Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230

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Construction and Building Materials

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Tensile test on interlayer materials for laminated glass under diverse

ageing conditions and strain rates
Xavier Centelles a, Marc Martín a, Aran Solé b, J. Ramon Castro a, Luisa F. Cabeza a,⇑
a
GREiA Research Group, INSPIRES Research Centre, University of Lleida, Pere de Cabrera s/n, 25001 Lleida, Spain
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Campus del Riu Sec s/n, 12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain

h i g h l i g h t s

 A tensile test was performed on seven laminated glass interlayer materials.

 The mechanical properties of the materials were affected by the elongation rate.
 EVALAM, EVASAFE and TPU were the least affected by ageing factors.
 Water immersion led to water absorption and transparency loss for SentryGlas and PVB.
 Mechanical properties of SentryGlas and PVB dropped after water immersion.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Laminated glass is obtained by bonding two or more glass layers with a polymeric interlayer. The cou-
Received 7 November 2019 pling between glass layers depends on the shear stiffness of the interlayer. The mechanical and optical
Received in revised form 19 January 2020 properties of the interlayer may be affected by weathering factors. Since interlayer materials are vis-
Accepted 20 January 2020
coelastic, the strain rate may also affect its stiffness and ultimate strength. In this paper, tensile tests
are conducted on seven different polymeric films (PVB BG-R20, PVB DG-41, PVB ES, SentryGlas,
EVASAFE, EVALAM 80, and TPU) at three different strain rates. The mechanical and optical properties
Keywords:
of unaged specimens are compared with specimens exposed to thermal cycles, high temperatures, and
Laminated glass
Polymeric interlayer
moisture. The unaged specimens of PVB DG-41, PVB ES, and SentryGlas had the highest stiffness,
Glass transition temperature EVALAM 80 and EVASAFE had the highest ductility, PVB and SentryGlas had the highest tensile strength,
Tensile test and EVALAM 80, EVASAFE, and TPU were less affected by ageing factors and strain rate.
Ageing test Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction Glass is a brittle material, and its fracture is difficult to predict

Laminated glass is a composite material consisting of two or
more glass layers bonded using a polymeric film as interlayer. It
was originally used in car windshields, because the polymeric
interlayer prevented glass shards from scattering in case of acci-
dental breakage. The first interlayer used was polyvinyl butyral
(PVB). The application of laminated glass later expanded to archi-
tecture, and new interlayer materials were developed to increase
some laminated glass properties such as the transparency, the flex-
ural stiffness, the post-breakage strength, and the adhesion to
other materials, like steel or timber. Nowadays, the most com-
monly used polymer groups for laminated glass interlayers are
polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplas-
tic polyurethane (TPU), and ionoplast (e.g. SentryGlas).
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: lcabeza@diei.udl.cat (L.F. Cabeza).
[1], because it is generally caused by the formation and propaga-
tion of surface flaws [2]. The mechanical behaviour of glass is linear
elastic until breakage. By contrast, the polymeric interlayers are
viscoelastic materials, which means that its mechanical response
has an elastic and a viscous component: the elastic response is pro-
portional to the strain, whereas the viscous component is propor-
tional to the strain rate. The mechanical response of viscoelastic
materials is time- and temperature-dependant [3].
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) allows doing a characteri-
zation of the thermo-viscoelastic properties of polymers.
Andreozzi et al. [4] performed dynamic torsion tests on laminated
glass specimens, and Pelayo et al. [3] performed dynamic tensile
tests on polymeric interlayer films. Callewaertet al. [5] evaluated
the influence of load duration and temperature on laminated glass
plates under flexural load. Some interlayer manufacturers provide
the value of the Young modulus (elastic component) as a function
of the load duration time and working temperature (Fig. 1).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118230
0950-0618/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
2 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230

1E+03 1E+03

Young modulus [MPa]

Young modulus [MPa]

1E+02 1E+02

1E+01 1E+01

1E+00 1E+00

1E-01 1E-01
1E+00 1E+03 1E+06 1E+09 1E+00 1E+03 1E+06 1E+09
Time [s] Time [s]

(a) PVB BG-R20 (b) PVB ES

1E+03
Young modulus [MPa]

1E+02

1E+01 10 ºC 20 ºC 25 ºC
30 ºC 35 ºC 40 ºC
1E+00
50 ºC 60 ºC 70 ºC
1E-01 80 ºC
1E+00 1E+03 1E+06 1E+09
Time [s]

(c) SentryGlas
Fig. 1. Young modulus of three commercial interlayer materials as a function of load duration time and service temperature, obtained from the Kuraray catalogue [6].

The shear stiffness of the interlayer material, as well as the level of so many unaged and aged interlayer materials at different strain
of adhesion with glass, can affect the pre- and post-breakage per- rates.
formance of laminated glass plates [7]. Laminated glass panels
under out-of-plane bending have a higher bending stiffness and
2. Experimental study
maximum load when they have stiffer interlayers [8–10]. Sable
et al. [11] and Hána et al. [12] tested and simulated laminated glass
2.1. Materials
plates in a four-point bending test. They identified that the type of
interlayer affected not only the bending stiffness and the maxi-
Seven commercial polymeric interlayer materials were charac-
mum load, but also the breakage mode and fracture pattern. With
terized in this study. These materials are based on four of the most
regard to the post-breakage performance, Zhao et al. [13] identified
commonly used polymer groups for laminated glass interlayers:
that the type of glass, the number of layers, and the mechanical
PVB, EVA, TPU, and Ionomer. Table 1 shows the material base poly-
properties of the interlayer material affected the failure mode, as
mer, the trademark and the manufacturer of each of the tested
well as the post-breakage bending stiffness and load-bearing
interlayers.
capacity of damaged laminated glass plates.
Three different PVB are tested: PVB BG-R20 is a standard PVB,
The exposure to weathering factors, such as solar radiation,
whereas PVB ES and PVB DG-41 have a smaller amount of plasti-
thermal cycles, or humidity, may affect the mechanical and optical
ciser. The main expected effect of reducing the level of plasticiser
properties of the polymeric interlayers, as well as its adhesion with
is that the glass transition temperature increases, and therefore
glass [4] or other substrates such as steel [14]. Ageing factors and
their effect on strength and durability are especially looked upon
adhesive and laminated connections between elements [15]. Table 1
Chiara Bedon [16] identified that degradation in the bonding List of polymeric interlayer materials used: base polymer, trademark and
manufacturer.
region between glass layers could severely affect the structural
performance of laminated glass. Base polymer Trademark Manufacturer
In this paper, the authors study the effect of strain rate and Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) TrosifolÒ BG-R20 Kuraray Group
accelerated ageing on the elastic behaviour of polymeric interlay- TrofisolÒ ES Kuraray Group
ers. For that reason, the specimens were subjected to uniaxial ten- SaflexÒ DG-41 Eastman Chemical
sile tests until breakage, as previously done by Biolzi et al. [17]. The Company
Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) EVALAM-80 Pujol Evalam
authors aim to compare the tensile properties of seven interlayer EVASAFE Bridgestone
materials, under different strain rates and after exposure to differ- Corporation
ent ageing factors. These results will provide relevant information Ionomer SentryGlas Kuraray Group
for the selection of interlayer materials to be used in laminated Thermoplastic polyurethane KRYSTALFLEXÒ Huntsman
(TPU) PE399
glass. No previous papers compare the mechanical performance
 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230
the stiffness at a same temperature also increases. EVALAM and
EVASAFE belong to the same polymer group, but have different
mechanical properties because EVALAM has a higher portion of
vinyl acetate. With a higher level of vinyl acetate, the behaviour
of the copolymer is closer to that of rubber.
2.2. Methods
The glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured using the
differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique. The methodol-
ogy carried out to analyse interlayer materials is based on the stan-
dard ASTM E 1356 [18]. In this standard, a curve is represented in
the heat flux-temperature diagram, and a tangent line is drawn at
the inflection point in the region of the glass transition. The glass
transition temperature is the mid-point between onset and endset
of the inflectional tangent (Fig. 2). The equipment used was a DSC
822e from Mettler Toledo under a nitrogen gas flow. The amount of
sample material used was less than 5 mg and the sample was
located into a 40 ml aluminium crucible. The DSC analyses were
performed 30 °C above and 50 °C below the glass transition
temperatures reported in the literature, as standards suggest. In
addition, measurements were performed at three cooling rates:
20 °C/min, 10 °C/min and 5 °C/min.
The water absorption test methodology was based on UNE-EN
ISO 62 [19] and UNE-EN ISO 175 [20] standards. The main idea
of the water immersion test was to simulate a long-term exposure
to a humid weather in buildings. Three rectangular specimens
(20 mm  100 mm) of each polymer were tested. Each specimen
was placed inside a closed container and filled with deionized
water. Afterwards, specimens were placed in a thermostatic water
bath and maintained at approximately 23 °C during 367 h, which
corresponds to the addition of the time intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
24, 48, 96, and 168 h to measure the mass gain recommended by
the standard UNE-EN ISO 175 [20]. In order to measure the water
absorption, the samples were removed from the water containers
and, after removing the excess of water, they were weighted using
the analytical scale Mettler Toledo AG135, following the standard
UNE-EN ISO 175 [20]. The mass increase is associated to the water
absorption. Drying processes were performed in an oven Venticell
(Comfort line) from MMM Group at 40 °C.
Uniaxial tensile tests were performed following the ASTM D638
standard [21]; dumbbell shaped specimens (type IVB) were die-cut
(Fig. 3). Three samples of each interlayer were analysed to ensure
repeatability. The equipment for the fabrication of the specimens,
as well as the final result, are shown in Fig. 4.
Tests were carried out in a Zwick Roell tensile testing machine
(Fig. 5) at 24 °C under constant displacement rates of 10 mm/min,
Fig. 2. Determination of the glass transition temperature according to ASTM E 1356
[18].
3
115
33
19
6
All dimensions in mm
Fig. 3. Tensile test specimen dimensions, based on ASTM D638 standard [21].
50 mm/min and 100 mm/min. Such velocities are recommended in
ISO 527 standard [22]. Results were plotted in the stress–strain
diagram, representing stress as the ratio of the applied load to
the initial cross section, engineering strain as the ratio of the total
deformation to the initial specimen length, and toughness as the
area under the stress–strain curve. The secant modulus was the
parameter used to quantify the tensile stiffness of the tested mate-
rials for small deflections. It was calculated by dividing the corre-
sponding stress by the designated strain [21]. The strain interval
was between 0 and 0.1 (Fig. 6).
Furthermore, in order to evaluate the effect of water immersion
on the mechanical properties of the interlayer materials, three ten-
sile test specimens of each material were subjected to the same
water absorption test. In this case, specimens were dried and
tested after 120 h of immersion to ensure the absorption of more
than 90% of the saturation water. Tensile tests to evaluate the
effect of water content on the mechanical properties were per-
formed under a constant displacement rate of 50 mm/min.
Two different temperature test methodologies were applied on
tensile test specimens to evaluate the influence of temperature
ageing on their mechanical behaviour. On one hand, an isothermal
temperature program (60 °C) based on UNI EN ISO 12543–4 stan-
dard [23] was used during 16 h. On the other hand, a dynamic tem-
perature program was established for thermal cycling tests,
varying the temperature between 30 °C and 50 °C at a constant
cooling and heating rate of 3.2 °C/min. A total of 80 cycles were
performed following this methodology. Both temperature tests
were carried out in the Venticell oven with the air flap lever open.
The temperature during the test was 24 °C, as with unaged speci-
mens. Fig. 7 shows the equipment and setup of the different ageing
tests described in this section.
3. Results
3.1. Glass transition temperature
Below the glass transition temperature, a polymer is more brit-
tle and stiff, whereas over the glass transition temperature it is
softer and less viscous [24]. Therefore, the glass transition temper-
ature of the interlayer, as well as the temperatures at which the
laminated glass elements may be exposed during its service life,
can affect the out-of-plane resistance [10] and post-breakage beha-
viour [13] of laminated glass elements. The measured glass transi-
tion temperatures of the materials are shown in Table 2. According
to the literature, the glass transition of EVA polymers is within the
range from 10 °C to 50 °C [25]. Moreover, according to its tech-
nical data sheet [26], the TPU material KRYSTALFLEXÒ PE399 pre-
sents a midpoint glass transition temperature measured by DSC
at 36 °C. The glass transition temperature of these materials
was not measured because it was below the working range of
the available equipment.
When the molecular weight of a polymer increases, so does its
glass transition temperature [27]. This matches with the results
obtained experimentally, since the glass transition temperature
of PVB without plasticiser (PVB BG-R20) is lower than that of
PVB with plasticiser (PVB DG-41 and PVB ES) [24].
4 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230
(a) Metallic dinking die
(c) Cut film
Fig. 4. Preparation of the specimens for the tensile tests through die-cutting and final result.
Fig. 5. Tensile test set-up.
For climate zones with temperate weather (long, generally hot
summers and short, mild winters) a laminated glass element is
expected to perform always above the glass transition temperature
of EVA and TPU interlayers. On the other hand, in the case of PVB
and SentryGlas interlayers, the outdoors temperature may range
from below to above glass transition temperature. This must be
taken into consideration in order to accurately design and calculate
a structural laminated glass element.
3.2. Water absorption
Fig. 8 shows the mass increase due to the water absorbed as a
function of immersion time. On one hand, the mass of SentryGlas,
(b) Dinking process
(d) Cut specimens
2.5
Stress [MPa]
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Strain
Fig. 6. Sketch of the calculation of the secant modulus.
PVB DG-41, PVB ES, and PVB DG-41 samples increased an average
of 6.5%, 6.2%, 6.4%, and 4.3%, respectively, at the end of the immer-
sion test. The water absorption was much higher at the beginning
of the test: SentryGlas, PVB DG-41, and PVB ES achieved 80% of the
total mass increase during the first 75 h of immersion (19% of the
total duration), and PVB BG-R20 samples saturated after approxi-
mately 55 h of immersion. On the other hand, TPU, EVASAFE and
EVALAM 80 had no relevant mass gain after 367 h of immersion
(the average mass variation was smaller than 0.3% for each of the
materials). Therefore, it is seen that an interlayer is able to absorb
more or less water depending on the chemical nature of the poly-
mer. Polymers with strong polar groups are able to bind water by
hydrogen bridges and therefore be more sensitive to water expo-
sure. For instance, interlayer materials based on PVB, due to its sig-
nificant proportion of polar alcohol groups, are hygroscopic
 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230 5

(a) Thermostatic bath (b) Analytical scale

(c) Oven (d) Interior of the oven

Fig. 7. Equipment used for the ageing tests.

7
Table 2
Measured glass transition temperature of the studied interlayer materials. 6
Mass increase (%)

Material 20 °C/min 10 °C/min 5 °C/min 5 SentryGlas

PVB DG-41 28.0 °C 25.5 °C 23.0 °C PVB DG-41
4
BG-R20 20.0 °C 15.0 °C 13.0 °C PVB ES
ES 29.0 °C 26.3 °C 24.5 °C 3
PVB BG-R20
SentryGlas – 26.8 °C 24.0 °C
2 EVALAM 80
1 EVASAFE
materials, which easily increase the water content, whereas EVA 0
TPU
and TPU do not present such strong polar groups in its chemical 0 100 200 300
structure, and therefore they are unable to absorb such significant Time (h)
quantities of water.
Fig. 9 shows the influence of water immersion on the material 7
optical properties. Three moments of experimentation are shown
6
for each sample. The one on the left is before test, the one in the
Mass increase (%)

middle is after water immersion, and the one on the right is after 5 SentryGlas
drying. All interlayer materials tested were translucent before lam- 4
PVB DG-41
inating, except TPU samples, which were green and rather opaque. PVB ES
Fig. 9 shows how, after immersion, the materials that absorbed a 3
PVB BG-R20
more significant amount of water (SentryGlas and PVB) became 2 EVALAM 80
white and opaque, whereas materials that did not absorb water EVASAFE
1
(EVA and TPU) remained visually unaltered. At the end of the TPU
immersion test, SentryGlas and PVB interlayers were completely 0
0 100 200 300
white and opaque, but when the samples were dried after the
Time (h)
immersion they recovered the initial translucent aspect. This
establishes a correlation between the water content in the inter- Fig. 8. Mass increase (%) over time (hours) for the 7 interlayer materials immersed
layer material and its optical properties. in deionized water.
6 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230

(a) SentryGlas (b) PVB DG-41 (c) PVB ES

(d) PVB BG-R20 (e) EVALAM 80 (f) EVASAFE

(g) TPU
Fig. 9. Specimens before immersion (left), after immersion (middle), and dried after immersion (right).

3.3. Mechanical properties Fig. 10 shows the stress–strain curves of all the unaged inter-
layer materials at a fixed elongation rate (10 mm/min). It shows
The performance of a composite material like laminated glass that SentryGlas, PVB DG-41 and PVB ES have a very similar
depends on the properties of each one of the materials and the stress–strain curve, with an initial small non-linear region, fol-
interaction between them. It is important to evaluate the mechan- lowed by a softening zone, and a second region with a lower stiff-
ical properties of the interlayer material in laminated glass plates ness than the initial one. PVB BG-R20 has a lower stiffness for small
because it will affect its global structural response [28]. deflections, but its stiffness keeps gradually increasing until break-
age. The fact that the mechanical behaviour of PVB-BG-R20 differs
50 so much from the other two PVB tested, shows how the addition of
45 a plasticizer significantly affects the mechanical performance of
40 that polymer. On the other hand, EVASAFE is the most ductile
SentryGlas tested material, followed by the EVALAM 80, which has less than
35
Stress [MPa]

30 PVB DG-41 half the tensile strength of EVASAFE. TPU has an initial elastic
25 PVB ES region with progressive softening, followed by a linear region until
20 PVB BG-R20 breakage.
15 EVALAM 80 Tensile tests were carried out at three different elongation rates
10 EVASAFE for unaged specimens. Another set of samples was exposed to dif-
5 ferent ageing factors separately (humidity, high temperature, and
TPU
0 temperature cycles) in order to study the effect of each of them
0 2 4 6 8
on the mechanical properties of the materials.
Strain
Fig. 11 shows how the different elongation rates influence the
Fig. 10. Stress–strain curve for each one of the unaged interlayer materials at an tensile strength and stiffness results. For each material and elonga-
elongation rate of 10 mm/min. tion rate, three specimens were tested; a curve with the average
 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230 7

Fig. 12. Stress–strain curve for each interlayer material after exposure to different
ageing factors.
Fig. 11. Stress–strain curve for each interlayer material at different elongation
rates.

tensile strength and strain at breakage is presented for each mate-

rial and elongation rate. Elongation rates used were 10 mm/min,
50 mm/min and 100 mm/min. The correlation between strain rate
and mechanical properties was more visible for SENTRYGLAS, PVB
DG-41, PVB BG-R20, PVB ES, and EVASAFE, but was less visible for
EVALAM 80 and TPU. The highest variability in the results was
obtained from TPU specimens.
Fig. 12 shows how water immersion had a negative effect on the
stiffness and ultimate tensile strength of the materials that
absorbed a greater amount of water: SentryGlas, PVB DG-41, PVB
ES, and PVB BG-R20. The decrease of strength and stiffness was less
visible for EVALAM 80, EVASAFE and TPU. The temperature ageing,
especially thermal cycles, led to an increase of stiffness for all the
interlayers, except for TPU, for which the difference was less visible
mostly due to the high dispersion of the results between identical
tests and specimens.
The parameters that are considered more important for the
implementation of the tested materials in laminated glass struc-
tural elements are toughness, maximum tensile stress, and initial
stiffness. A higher toughness and maximum tensile stress are
two key properties to increase the safety of laminated glass ele- Fig. 13. Bar diagram displaying the average toughness for each interlayer material,
ments, because, in case of accidental glass breakage, the post- elongation rate, and ageing factor, with a confidence interval of 95%.
8 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230
breakage load-bearing capacity of the interlayer allows the evacu-
ation of civilians from the affected area and the replacement of the
damaged elements. A higher initial stiffness leads to a higher trans-
fer of shear loads between two connected glass surfaces, providing
smaller out-of-plane deflections and therefore a higher out-of-
plane stability.
The toughness presented in Fig. 13 is the mechanical energy
absorbed until breakage. EVASAFE was the material with the high-
est toughness, regardless of the strain rate and ageing factors,
whereas TPU was the material with the lowest toughness and
the highest dispersion in the results. After immersion, the tough-
ness of SentryGlas and PVB decreased between a 76% and an
85%. EVASAFE was the only material which toughness increased
after immersion (22%). There were no significant variations of
Fig. 14. Bar diagram displaying the average maximum stress for each interlayer
material, elongation rate, and ageing factor, with a confidence interval of 95%.
Fig. 15. Bar diagram displaying the average shear modulus for each interlayer
material, elongation rate, and ageing factor, with a confidence interval of 95%.
toughness caused by exposure to high constant temperature and
thermal cycles, except for EVALAM, which experienced an increase
of 48% and 45%, respectively. None of the studied parameters had a
significant effect on the toughness of TPU, since the dispersion
between results in a group of specimens was greater than the dif-
ference between the mean values of each group.
Fig. 14 shows how the addition of plasticiser to the PVB did not
significantly increase the maximum tensile stress of the unaged
specimens, meaning that the difference between average values
was smaller than the confidence intervals. For SentryGlas and
PVB, water absorption was the factor that affected most the max-
imum tensile stress value, reducing it between 77% and 87%. On
the other hand, the maximum tensile strength of EVASAFE
increased 12% after water immersion, which had no relevant effect
on EVALAM 80 and TPU specimens.
Fig. 15 shows that the initial stiffness of PVBs with plasticiser
(PVB DG-41 and PVB ES) was between 11 and 24 times higher than
without plasticiser (PVB BG-R20) for unaged specimens and up to
19 times higher for thermally aged specimens. The stiffness of Sen-
tryGlas and PVB increased between 51% and 106% when the spec-
imens were exposed to thermal cycles. The initial stiffness of
EVASAFE more than doubled the one of EVALAM 80.
4. Conclusions
In this paper, seven different interlayer materials, based on
four base polymers (PVB, EVA, ionomer, and TPU) were selected
to study their behaviour under different elongation rates and
ageing factors. Tensile tests were carried out at three different
elongation rates, and after three ageing tests (water immersion,
high temperature, and thermal cycles). Additional water immer-
sion tests were carried out to evaluate the amount of water
absorbed over time and its effect on the optical properties of
the interlayer.
SentryGlas, PVB DG-41, and PVB ES showed the highest stiff-
ness. These three materials, together with PVB BG-R20, had the
highest tensile strength. EVALAM 80 and EVASAFE showed the
highest ductility. EVALAM 80, EVASAFE, and TPU are the materials
with the lowest tensile strength, but their mechanical and optical
properties are less affected by the tested ageing factors. SentryGlas,
PVB DG-41, PVB ES, and PVB BG-R20 specimens showed a signifi-
cant mass gain, strength decrease and transparency loss after
immersion in water. After the drying process, the initial trans-
parency was recovered. Temperature ageing (constant tempera-
ture and thermal cycling) did not significantly affect the
maximum strength of these materials.
From the detailed analysis of the results from the experimental
tests, it is concluded that the best candidates to be implemented
for laminated glass plates for structural purposes are PVB with less
plasticiser (PVB ES and PVB DG-41) and SentryGlas, because they
present the highest initial stiffness and maximum stress when
not exposed to humidity. For laminated glass elements with these
interlayers, the exposure to humid environments could lead to a
reduction of transparency and resistance at the edges of the panels.
Nevertheless, such deterioration of mechanical and optical proper-
ties might be smaller in case of exposure to humidity and after the
lamination process than it was with immersion in water of the
polymeric film alone.
The performance of the tested interlayer materials may vary
after the laminating process, since it involves high temperatures,
pressures, and chemical reactions. Therefore, the results presented
in this paper should be complemented by additional experimental
results with laminated glass specimens. Dynamic tests at different
temperatures are also needed to study the viscoelastic properties
of these polymers.
 X. Centelles et al. / Construction and Building Materials 243 (2020) 118230
5. Data availability
The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings
cannot be shared at this time as the data also forms part of an
ongoing study.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The work was partially funded by CRISTEC with CDTI funds (IDI-
20160588). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Govern-
ment for the quality accreditation given to their research group
GREiA (2017 SGR 1537). GREiA is certified agent TECNIO in the cat-
egory of technology developers from the Government of Catalonia.
This work is partially supported by ICREA under the ICREA Acade-
mia programme. Xavier Centelles would like to thank University of
Lleida for his research fellowship. Aran Solé would like to thank
Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España for Grant Juan
de la Cierva, FJCI-2015-25741.
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