Science Modules: Quarter 1 - Weeks 1 - 4

10
Science
Modules
Quarter 1 – Weeks 1 - 4
10
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
The Lithosphere
Science – Grade 10
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1: The Lithosphere
Second Edition, 2021
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Published by the Department of Education

OIC-Schools Division Superintendent: Carleen S. Sedilla CESE
OIC-Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb DEM CESE
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Mamongay, Wilmar F. MA.,

Datuin, Rodolfo D., LPT.,
Chavez, Rebecca S., LPT
Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD, Hernan L. Apurada
Reviewers: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD
Layout Artist: Diane Marie Lavarias, John Jesson S. Monserate
Management Team: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb DEM CESE

Chief Education Supervisor,
Curriculum Implementation Division
Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Education Program Supervisor, LRMS
Hernan L. Apurada
Education Program Supervisor, Science
Printed in the Philippines by the Schools Division Office of Makati City through the
support of the City Government of Makati (Local School Board)
Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City
Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

City of Makati, Metropolitan Manila, Philippines 1212
Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
E-mail Address: makati.city@deped.gov.ph
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the Lithosphere. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But
the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.
This module consists of one (1) lesson namely;

● Lesson 1 – The Earth’s Crust
After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Describe the Earth’s lithosphere and differentiate oceanic and continental
crust.
2. Infer that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into plates.
3. Identify the major lithospheric plates.
What I Know
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the letter on the space provided.
_____1. The Earth’s interior has different layers. Which layer is the thinnest?
A. crust B. inner core C. mantle D. outer core
_____2. What makes up the lithosphere?
A. upper mantle
B. continental crust
C. crust and upper mantle
D. oceanic crust and continental crust
_____3. Continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust. Which statement is TRUE
about the continental crust?
A. This is where oceans are found.
B. It moves under the oceanic crust.
C. It is denser than the oceanic crust.
D. It is less dense than the oceanic crust.
_____4. Lithospheric plates are constantly moving in different directions. Why are
lithospheric plates moving?
A. they are moved by the Earth’s rotation.
B. they are moved by the water in the oceans.
C. they are moved by the convection current in the mantle.
D. they are moved by the gravitational attraction of the Earth to other planets.
_____5. How do you compare the density of the continental crust and oceanic crust?
A. Continental crust is denser than oceanic crust.
B. Continental crust is less dense than oceanic crust.
C. The density of the continental and oceanic crust is equal.
D. The density of the continental and oceanic crust is difficult to measure.
1
Lesson
1 The Earth’s Crust

Our Earth is a planet full of mystery. It has a lot of mysterious activities on how
it was created and developed to what it is right now. The earth is divided into layers
like the lithosphere which is composed of several major and minor plates. Scientists
believed that these plates are constantly moving in different directions and because
they are moving, many predicted that the Earth’s tectonic plates may be in different
locations after a million years.
What’s In
In your Grade 9 Science, one of the lessons was about volcanoes and their
types. You have learned that the Philippines is in the Pacific Ring of Fire. You also
have learned about the active and inactive volcanoes in the country and their
relationships to the Ring of Fire.
To review some of the facts about volcanoes, try to answer the table below.
Determine the type of volcano based on the given descriptions. Put a smiley on the box
of your answer.
Description Shield Cinder Cone Composite
1. They are formed by the accumulation

of lava that oozes out from the volcano.
2. They are large, nearly perfect sloped
structures formed from alternate
solidification of both lava and
pyroclastic deposits.
3. These are built from ejected lava
fragments.
4. The structure of this volcano is broad
and slightly domed.
5. They have steep slopes, wide craters
and the most abundant among the three
types.
2
What’s New
The lithosphere is the rocky outer part of the Earth. It is made up of the brittle
crust and the top part of the upper mantle. This module will focus on the outermost
layer which is called the crust.
The crust is made of a variety of solid rocks like sedimentary, metamorphic, and
igneous. It has an average density of 2.8 c/cm3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50
km. The crust is thickest in a part where a relatively
young mountain is present and thinnest along the
ocean floor.
There are two kinds of crust, the continental
crust and the oceanic crust.
Continental Crust
The continental crust is the layer of granitic,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks which form
the continents and the areas of shallow seabed
close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
Figure1: The Earth’s Crust
It is less dense than the material of the Earth's mantle Source:
and thus "floats" on top of it. Continental crust is https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi
also less dense than oceanic crust, though it is le:Continental_and_oceanic_crust.png
considerably thicker; mostly 35 to 40 km. About 40% of the Earth's surface is now
underlain by continental crust.
Oceanic Crust
Oceanic crust is the outermost layer of
Earth’s lithosphere that is found under
the oceans and formed at spreading
centers on oceanic ridges, which occur at divergent
plate boundaries.
Figure 2 shows a cross-section of Earth's outer
layers, from the crust through the lower mantle.
Oceanic crust is about 6 km (4 miles) thick. It
is composed of several layers, not including the Figure2: Earth’s Outer layers
overlying sediment. The topmost layer, about 500 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Earth-crust
meters (1,650 feet) thick, includes lavas made
of basalt (rock material consisting
largely of plagioclase [feldspar]
and pyroxene). It is denser but
thinner than the continental crust.
The Earth is consisting of
layers like lithosphere and
asthenosphere. The lithosphere is
the rigid, solid, outermost part of the
earth including the crust and the
upper mantle. It is broken up into
major and minor plates.
Figure3: Lithospheric plates

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_boundar -
These are called lithospheric plates. Lithospheric or tectonic plates are constantly
moving in different directions and at different speeds.
3
What is It
A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped

slab of solid rock, generally composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.
ACTIVITY 1
DESCRIBE ME!
Identify the type of crust being described by drawing a smiley on the column of your
answer.
Description Continental Oceanic

1. It is the layer of granitic, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks which form the continents and the
areas of shallow seabed close to their shores
2. It is denser but thinner.
3. It is about 6 km (4 miles) thick
4. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's

mantle and thus "floats" on top of it.
5. It is 35-40 km in thickness.
6. The outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that is

found under the oceans and formed at spreading
centers on oceanic ridges.
7. This is where mountains, volcanic arcs, hills are

found and located.
4
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2
AM I TECTONIC PLATES?
Read each statement below. Determine if it is a correct description of lithospheric

plates. Write your signature on the column of your answer.
DESCRIPTION YES NO
1. Lithospheric (tectonic) plates are the rigid, solid,
outermost part of the earth including the crust and the
upper mantle that move as a unit.
2. Plates are constantly moving.
3. Plates move in one direction.
4. Some plates move faster than the other.
5. Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's

lithosphere has greater strength than the underlying
asthenosphere.
6. Plate motions range up to a typical 10–40 mm/year

7. The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates.
What I Have Learned
• There are two kinds of crust, the continental crust and the oceanic crust.
• Continental crust is thicker but less dense than the oceanic crust.
• Oceanic crust is thinner but denser than the continental crust.
• Continental crust is about 35-40 km in thickness while the oceanic is just about
6km in thickness.
• Lithospheric (tectonic) plates are the rigid, solid, outermost part of the earth
including the crust and the upper mantle that move as a unit.
• Plates are constantly moving in different directions at different speeds.
• Plate motions range up to a typical 10–40 mm/year (Mid-Atlantic Ridge; about
as fast as fingernails grow), to about 160 mm/year (Nazca Plate; about as fast
as hair grows).
• The lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates.
• The Earth's lithosphere is composed of several major and minor plates
(depending on how they are defined) and many minor plates.
5
What I Can Do
LET’S SEARCH THE WORD!

Find and circle the words in the puzzle.
6
Assessment
____1. How will you describe a continental crust?
A. It is a thin shell on the outside of the Earth, accounting for less than 1% of
Earth's volume. It lies on top of the mantle.
B. It is mostly solid bulk of Earth's interior. It lies between Earth's dense,
super-heated core and its thin outer layer, the crust.
C. It is a layer of rocks that forms the continents and areas of shallow seabed
close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
D. It is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion. It overlies the solidified and
uppermost layer of the mantle.
_____2. Which of these statements is true about the lithosphere and the crust?
I. Lithosphere refers to the mechanical composition of the Earth and the crust
refers to the structural composition of the Earth.
II. The lithosphere and crust are situated in the innermost layer of the Earth.
III. The lithosphere and crust both have continental and oceanic divisions.
A. I and II C. II and III
B. I and III D. III only
_____3. Oceanic crust is thinner than the continental crust. Which statement is TRUE
about the oceanic crust?
A. This is where mountains are found.
B. It moves above the continental crust.
C. It is denser than the continental crust.
D. It is less dense than the continental crust.
_____4. Which statement regarding oceanic and continental crust is CORRECT?

A. Oceanic crust is denser than the continental crust.
B. Oceanic crust is less hot than the Continental crust.
C. Oceanic and continental crust have the same density.
D. Oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust.
_____5. Which type of crust consists of granitic rocks?

A. The upper mantle C. The oceanic crust
B. The continental crust D. The asthenosphere
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Additional Activities
Given the assigned number for each letter of the alphabet, complete and identify the statement
below by writing the letters that correspond to each number. Then write your answer on the
space provided.
1-A 6-F 11-K 16-P 21-U 26-Z
2-B 7-G 12-L 17-Q 22-V
3-C 8-H 13-M 18-R 23-W
4-D 9-I 14-N 19-S 24-X
5-E 10-J 15-O 20-T 25-Y
1. . Answer: ____________________
20 8 5 2 12 15 3 11 19 15 6 12 1 14 4 13 1 19 19
2. .
20 8 5 19 5 1 18 5 5 4 7 5 19 23 8 5 18 5 20 23 15 16 12 1 20 5 19 13 5 5 20
Answer: ____________________
3. .
9 20 9 19 20 8 5 1 22 5 18 1 7 5 18 1 20 5 15 6 13 15 22 5 13 5 14 20 15 6 16 12 1 20 5 19
Answer: ____________________
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10
Science
Earthquake’s Epicenter
Quarter 1 – Module 2: Earthquake’s Epicenter


Reviewers: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD, Hernan L. Apurada

OIC-Chief Education Supervisor,

Hernan L. Apurada

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
What I Need to Know
master the Earthquake’s Epicenter. The scope of this module permits it to be used in
many different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary
level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the
course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two (2) lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Characteristics of Seismic Waves
● Lesson 2 – Locating the Epicenter

1. Recall the characteristics of seismic waves in terms of speed.
2. Explain triangulation method in locating the epicenter of an earthquake.
3. Locate the earthquake epicenter using the triangulation method.
What I Know
_____1. Which waves travel through the Earth's layers that results in earthquakes,
eruptions, and movement of underlying magma?
A. EM waves C. Seismic waves
B. Mechanical waves D. Sound waves
_____2. What is the point inside the earth where the earthquake has started?
A. center of the Earth C. epicenter
B. Earth’s crack D. hypocenter
_____3. What method is used in locating the epicenter of an earthquake that uses data
from three seismic stations?
A. artificial method C. triangulation method
B. natural method D. wedge method
_____4. You were provided with data showing the arrival time of the P and S waves
recorded from the three seismic stations. Which of these can you possibly determine?
A. the damage at the focus C. the intensity of the earthquake
B. the location of the epicenter D. the distance of the earthquake
_____5. To determine the epicenter of an earthquake, you need data from different
stations. How many stations will you be getting this data?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
1
Lesson Locating the Epicenter
1 of an earthquake
Have you ever experienced a ground movement? Do you know why the ground is
shaking? Seismic waves are energy that travel through or over the Earth. They are
usually generated by the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates (earthquake) but
may also be caused by massive explosions and volcanic eruptions.
What’s In
In your Grade 8 Earth and Space lesson, you have learned that seismic waves
are necessary in studying the composition and structure of the Earth’s interior.
Read each statement and choose the correct answer.
1. These are energy released in an earthquake in the form of vibrations, caused by

the sudden breaking of rocks within the Earth’s interior.
A. Sound Waves B. Seismic Waves
2. One type of seismic waves travels through the interior of the earth.
A. Body Waves B. Surface Waves
3. It is a pulse energy that travels quickly through the Earth and through liquids.
A. P-waves B. S-waves
4. These are waves that are only confined to the outer layers of the Earth.
5. This type of body waves is moving as a shear or transverse wave and forces the
ground to sway from side to side.
6. It is more destructive and dangerous because it has a larger amplitude.
2
What’s New
Seismic waves are waves of energy

that travel through the Earth's layers
resulting in earthquakes, eruptions,
movement of underlying magma caused by
human or natural sources which create low-
amplitude waves commonly referred to as
ambient vibrations. The propagation velocity
of seismic waves depends on the density and
elasticity of the medium as well as the type of
wave. As seismic waves pass through the
Earth, they are refracted, or bent, like rays of
light bend when they pass through a glass
prism.
Types of Seismic Waves

Those that travel through the interior of the Earth are called body waves and
those that travel at the surface of the earth (surface of mantle and core) are called
surface waves.
Body waves can be classified into two: Primary (P-wave), and Secondary (S-wave).
The P- waves travel through any kind of material, whether it is a solid, liquid or gas. It
moves faster than the S-waves. On the other hand, S- waves only move through solids
and are stopped by liquids and gases.
Surface waves are of two types: Love Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seysmik_t%C9%99dqiqat.png

waves and Rayleigh waves. Love waves are Wikimedia Commons
transmitted whenever the S-wave velocity of
the surface layer is lower than that of the underlying layer. Love waves are horizontally
polarized shear waves (particles motion is within a horizontal plane) propagating within
a low-velocity layer, which acts as a wave guide.
Rayleigh waves follow an elliptical path in a vertical plane. They move both vertically
and horizontally in a vertical plane pointed in the direction in which the waves are
travelling.
Locating the Epicenter

A weak to violent shaking of the ground caused by the sudden movement of rock
materials below the Earth’s surface is called Earthquake. When plates move toward,
away, and slide past each other, resulting in shaking and ground disturbances.
Focus or hypocenter is the point inside the earth where the earthquake started,
and the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called the epicenter.
But how can we locate the epicenter of an earthquake?
One method used in locating the epicenter of an earthquake is the triangulation

method. It is called triangulation (from the word triangle means 3 sides) you will be
needing data from at least three seismic stations where earthquakes have been detected.
From it, we can draw three circles and can see one common point of intersection.
To make it clearer, try to look at the figure below and see how this method is
being used to locate the epicenter of an earthquake.
This picture shows that the three circles meet in a common point. The point
where the three circles meet is the epicenter. Locating the epicenter helps us to
3
determine which fault line is active so that
we can give precautionary measures
especially to those people near the fault
line.
Source:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Epicenter2.jpgWikimedia.commons
What is It
To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, try to perform the activity below:
ACTIVITY 1
FIND THE CENTER
(Adapted from the DepEd Science Learner’s Material 10)
I. Materials
Hypothetical records of earthquake waves
Philippine map
Drawing compass and ruler
II. Procedure
1. Study the data showing the difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave
on three seismic recording stations.
Recording Time difference in the Distance of epicenter

Station arrival time of P-wave and from the station (km)
S-wave (second)
Batangas 35.2
Puerto 41.6
Princesa
Davao 27.2
2. Compute the distance of the epicenter from each of the stations using the
formula:
𝑇𝑑
𝑑= 𝑥 100 𝑘𝑚
8 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Figure 1: The Philippine Map
where: d = distance (km)
Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave (s)
This formula is suited because 8 seconds is the interval between the times of
arrival of the P-wave and S-wave at a distance of 100 km.
3. Choose one of the recording stations and measure the computed distance on
the map scale (the scale of the map in Figure 3 is 1.5 cm: 200 km). Set your
compass for that computed distance
4. Center your compass on the station you have chosen. Draw a circle.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles
that intersect or nearly intersect at a point. This intersection is the epicenter.
4
III. Guide Questions
Answer the following.
1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from the two recording
stations?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Labelled_map_of_the_Philippines_-_Provinces_and_Regions.png
5
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2
SEISMIC WAVES
Refer to the picture below, identify the types of seismic waves in the interior surface of
the earth.
Seismic waves in the earth’s interior surface
Differentiate primary wave from secondary wave using a graphic organizer.
Types of Waves
Primary wave
Secondary wave
What I Have Learned
• Seismic waves are the energy released in an earthquake in the form of vibrations,
caused by the sudden breakage of rocks within the earth or an explosion. They
are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.
• Two main types of Seismic waves, those that travel through the interior of the
earth are called BODY WAVES, and those that travel at the surface of the earth
(surface of mantle and core) are called SURFACE WAVES.
• The Love wave is the fastest surface wave and moves the ground from side-to-
side horizontal motion, like that of a snake causing the ground to twist.
• The Rayleigh wave rolls, it moves the ground up and down and side-to-side in the
same direction that the wave is moving or in elliptical motion.
• The P waves (primary wave) move in a longitudinal so they cause the ground to
move up and down; they pass through solids and liquids; and they go faster
through more dense material.
• S- waves (secondary) move in a transverse so they cause the ground to move
sideways, pass through solid medium but not in liquid and in gas.
• Earthquakes are a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by the sudden
movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
6
• Focus or hypocenter is the point inside the earth where the earthquake started.
• The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called the
epicenter.
• Triangulation method is the method that is used to locate the epicenter of an
earthquake.
• Data from the three seismic stations are necessary to use the triangulation
method.
• Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is necessary to determine which fault
line is active.
What I Can Do
The best way to lessen the impact of any disasters that may happen like an
earthquake is to be prepared. Draw a smiley face if the picture shows preparedness
before an earthquake and a sad face if it does not. Write a short explanation.
PICTURES EXPRESSION EXPLANATION
https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-
clipart/Children-singing/72728.html
https://publicdomainvectors.org/en/free-
clipart/Teaching-emergency-
preparedness/76611.html
https://pngio.com/images/png-a358610.html
https://images.app.goo.gl/zr3jF9Crfoaj2h
1w6
7
Assessment
_____1. How do scientists find where earthquakes begin?
A. Scientists read news reports about earthquakes.
B. Scientists read a seismogram and analyze the seismograph by looking at the
magnitude.
C. Scientists read many seismographs from far away locations to find the
epicenter of an earthquake.
D. Scientists read past recorded earthquakes in locating the epicenter of an
earthquake.
_____2. Which seismic wave travels the fastest?
A. Instant wave C. Secondary wave
B. Primary wave D. Surface wave
_____3. What happens to the time interval between the arrival of the P-waves and the
S-waves on the seismograph as the distance from the epicenter decreases?
A. decrease C. remain the same.
B. increase D. zero
_____4. How many seismographs are needed in locating the epicenter of an
earthquake?
A. 0 C. 2
B. 1 D. 3
_____5. Which of the statements best describes the relationship between lag time and
distance from the epicenter?
A. There is no relationship at all.
B. The longer the lag time, the closer the distance.
C. The longer the lag time, the farther the distance.
D. The shorter the lag time, the farther the distance.
Additional Activities
Complete the crossword puzzle below.
8
10
Science
DISTRIBUTION OF ACTIVE VOLCANOES, EARTHQUAKE
EPICENTERS AND
MAJOR MOUNTAIN BELTS
Quarter 1 - Module 3: Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters, and Major
Mountain Belts



OIC-Chief Education Supervisor,

Hernan L. Apurada

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
What I Need to Know
master the Distribution of Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters, and Major
Mountain Belts. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
are now using.
The module is divided into two (2) lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Distribution and Relationship of Active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory
● Lesson 2- Effects of disaster-related events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and
volcanic eruptions

1. Plot the active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major mountain belts
in a world map.
2. Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake
epicenters and major mountain belts and determine the scientific basis for
dividing the lithospheric plates.
3. Present a schematic plan for the community on how to mitigate or reduce the
effects of disaster-related events such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic
eruptions
What I Know
_____1. What do you call a breakage in Earth’s crust where rocks have slipped past
each other?
A. boundary C. layer
B. fault D. plate
_____ 2. How do active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and mountain ranges
distributed on the earth’s surface?
A. They are concentrated at the poles.
B. They are concentrated in narrow zones.
C. They are randomly scattered on oceanic plates only.
D. They are randomly scattered on continental plates only.
_____3. The diagram below shows the map of lithospheric plates and the global
distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes. What can you infer from the map?
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_earthquakes
1
A. The Pacific Plate is the largest among the lithospheric plates.
B. The Pacific Ring of Fire is where the earthquakes and volcanoes are
located.
C. Plate tectonics are found in the places where volcanoes and earthquakes
are located.
D. The locations of Earth where most of the earthquakes and volcanoes were
formed mark the boundaries of each of the lithospheric plates.
_____4. The places on Earth where most earthquakes originate or some mountains and
volcanoes were formed mark the boundaries of each tectonic plate. Why is it important
to identify areas prone to earthquakes along plate boundaries?
A. To allow the government to release emergency funds.
B. To do necessary precautions by people living in those places.
C. To discourage tourists not to visit places prone to earthquakes.
D. To warn people not to go to places where earthquakes are most likely to
happen.
_____5. Which is the best thing to do before an earthquake occurs?
A. Sleep and eat.
B. Wash your clothes.
C. Prepare your survival kits.
D. Play online games like mobile legends.
Distribution and Relationship of Active

Lesson Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenters and
1&2 Major Mountain Belts to Plate Tectonics
Theory
Determining the locations of the active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and

major mountain belts play a vital role in laying the foundations of plate tectonics. This
is to understand the different geological processes that the Earth is undergoing. But
why is it important to determine their locations and relate it with the plate tectonics?
What’s In
In the previous module, you learned that plates are constantly moving because
of some processes in the Earth’s crust. Due to this movement, many geological
features and events may form and happen. Recall the following concepts.
1. There are two kinds of crust, the continental crust and the oceanic crust.
2. Continental crust is thicker but less dense than the oceanic crust.
3. Oceanic crust is thinner but denser than the continental crust.
4. Continental crust is about 35-40 km in thickness while the oceanic is just
about 6km in thickness.
5. Mountains are found in the continental crust and oceans are found in the
oceanic crust.
6. Lithospheric (tectonic) plates are the rigid, solid, outermost part of the earth,
including the crust and the upper mantle that move as a unit.
7. Seismic waves are the energy released in an earthquake, in the form of
vibrations, caused by the sudden breakage of rocks within the earth or an
explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded
on seismographs.
8. The two main types of Seismic waves are BODY WAVES, those that travel
through the interior of the earth, and SURFACE WAVES, those that travel at
the earth’s surface (surface of mantle and core).
2
9. The point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called the
epicenter.
10. Triangulation method is the method that is used to locate the epicenter of an
earthquake.
What’s New
Figure 1 shows the most
active volcanoes in the world and
they are found at the plate
boundaries. This is due to the
geological process occurring
between the boundaries. Volcanoes
are formed because the subduction
process occurs between
continental-oceanic convergence
and/or oceanic-oceanic
convergence.
Figure 1: Distribution of Active Volcanoes

Source:
https://images.app.goo.gl/WHf4bAVJqQgPHhUSA
Figure 2 shows the
distribution of earthquake
epicenters. Earthquakes are
found anywhere else. But when
you look at it carefully, you will
notice that patterns are
observed. Earthquakes are
usually found or recorded at the
edges of the continents or at the
plate boundaries. This means
that wherever there are plate
boundaries, expect that
earthquakes may occur in those
areas.
Figure 2: Distribution of Earthquake Epicenters
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/zWSBRa35DghiQwPi8
Figure 3 shows the

distribution of mountain ranges
in the world. They are built along
plate boundaries where the two
continental plates converge.
Figure 3: Distribution of Mountain Ranges in the World

Source:
https://www.reddit.com/r/geology/comments/5lubx2/i_need_some_hel
p_placing_volcano_and_mountain/
3
Let us try to look once again the distributions of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters
and major mountain belts and answer the guide questions:
See figures 1, 2 & 3 below
1. What do you observe about the three maps? Do they follow the same pattern?
_______________________________________
_______________________________________
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/zkXkPCiUmpurah3v8
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/ttuu69Q3XRc7JoU5A
Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/sZvZTorALLA7wNtV9
Try to look at the map of plate boundaries below and compare it with the three maps
above.
2. What do you observe?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Source:https://images.app.goo.gl/mcr8pmQvsKJLCuWy5
3. What do you think is the basis of the scientist in dividing Earth’s lithosphere into
several plates?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
Those patterns will answer the big question, what is the relationship of the
distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and major mountain belts to
plate tectonic theory?
4
What is It
ACTIVITY 1
LET’S MARK THE BOUNDARIES

Materials: 3 plastic sheets and 3 colored markers (A,B,C)
Procedure:
1. Prepare three (3) plastic sheets and markers.

2. Put one plastic sheet on top of map 1.
3. Trace the location of active volcanoes in map 1 using a marker A.
4. Repeat procedures 2 and 3 on maps 2 and 3 using markers B and C
respectively.
5. Place three (3) plastic sheets on top of each other.
6. Observe the pattern or the distribution.
MAP 1: Distribution of Active Volcanoes

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/WHf4bAVJqQgPHhUSA
MAP 2: Distribution of Earthquake Epicenters

Source: https://images.app.goo.gl/zWSBRa35DghiQwPi8
5
MAP 3: Distribution of Major Mountain Ranges
Source: Millenium Ecosystem Assessment
GUIDE QUESTION:
1. What do you observe about the pattern of the three distributions?
_____________________________________________________________
2. How are they related with each other?
____________________________________________________________
What’s More
ACTIVITY 2
DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTIONS
Draw a smiley face if the statement is correct and a sad face if it is not. Write a short
explanation to justify your answer.
Description Expression Explanation
1. Earthquakes are located and distributed in
the world.
2. When you look at the map of earthquake
distribution, they are located in only one place.
3. Earthquake epicenters are at the same place
where the plate boundaries are found.
4. Plate movements are the cause of shaking of
the ground.
5. Earthquakes are not connected to the study
of plate tectonics theory.
6. Active volcanoes are located and distributed
in the world
7. When you look at the map of active
volcanoes, they are located in only one place.
8. Active volcanoes are at the same place where
the plate boundaries are found.
9. Mountain ranges are found at the edges of
continents.
10. When you look at the map of mountain
belts in the world, it is not related to the map of
the active volcanoes and earthquake epicenter.
6
What I Have Learned
• Volcanoes are one of the major concepts to consider in studying the
movements of the plates.
• Earthquakes are distributed and found in the different areas in the world
especially at the edges of the continents or at the plate boundaries.
• Mountain range is a succession of many closely spaced mountains
covering a particular portion of Earth.
• Most active volcanoes are found in the pacific ring of fire and they are
located at the edges of the continents where plate boundaries can also be
found.
•
What I Can Do
Use the diagram below and the given words to create a schematic plan. Then cite some
ways to do before, during, and after an earthquake.
PREVENTION RESPONSE
MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS
RECOVERY
DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
Earthquake
7
BEFORE DURING AFTER
Assessment
_____1. Where do earthquakes happen?

A. along plate boundaries C. within the plates
B. at the mantle ` D. at the core
_____2. How do active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and mountain ranges

distributed on the earth’s surface?
A. They are concentrated at the poles.

B. They are concentrated in narrow zones.
C. They are randomly scattered on oceanic plates only.
D. They are randomly scattered on continental plates only.
_____3. The places on Earth where most earthquakes originate, or some mountains
and volcanoes were formed mark the boundaries of each tectonic plate. Why is it
important to identify areas prone to earthquakes along plate boundaries?
A. To allow the government to release emergency funds.
B. To do necessary precautions by people living in those places.
C. To discourage tourists not to visit places prone to earthquakes.
D. To warn people not to go to places where earthquakes are most likely to
happen.
_____4. The Earth’s lithosphere is broken into several plates moving relative to each
other. What layer/s make/s up the Earth’s lithosphere?
A. crust and outer core
B. crust and lower mantle
C. crust and upper mantle
D. upper and lower mantle
_____5. Earthquakes and volcanoes are most likely found in which location?
A. in the oceans
B. at the plate boundaries
C. in the middle of the plates
D. in the middle of the continents
8
10
Science
Quarter 1 – Module 4
Plates in Motion
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Plates in Motion


Writers: Luningning M. Dela Cruz
Editors: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD, Hernan L. Apurada
Chief Education Supervisor,

Hernan L. Apurada

Telefax: (632) 8882-5861 / 8882-5862
What I Need to Know
master Plates In Motion. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
are now using.
This module is composed of only one lesson:
Lesson 1: Types of Plate Boundaries

1. Identify and describe the different types of plate boundaries;
2. Identify the type of plate boundary associated with each major lithospheric Plate;
3. Describe the movement in each type of plate boundary;
4. Relate each type of Plate with the stress on rocks.
What I Know
What you know is very important to focus on the key topics for the next lesson.
Take this test so that you can set your goals for the coming week to learn more about
the earth’s structure.
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which plate boundary is formed between the Philippine Plate and Eurasian
Plate?
A. Convergent Boundary C. Transform Fault Boundary
B. Divergent Boundary D. Reverse Fault Boundary
2. What type of boundary is associated with shearing stresses and shallow
earthquakes?
A. Convergent Boundary C. Reverse Fault Boundary
B. Divergent Boundary D. Transform Fault Boundary
3. What type of boundary occurs when two tectonic plates slide past each other?
4. What type of boundary is formed when two plates move away from each other?
5. What type of boundary is formed when two plates collide?
1
Lesson
Types of Plate Boundaries
1
What’s In
Taal volcano, erupted last January 2020. Seismic activities accompanied the
volcanic explosion which was felt in Batangas and the neighboring provinces. Ash fall
reached Metro Manila, Laguna, Batangas and Cavite. People near the volcano
temporarily evacuated to a safer place because of the tremors felt in the area and the
danger brought about by the ashfall. This scenario is a common situation in the
Philippines because there are many volcanoes in the country. Can you name some of
them? Activity 1 will help you recall some of the active volcanoes in the different
provinces. Ready Get Set Go!
Activity 1: Lava Walk
To identify some of the active volcanoes in the Philippines.
Name the volcano and the province where it is located, as shown in the picture. Hints
are given. (12 pts)
1. 4.
Name : _ A A _ Name: _ U _ U _ A _
Province _ O _ _ O _ O _
Province: _ A _ A _ _ A _
2. 5.
Name : _ I _ O _ _ I _ O _ Name: _ A _ _ A O _
Province: _ A _ I _ U I _ Province: _ E _ _ O _
3. 6.
Name: _ I _ A _ U _ O Name: _ A _ O _
Province: _ A _ _ A _ E _ Province: _ A _ _ A _
2
From the previous activity, you identified some of the active volcanoes in the
Philippines. There are twenty-three (23) active volcanoes that erupt frequently as
determined by Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). These
active volcanoes are distributed throughout the archipelago.
What’s New
“Motions of the Earth”
A Haiku written by Luningning M. dela Cruz
The earth is moving
Sliding, crashing, dividing
Shaking land beneath
Activity 2: Motions of the Earth
To describe the movement of the earth after reading the poem
First, read the haiku. Secondly, in part I, fill out the table by providing two synonyms
to the given words listed in the table. Lastly, in part II, in each box, create an
illustration to show your understanding on the movements of the earth.
Part 1: Look for the synonym of the given words listed in the table
New Words Synonym 1 Synonym 2

Sliding
Crashing
Dividing
Part 2: Create an illustration showing the earth's movement.
Sliding Crashing Dividing
3
What is It
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Plate boundaries are the edges where two plates meet. They are important because they
can be associated with the occurrence of earthquakes and formation of volcanoes. What
are the different types of plate boundaries? How can two plates move relative to each
other?
Types of Plate Boundaries
A. Divergent Plate Boundary.
In divergent plate boundary, the plates are moving away from each other. Look at
Figure 1; Plate A is moving towards the left direction as indicated by the arrow
while Plate B is moving towards the right. This movement results in an increased
distance between Plate A and Plate B.
PLATE A PLATE B
Figure 1. Plates Moving Apart in Divergent Boundary
Similarly, the red arrow in Figure 2

indicates the direction of the motion of the
Nazca Plate, the Pacific Plate, and the
Antarctic Plate. It is evident that Nazca Plate
moves in the opposite direction with respect
to the Pacific Plate. Hence a divergent
boundary is formed between the two plates.
Think Tank
1. How will you describe the type of boundary

formed between the Antarctic Plate and the Pacific
Plate?
2. What do you think will happen between the

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg
distance of the Pacific Plate and Antarctic Plate
(Cropped)
millions of years from now?
Figure 2. Divergent Boundary
Rocks that are pulled apart are under tension. Rocks under tension lengthen or
break apart. Tension is the major type of stress at divergent plate boundaries.
Tension has the effect of pulling and elongating. If this material were ductile, it
would stretch and get thinner, but we are dealing with brittle rocks here, so instead,
they will break. The way this typically happens is by forming a fault at some angle to
the bedding. Then the whole package of rocks slides along this fault. The type of fault
formed here is called a normal fault; see figure 3. This terminology came from miners
in Germany who noticed that most of the faults where they were working were of this
nature, so they called them "normal," meaning typical.
4
Breaking rocks.
A B
B
A
The tension between A and B
while pulling away from each Normal fault produced from
other. the tension of two plates
Figure 3: Normal fault at divergent boundaries
B. Convergent Boundaries
In the convergent plate boundary, the plates are moving towards each other.
Plate A meets with Plate B, as indicated by the arrow in Figure 4. This movement
results in a collision between Plate A and Plate B.
PLATE A PLATE B
Figure 4. Plates colliding with each other in

Convergent Boundary
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg (cropped)
In Figure 5, the red arrows show the direction of the movement of the Australian Plate
Figure
and the Pacific Plate. The meeting of the arrows shows5. that
Convergent
the two Boundary
plates are colliding
with each other. Hence a convergent boundary is formed between the Australian Plate
and the Pacific Plate.
When rocks collide, compression squeezes rocks together, causing rocks to fold or
fracture. Compression is the most common stress at convergent plate boundaries.
B B
A
A
Compression of two plates which may Reverse fault produced at the point
lead to folding or fracture of compression
Figure 6: Reverse fault formed
when two plates collide
Compression produces a reverse fault wherein a piece of rock is pushed up higher than
its original level. In figure 6, plate B is thrust up than A.
C. Transform Boundary
A transform boundary is also known as the transform fault boundary in which the
plates are sliding horizontally past each other. Most transform boundaries occur on
the ocean floor. But few exist on land like the San Andreas fault.
5
PLATE A
PLATE B
Figure 7. Two Plates Slipping

Horizontally Past Each Other
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:San_andreas_fault_syste
m_los_angeles_basin.png
Figure 8. Transform Boundary

When forces are parallel but moving in opposite directions, the stress is called
shear. Shear stress is the most common stress at transform plate boundaries. A
strike-slip fault arises from shear stress rocks. A strike-slip fault is a dip-slip
fault where the dip of the fault plane is vertical.
https://www.geologypage.com/2017/
07/strike-slip-faults-form-origin-
earthquakes.html
Figure 9 Strike Slip Fault
What’s More
Activity 3: Plate Motions
To distinguish the type of boundaries that exist between plates based on the
direction of the arrow.
Observe the map below and identify the type of boundaries formed by the plates based
on the direction of the arrow.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plates_tect2_en.svg
Figure 10: Tectonic World Map with Direction of the Plates Motion
6
Given Plates Type of Plate Boundaries
Type of Rock Stress
1. Pacific Plate and

Australian Plate
(Indo-Australian
Plate)
2. South American
Plate and African
Plate
3. Pacific Plate and
North American
Plate
4. Philippine Sea
Plate (Filipino
Plate) and Pacific
Plate
5. African Plate and
Arabian Plate
6. Indian Plate and
Eurasian Plate
2. What is the distance in kilometers between South American Plate and

African Plate one million (1,000,000) years from now if the two plates move one
(1) cm/year away from each other?
What I Have Learned
Vocabulary Review: Give the meaning of the following terms. Write your answer in a
separate sheet of paper.
1. Plate Tectonic 5. Compressional Stress

2. Plate Boundaries 6. Divergent Boundary
3. Tension Stress 7. Convergent Boundary
4. Shear Stress 8. Transform Fault Boundary
What I Can Do
Plate Boundaries Comic Strips
To illustrate the motion of the plate boundaries
To explain the rock stress happening at each boundary
7
Complete the table by showing the illustration of each type of plate boundary
and its description. .
Types of Plate Illustration Description

Boundaries
Assessment
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. African Plate is moving away from South American Plate what kind of boundary
is formed between the two plates?
2. What type of boundary is formed between the Eurasian Plate and Indian Plate?
3. If the Antarctic Plate is moving away from the Pacific Plate at a rate of 3 cm/year,
what is the distance between Antarctic Plate and Pacific Plate be after 1 million
years (Express your answer in kilometer per year.)
A. 0.3kilometers C. 30 kilometers
B. 3 kilometers D. 300 kilometers
4. What type of rock stress dominates the divergent boundary?

I. Compression
II. Shearing
III. Tension
A. I only C. III only
B. II only D. I and III
5. What type of rock stress dominates the convergent boundary?

I. Compression
II. Shearing
III. Tension
A. I only C. III only
B. II only D. I and II

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Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mamongay, Wilmar F. MA.,

Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD, Hernan L. Apurada

Reviewers: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD

Layout Artist: Diane Marie Lavarias, John Jesson S. Monserate

Management Team: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb DEM CESE

Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

This module consists of one (1) lesson namely;

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1 The Earth’s Crust

Description Shield Cinder Cone Composite

1. They are formed by the accumulation

Figure3: Lithospheric plates

A tectonic plate (also called lithospheric plate) is a massive, irregularly shaped

Description Continental Oceanic

3. It is about 6 km (4 miles) thick

4. It is less dense than the material of the Earth's

6. The outermost layer of Earth’s lithosphere that is

7. This is where mountains, volcanic arcs, hills are

Read each statement below. Determine if it is a correct description of lithospheric

3. Plates move in one direction.

4. Some plates move faster than the other.

5. Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earth's

6. Plate motions range up to a typical 10–40 mm/year

What I Have Learned

LET’S SEARCH THE WORD!

_____4. Which statement regarding oceanic and continental crust is CORRECT?

_____5. Which type of crust consists of granitic rocks?

2-B 7-G 12-L 17-Q 22-V

3-C 8-H 13-M 18-R 23-W

4-D 9-I 14-N 19-S 24-X

5-E 10-J 15-O 20-T 25-Y

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mamongay, Wilmar F. MA.,

Editor: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD, Hernan L. Apurada

Reviewers: Edwin I. Salviejo EdD, Hernan L. Apurada

Layout Artist: Diane Marie Lavarias, John Jesson S. Monserate

Management Team: Dr. Jay F. Macasieb DEM CESE

Neil Vincent C. Sandoval

Department of Education – Schools Division Office of Makati City

Office Address: Gov. Noble St., Brgy. Guadalupe Nuevo

The module is divided into two (2) lessons, namely:

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Read each statement and choose the correct answer.

1. These are energy released in an earthquake in the form of vibrations, caused by

Seismic waves are waves of energy

Types of Seismic Waves

Surface waves are of two types: Love Source:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Seysmik_t%C9%99dqiqat.png

Locating the Epicenter

One method used in locating the epicenter of an earthquake is the triangulation

To locate the epicenter of an earthquake, try to perform the activity below:

Recording Time difference in the Distance of epicenter

Seismic waves in the earth’s interior surface

Differentiate primary wave from secondary wave using a graphic organizer.

What I Have Learned

PICTURES EXPRESSION EXPLANATION

Complete the crossword puzzle below.

Published by the Department of Education