlines the main arguments to be presented.
:: arguments
vi. Point: restates main argument outlined in preview.
vii. Elaboration: develops and supports each point/ argument.
:: reiteration: restates writer’s position;conclusion.
- Lexicogrammatical feature
:: focus on generic human and non human participant.
:: use of simple present tense.
:: use of relational processes.
:: use of internal conjunction to state argument.
:: reasoning through causal conjunction or nominalization.

Example:

Integrated Pest Mangement

There is no one best way to deal with pest agriculture. Pesticides are
commonly used, but this many cause many problems. Combining different
management operations is the most effective way to control pest. Firstly, the
cheminal in pesticides may build up as residues in the environment. This
reduces the quality of farm produce. As well, pest can gradually become
resistant to pesticides. This means that vewer and sometimes stronger one
have to be developed. Some pesticides affect non target animals such as fish
and bees. This affects the natural balance. Also aiming to completely wipe
out agricultural pests may be very expensive. Sometimes pest damage costs
less than the method of control. Lastly, understanding the ecology of the
area helps a lot in pest control. Natural enimies can be used to control a pest.
Pesticides should be chosen that dont affect the natural enimies. Therefore,

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integrated pest management is a safe and more affective option in
agriculture.

Hortatory exposition
- Social function
:: to persuade the reader or listener that something should or should not
be the case.
- Generic structure
:: thesis: announcement of issue concern
:: arguments: reason for concern, leading to recommendation.
:: recommendations;suggestions: statement of what ought or ought not
to happen
- Lexicogrammatical Feature
:: focus on ganeric human and non-human participants,except for
speaker or writer referring to self.
:: use of:
viii. Mental processes: to state what writer thinks or feels
about issue, e.g. realize,feol, appreciate.
ix. Material processes: to state what happens, e.g. is
polluting, drive, travel, spend, should be treated.
x. Relational processes: to state what is should be, e.g.
doesn’t seem to have been, is.
:: use of simple present tense.

Example:

Country concern
In all the discussion over the removal of lead from petrol (and the
atmosphere) there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of the difference
between driving in the city and the country. While I realize my leaded petrol
car is polluting the air wherever I drive, I feel that when to travel trhough the
county, where you only see another car avery five to ten minutes, the
problem is not as severe as when traffic is concentrated on city road. Those
who want to penalize older, leaded petrol vehicles and their owners don’t
seem to appreciate tha, in the country, there is no public transport to fall
back upon and one’s own vehicle is the only way to get about. I feel that
country people, who often have to travel huge distances to the nearest town
and who already spend a great deal of money on petrol, should be treated
differently to the people who live in the city.
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 Analysis of hortatory exposition

Title : country concern

Thesis : In all the discussion over the removal of lead from

petrol (and the atmosphere) there doesn’t seem to have been any mention of
the difference between driving in the city and the country.

Argument 1 : While I realize my leaded petrol car is polluting the air

wherever I drive, I feel that when to travel trhough the county, where you
only see another car avery five to ten minutes, the problem is not as severe
as when traffic is concentrated on city road.

Argument 2 : Those who want to penalize older, leaded petrol

vehicles and their owners don’t seem to appreciate tha, in the country, there
is no public transport to fall back upon and one’s own vehicle is the only
way to get about.

Recommend ation : I feel that country people, who often have to travel huge
distances to the nearest town and who already spend a great deal of money
on petrol, should be treated differently to the people who live in the city.

Procedure
- Social function
:: to describe how something is accompished through a squence of
actions or steps.
- Generic structure
:: goal
:: material (not requered for all procedural texts)
:: steps 1 – n (goal followed by a senes of steps oriented to achieving the
goal)
- Lexicogrammatical features
:: focus on generalized human agents.
:: use of simple present tense, often imperative.
:: use mainly of temporal conjunctions (or numbering to indicate
sequence).
- Use mainly of material processes.
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 Example:
The hole game
:> materials needed : a hole in ground a line (distance) to start from.
:> two players: one marble per person
:> method ( step 1- n)
:> first you must dub (click marbles together). Then you must check that the
marbles are in good condition and are nearly worth the same value. Next you
must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance away from the
hole. The first player carefully throws his for her marble toward the hole.
Then the second player tries to throw his or her marble closer to the hole
than his or her opponent. The player whose marble is closest to the hole tries
to flick his or her opponent’s marble into the hole. The person flicking the
last marble into the hole wins and gets to keep both marbles.

Analysis of a procedure

Title : the hole game

Goal : flicking the marble into the hole

Materials : a hole in ground and a line (distance) to start from.

Steps : 1. Click the marble

2. check the marble
3. dig a hole and draw a line
4. throw the marble
5. flick the opponent’s marble

Review
- Social function

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 :: to critique an art work, event for a public audience. Such works of art
include movies, TV shows, books, plays, operas, recordings,
exhibitions, concerts and ballets.
- Generic structure
:: orientation: places the work in its general and particular context, often
by comparing it with others of its kind or through analogue with a non-
art object or event.
:: interpretative recount: summaries the plot and / or provides an
account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into being; is
optional, but if present, often recursive.
:: evaluation: provides an evaluation of the work and / or production; is
usually recursive.
:: evaluation summation: provides a kind of punchline which sums up
the reviewer’s opinion of the art event as a whole; is optional.
- Lexicogrammatical feature
:: focus on particular participant
:: direct expression of option through use of attitudinal epithets in
nominal groups; qualitative attributes and affective mental processes.
:: use of elaborating and extending clause and group complexes to
package the information.
:: use of metaphorical language (e.g. the wit was there, dexterously
ping ponged to and fro ...)

Example:Cinta (Dian sastrowardoyo) is a beautiful, smart and confident

seventeen year old. Born in a loving family, surrounded by caring and
supporting friends. Cinta seems to have everything in the world. She has
four best friends, Milly (sissy), Karmen (Adinia Wirasti), Alya (Ladya
Cheryl), and Maura(Titi Kamal) who always protect her. She’s also the
object of Borne’s affection, the most eligible boyfriend at school.
But things are starting to change when Cinta meets Rangga (Nicholas
saputra), a cool and arrogant boy whose presence is never taken into account
at school. The unpredictable character of Rangga has disturbed Cinta. It
creates a new and unfamiliar sensation which leads Cinta into a new and
strange world. The next thing she knows, she has fallen in love with
someone who has a very different character and comes from a very different
world.
Bit by bit, Cinta starts to change. She becomes a new person, a stranger to
her friends and even to herself. She doesn’t understand what has happened,
let alone her friends.

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 SPOOF
- Social function
:: to reteel event which sound serious at the beginning but have a funny
thing at the end.
- Generic structure
:: orientation: provides the setting and introduces participant.
:: event: tell what happened, in what sequence.
:: twist: change of atmosphere from serious to funny condition.
- Significant lexicogrammatical features
:: focus on specific participants
:: use of material process.
:: circumstances of time and place.
:: use of past tense.

Example:

Penguin
Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a penguin.
He took him to a policeman and said, I have just found this penguin.
What should I do? The policeman replied, take him to the zoo. The next
day the policeman saw the same man in the same park and the man was
still carrying the penguin with him. The policeman was rather surprised
and walked up to the man and asked, “why are you still carrying that
penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the zoo? “I certainly did,” replied
the man. And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it , so today
I’am taking him to the movies !!!

Analysis of s spoof

Orientation : Once a man was walking in a park when he came across a

penguin.

Event 1 : He took him to a policeman and said, I have just found this
penguin. What should I do? The policeman replied, take him to the zoo.

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 Even 2 : The next day the policeman saw the same man in the same
park and the man was still carrying the penguin with him. The
policeman was rather surprised and walked up to the man and asked,
“why are you still carrying that penguin about? Didn’t you take it to the
zoo? “I certainly did,” replied the man.

Twist : And it was a great idea because he really enjoyed it , so

today I’am taking him to the movies !!!

Anecdote
- Social function
:: to share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.
- Structure of the text
:: abstract: signals the retelling of an unusual incident.
:: orientation: see the scene.
:: crisis: provide details of the unusual incidents.
:: reaction: reaction to crisis.
:: coda: optional reflection or evaluation of the incident.
- Lexicogrammatical feature
:: use of exlamation, rhetorical questions and intensifires to point up the
significance of the event.
:: use of material processes to retell what happened.
:: use of temporal conjunction.

Example:

Quick Decisions

:> A game warden noticed how a particular fellow named Same consistenly
caught more fish then anyone else, whereas the other guys would only catch
three or four a day. Sam would come in off the like with a boat full. Stringer
after stringer was always packed with freshly caught trout. The warden,
curious, asked Sam his secret. The successful fisherman invited the game
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warden to accompany him and observe. So the next morning the two met at
the dock and took off in Sam’s boat. When they got to the middle of the like,
Sam stopped the boat, and the warden sat back to see how it was done.

:> Sam’s approach was simple. He took uot a stick of dynamite. Lit it and
threw it in tne air.the explosion rocked the like with such a force that dead
fish immediately began to surface. Sam took out a net and started scooping
them up.
:> Well you can imegine the reaction of the game warden. When the
recovered from the shock of it all, he began yelling it Sam. “ you can’t do
this! I’ll put you in jail,buddy! You will be paying every fine there is in the
book! “Sam, meanwhile, set his net down and took out another stick of
dynamite. He lit it and tossed it in the lap of the game warden with these
words, “ are you going to sit there all day complaining, or are you going to
fish?”
:> The poor warden was left with a fast decision to make. He was yanked, in
one second, from an observer to a participant. A dynamite of choise had to
be made and be made quickly! Life is like that. Few days go by without our
coming face to face with an uninveted, unancipated, yet unavoidable
decision. Like a crashing snow bank, these decisions tumple upon us without
warning. Quick. Immediate. Sudden. No council, no study, no advece, pow!

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