10

Earth and
Space Quarter 1: Module
1-4

Republic of the Philippines

 N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g io n
Department of Education
Sc h o o l s D i v is i o n O f f ic e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y

DEVELOPMENT TEAM OF THE MODULE

WRITERS: OMEGA C. DELOS SANTOS, Master Teacher II JENIFER T.

HERRERA, Master Teacher I
ERIC JAMES PAGUIO, Master Teacher I
JOEY S. BERDIDA, Teacher I
LAILA MARIE F. ILAGAN, Teacher I
MARY GRACE M. JUPIA, Teacher I
VILMA R. REY, Teacher I
RU CHIN N. SALCEDO, Teacher I
YOLANDA D. TABIRAO, Teacher I
MERTHEL F. TALA, Teacher I

CONSOLIDATOR: LAPRIZAL P. CASTUERAS, Head Teacher VI

LANGUAGE EDITORS: MARISOL D. CABALZA, Teacher III

JOHN R. REY REAL, Teacher I

CONTENT ACE T. EVANGELISTA, Master Teacher II

VALIDATORS: REYNALDO A. GAYAS, JR, Master Teacher I
CHRISTINE S. MANGCOY, Teacher I

COVER PAGE AIRA MARI CON M. AUSTERO

ILLUSTRATOR:

TEAM LEADER: DR. RAQUEL M. AUSTERO

Education Program Supervisor

Module 1 Earth’s Lithosphere

Most Essential Learning Competencies

 Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and
major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1)

What’s In
The Earth and Its Lithosphere
The Earth’s structure is divided into four major components: the crust, the mantle, the
outer core, and the inner core. Each layer has a unique chemical composition, physical state,
and can impact life on Earth's surface. Geologists have distinguished these three main
internal subdivisions of the Earth, based on the behavior of seismic waves and laboratory
experiments.

Mantle

Crust
Inner Core

Outer Core

https://www.clipart.email/clipart/layers-of-the-earth-
clipart-12858.html

Subdivisions of the Earth

1. Crust is the thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earth. It is subdivided into two
regions: the continental crust and the oceanic crust. It is mainly made up of silicon, oxygen,
aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, titanium, magnesium, and iron. 2. Mantle
is the layer beneath the crust which comprises the largest portion of the Earth. It is mostly
made of the elements silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium. The lower part of the mantle
consists of more iron than the upper part. The temperature and the pressure increase with
depth. The high temperature and pressure in mantle allow the solid rock to flow slowly. 3.
Core is the innermost portion of the Earth. It is composed of metallic elements, primarily
iron and nickel.

3
Parts of the Earth’s Core:
1. Outer core is made of liquid metal because of very high temperature which
tends to melt iron and nickel.
2. Inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel. Due to extreme temperature, it
could have been molten iron and nickel but it is believed to have solidified as a result of
pressure freezing.

The Continental and Oceanic Crust

The earth’s crust is generally divided into older, thicker continental crust and
younger, denser oceanic crust.

Continental crust underlies much of the earth’s land surfaces. It is mainly made
up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, sodium, potassium and is made of less
dense rock like granite. The thickness of the continental crust is mostly 35-40
kilometers.

Oceanic crust is found under the ocean floor and is made of dense rocks like basalt. It is
about 7-10 kilometers thick with an average thickness of 8 kilometers. The oceanic crust
is heavier than the continental crust.

https://london-nerc-dtp.org/2017/07/28/really-know-ocean/

The Lithospheric Plates

Lithosphere is the outer shell of the earth, composed of the crust and the uppermost
mantle, fractured into plates.

Asthenosphere is a partially molten part of the mantle where the lithospheric plates
float and move around. Its temperature is about 300-800oC enough to facilitate a
small amount of melting and to make it capable to flow which cause the movement of
the lithospheric plates. The lithosphere, with the continents on top of it, is being
4
carried by flowing asthenosphere.
https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/earth-cross-section

Lithospheric plates, also known as tectonic plates, are massive, irregularly shaped
slabs of solid rock, generally composed of continental and oceanic lithosphere that
fit together to form the surface of the earth. These lithospheric plates move relative
to each other.

https://www.quora.com/How-many-plates-are-in-earth
Continental Lithosphere is formed by continental crust and residual mantle. It
constitutes the continents. It has an average thickness of about 150 km.
Some continental lithospheres are the South and North American plate,
Eurasian plate and African plate.

5
Oceanic Lithosphere is formed by oceanic crust and residual mantle. It constitutes the
bottom of the oceans. The great mountain ranges have an average thickness of 150 km in
the bottom of the ocean. An example of an oceanic plate is the Pacific Plate, which extends
from the East Pacific Rise to the deep-sea trenches bordering the western part of the Pacific
 basin.

The Major and Minor Lithospheric Plates

Most of the earth’s surface is covered by major and minor plates. The seven major
plates include the African, Antarctic, Eurasian, North American, South American, India
Australian, and the Pacific plates. Some of the minor plates include the Arabian, Caribbean,
Nazca, and Scotia plates.
The basis of scientists in dividing the Earth’s lithosphere into several segments called
plates are the distribution of earthquake epicenters, location of volcanoes and formation
of mountain ranges. All these geologic features are formed because of plate movement.

What’s More
Activity 1: The Earth’s Layers
Directions: Label each part of the earth by matching each number to its appropriate name
inside the box.
2
6
1
7
1 1
_____ Mantle _____
Inner Core
Outer Core _____
51 Lithosphere _____
Asthenosphere
31
_____ Continental
11 crust _____
41 Oceanic crust
_____

6
Activity 2: What’s the Word!
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terminology. Choose your answer from the
word bank below.
The Earth’s (1) ____________is the thinnest and the outermost layer which is further
subdivided into two regions the (2) ____________ and (3) _____________ that are made of
dense rocks like basalt.
Earth’s (4) _____________ includes the crust and the uppermost (5) ___________, which
constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The layer below the rigid lithosphere is
a zone called (6) ___________, a part of the mantle that flows because of weaker and very
viscous fluid. The lithosphere is further subdivided into several (7)
___________, which are massive, irregularly shaped slabs of solid rock, generally
composed of both (8)____________ and (9)_____________ that constitute the continents.

WORDBANK
Asthenosphere, Continental lithosphere,
Oceanic lithosphere, Oceanic crust, Plates
Continental crust, Lithosphere, Mantle, Crust,

Activity 3: The Lithospheric Plates

Direction: Write the name of each lithospheric plate indicated below.

4
1
4
2
5

1. _______________________ 4.
_______________________ 2. _______________________ 5.
_______________________ 3. _______________________

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks.
1. The _______ is composed of three major layers: the crust, mantle, and core. 2. The
crust is the thinnest and the outermost layer while the mantle is the thickest and the
middle layer of the earth. The ______ is made up of elements such as silicon, oxygen,
aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium.
3. The ______ is made up of elements such as silicon, oxygen, iron, and magnesium. 4.
The core is divided into two layers: the ________ which is made up of molten material
and accounts for the earth’s magnetic field; and the inner core which is the deepest layer
of the earth and is made up of solid iron and nickel.
5. The _________ is found under land masses and made of less dense rocks like
granite.
6. The __________ is heavier than the continental crust due to the presence of basalt
and found under the ocean floor.
7. The ___________ is a soft, weak upper portion of the mantle where the lithospheric
plates float and move around.
8. The ___________ is composed of the crust and part of the upper mantle which is a
solid part of the earth that is composed of several plates.
9. The continental lithosphere is formed by continental crust and residual mantle while
the ____________ is composed of oceanic crust and residual mantle. 10. The
______________ are moving, irregularly shaped slabs that fit together to form the
surface of the Earth that can be grouped into major and minor plates.

What I Can Do
As a student, how will you show appreciation of the physical feature of the
earth? Express your answer by choosing one of the following:
1. Poster
2. Essay
3. Poem

Module 2 Earthquake Epicenter

Most Essential Learning Competencies

 Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters,
and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1)

What’s In
Earthquake
The Philippine archipelago had experienced numerous earthquakes last 2019 and
early 2020, ranging from magnitude 1 to magnitude 7.7. Most of these earthquakes were
due to the energies carried by the seismic waves released from the interior of the earth
causing the lithospheric plates to move. Earthquakes with magnitude of 5 or above may
cause visible damages in light to strong constructions such as houses and buildings,
agricultural areas, bridges, and even along roads and highways.
Earthquake is the sudden movement of the Earth’s surface that lasts in a very
short time ranging from few seconds to minutes. The energy carried by the seismic waves
causes this movement of the earth’s surface. Now, what are seismic waves?
SEISMIC WAVES are traveling disturbances that carry energies caused by the sudden
breaking of rocks in the interior of the earth.

TYPES OF SEISMIC WAVES

I. BODY WAVES - are waves that can travel in all directions in the inner layers of the
earth. These waves have higher frequency and arrive before the surface wave on the
outermost layer of the Earth.

There are two sub-types of body waves: P – waves and S – waves. The pictures below
show how these waves carry energy from the interior of the earth.
A. P – Waves (Primary Waves) – are longitudinal seismic body waves with a great
velocity through the ground. They move alternately by pushing and pulling. The
direction of the particles is parallel to the direction of the wave motion. They can
travel both in solid and fluid materials such as volcanic magma, with a range of
1600 m/s to 8000 m/s depending on the material they are moving through. P –
Waves are first felt and detected by a seismograph.

https://sites.google.com/site/adventurewiths
 cience/types-of-boundaries e-a natural-disaster/
https://letslearnwithfun.wordpress.com/2015/08/29/earthquak

B. S – Waves (Shear waves, Shaking waves or Secondary Waves) – are transverse

waves, moving side to side from the source to the outer layer of the Earth. The
direction of the particles is perpendicular to the direction of the wave motion. They
travel about 40% slower than the P – waves ranging from 900 m/s to 4500 m/s. S –
waves can travel only in solid materials. Due to its slow motion, they can cause
greater damage than P – waves.

https://letslearnwithfun.wordpress.com/2015/08
https://sites.google.com/site/adventurewithsc
/29/earthquake-a-natural-disaster/
ience/types-of-boundarie
4.____________________________________________ 5.
II. SURFACE WAVES – are waves that can travel only on the surface of the Earth. They
_____________________________________________ 6.
____________________________________________
have lower frequency than body waves that can be easily distinguished on a seismogram.
They are detected after the body waves. They are almost responsible for the damage and
destruction associated to the earthquake.
There are two sub-types of surface waves: Love waves and Rayleigh waves. The
pictures below show how these waves move along the surface of the Earth.
A.Love Waves - like S – waves, they are transverse waves but no vertical motion. They
are like a wriggling snake causing the ground to twist side by side resulting to great
damages and destructions to people and in the environment.
 10

https://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/ /29/earthquake-a-natural-disaster/
seismic-waves#.Xr5X2Gj7Q2w
4.____________________________________________ 5.
https://letslearnwithfun.wordpress.com/2015/08
B.Rayleigh Waves – waves characterized with a rolling, up and down motion with an
_____________________________________________ 6.
____________________________________________
elliptical and reversing particle motion confined to the vertical plane in the direction of
propagation.

https://www.sms-tsunami-warning.com/pages/ 29/earthquake-a-natural-disaster/
seismic-waves#.Xr5X2Gj7Q2w
4.____________________________________________ 5.
_____________________________________________ 6.
Locating the earthquake epicenter ____________________________________________
https://letslearnwithfun.wordpress.com/2015/08/
In locating the epicenter of the earthquake, knowledge on seismic waves is
important. Epicenter is the point directly above the hypocenter or focus (located in the
inner layers of the Earth), where the earthquake originates. Earthquake epicenter can be
determined using Triangulation Method. This method requires data/ information from
three seismic recording stations.

STEPS IN LOCATING EARTHQUAKE EPICENTER

1. Obtain data from three different seismic recording stations. Find the difference in
arrival time between the P – and S – waves.
To do this, refer to each of the three seismogram readings and record arrival times of
P – wave and S – wave.

11
 e-epicenter

P – wave S – wave Time

Arrival Time Arrival Time Interval

23 minutes 27 minutes ?

The difference in the

https://www.slideshare.net/nairamode/earthquak
arrival time between the P – and S – waves
or time interval is 4 minutes ( S-wave arrival
time less P-waves arrival time)
2. Record difference in Arrival Time. Subtract arrival time of P – wave from the arrival time
of S - wave. Plot the time interval on the travel-time graph. Follow the steps below in
plotting the time interval and determining the distance.
 https://www.slideshare.net/nairamode/earthquake-epicenter

3. Record the distance of the seismic recording station to the earthquake epicenter. Do
the same for the other two seismic recording stations. (Let us assume values for the
second and third seismogram)

12
Using the data in the table and the travel-time graph, we may determine the distance
of the of the seismic recording station to the earthquake epicenter as follows:
Seismic P – wave S – wave Time Distance
Recordi Arrival Time Arrival Time Interval from the
ng Epicenter
 Station

1 23 minutes 27 minutes 4 minutes 2500 km

2 22.5 27 minutes 4.5 3000 km

minutes minutes

3 22.5 28 minutes 5.5 4000 km

minutes minutes

Finding the distance of the epicenter to the seismic recording station may also use
the mathematical method. The formula:
��=����
��������������������
4. Use Triangulation Method to locate the earthquake epicenter. Draw a circle on a map
that has a radius equal to the distance to the epicenter from each seismograph station.
Scale: 1000 Km = 1 cm. The point where the three circles meet is the epicenter of the
earthquake

Seismic waves spread out from the focus of an earthquake to the surface of the
earth. Structures farther from the epicenter experience less shaking and less damage.
Structures near the epicenter experience more shaking and more damage compared to
the location of the epicenter of the earthquake. More shaking and great damage may also
be experienced in places near faults and liquefy surfaces. Earthquakes cause damage to
infrastructures such as buildings, houses, bridges and roads. They can also trigger
landslides and mudslides. When the earthquake occurs under the ocean, it creates a
series of huge waves that cause massive destructions if they hit a populated coastal area.
These huge waves are also known as tsunami.

13
 What’s More
Activity 1: I Shake it!
Directions: Name the type of seismic waves shown below.

https://sites.google.com/site/adventurewi
thscience/types-of-boundaries https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/33720 https://letslearnwithfun.wordpress.com/
709 0826203173/ 2 015/08/29/earthquake-a-natural
disaster/
1.________________
2._________________ 3.___________________
___
____ ___
__________________
__________________ _____________________
__
____ __

https://letslearnwithfun.wordpress.com/2015/08/29/earthquake-a-natural-disaster/

4.___________________ 5. __________________ 6.
_____________________Activity 2. Watch the Difference…

Directions: Determine the arrival time difference between the arrival times of the P – and
S – waves. Express your answer in minute- second.
 14
Activity 3: Far Away from You
Directions: Using the graph on the right and the data on the table, determine the difference
in arrival times of P – and S – waves and the distance from the seismic recording station
to the epicenter. (Graphical analysis)
Seismic Arrival Arrival Differenc Distan
Recordi time of time of e of P – ce
ng P – S – and S – from
Station waves waves waves the
arrival SRS to
time Earthqua
ke
Epicenter

A 21 27
minutes minutes

B 24 min 33 min
10 sec 10 sec

C 24 min 33 min
40 sec 40 sec

Activity 4. We’ll Take You Farther

https://d32ogoqmya1dw8.cloudfront.net/images/m athyouneed/p_s_wave_plot.v2.jpg

Directions: Determine the distance in kilometer

(km) from the seismic recording station to the epicentre using the equation and
distance in centimeter (cm). Use the scale below as reference.
��=����
��������������������
1 cm = 100 Km

Seismic Differences in the Distance from Distance from

Recording Arrival times of P SRS to the SRS to the
Station (SRS) – and S – Waves Earthquake Earthquake
(Td) in seconds epicenter in epicenter in
(sec) kilometer (Km) centimeter (cm)
 Batangas 9.6 seconds

San Fernando 20.8 seconds

Tuguegarao 30.4 seconds

15
Activity 5. ‘Til I Met You
Directions: Determine the common location of the earthquake epicenter from the 3
recording stations.
Materials: Philippine map, pencil, drawing compass
Procedure:
From the data below, mark in the map the location of the three seismic recording
stations and determine the epicenter of the earthquake using Triangulation
Method.
Seismic Differences in the Distance from Epicenter
Recording Arrival times of P SRS to the
Station (SRS) – and S – Waves Earthquake
(Td) in seconds epicenter in
(sec) centimeter (cm)

Batangas 9.6 seconds 1.2

San Fernando 20.8 seconds 2.6

Tuguegarao 30.4 seconds 3.8

 16

What I Have Learned

Directions: Fill in the blanks.
1. The ___________ are traveling disturbances that carry energies caused by the
sudden breaking of rocks in the interior of the Earth.
2. There are two types of seismic waves: body waves and surface waves. The
_____________ travel in the interior of the Earth while surface waves travel along
the surface of the earth.
3. Body waves are P – waves and S - waves. P – waves or primary waves are
____________ that travel faster than a transverse S- waves or secondary waves. 4.
Surface waves are Rayleigh waves that travel in up and down motion and Love
waves that travel side by side along the surface of the earth. The ______ are more
damaging than Rayleigh waves.
5. The _________ is a sudden movement or shaking of the earth surface due to the
released energy brought about by the breaking of rocks from the interior of the
earth.
6. The __________ is used to determine the epicenter of the earthquake.
 What I Can Do
Shaking of the ground may cause damages on the surface of the earth. Our
country experiences numbers of earthquake. As a student, what are the things that you
need to prepare or do before, during, and after an earthquake? List them in the table
below:
Before the Earthquake During the Earthquake After the Earthquake

17

Module 3 Active Volcanoes, Earthquake Epicenter and

Mountain Ranges

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters,
and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1)

What’s In
The earth’s surface is covered with multifarious bodies of water and landforms.
The earth, indeed, is aesthetically landscaped, and such features are of great use to
mankind. The structures, like mountains and volcanoes, are some of the landforms that
attractively capture our eyes. Mountains help abate typhoons while volcanoes may
seem quiet and still, but, once they exhibit an intense energy, their peaceful state
becomes wild. Volcanic eruption is one of nature’s deadliest and most destructive
phenomena in the world. The effect of volcanic eruptions to humans and environment
depends on the intensity and proximity. How close are we to these volcanoes? Where
are they located? How are these active volcanoes distributed around the world? These
are some of the questions that will be answered as we discuss Module 3.
The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a
large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. It is sometimes called the
Circum-Pacific Belt. Volcanoes are formed when lithospheric plates are pushed
together. Some of the Earth’s plates move deeper into the earth’s mantle where they
melt and rise to the surface again to form volcanoes.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/573575702534122802/

18
Most earthquake epicenters are found near subduction zones and mid- ocean
ridges.
 http://npdp.stanford.edu/eq_historical_catalog

Major mountain belts are randomly distributed in the earth’s crust. Most of the
mountain ranges are located along the boundaries. The picture below shows the
location of major mountain belts or ranges. Some of the known mountain ranges are
as follows: Himalayas, Andes Mountain, Rocky Mountain, Alps, and Caucasus
Mountains.
 https://www.pbslearningmedia.org/asset/buac17-img-glblmtnranges/EN/
The Himalayas is a massive mountain range stretching throughout Asia and the
Middle East. The highest point is the famous Mount Everest at over 29, 000 feet above
sea level. The Andes Mountain range runs through much of South America. Its
highest point is Aconcagua in Argentina, which is the highest point outside Asia. The
Rocky Mountain range is one of the longest on earth. It stretches through North

19
America, from Canada and through the US to New Mexico. The Alps is a 750-mile long
mountain range that runs through 8 European countries. Its highest peak is Mont Blanc,
which reaches over 15,000 feet in height on the French- Italian border. The Caucasus
Mountain stretches between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. It runs through
Russia (where its highest peak, the over 18,000-foot Mount Elbrus stands), Georgia,
Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Scientists were able to conclude that the bases for dividing the Earth’s
lithosphere are the locations of active volcanoes, earthquake epicentres, and major
mountain belts or ranges.

What’s More
Activity 1: Track and Mark
Directions: Using the map of world’s active volcano below, locate and analyze the
positions of the active volcanoes. Then, answer the questions that follow.
 https://www.britannica.com/science/vol

Guide Questions:
1. Based on the map, how are active volcanoes distributed?
_______________________________________________________________

20
2. Where are volcanoes most likely to form?
_______________________________________________________________

3. Can volcanoes form anywhere on earth? Explain your answer.

_____________________________________________________________
_

_____________________________________________________
Activity 2: Mark the fault
Directions: Using the map of earthquake epicenters below, locate and analyze the
positions of the earthquake epicenters. Then, answer the questions that follow.

http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/faculty/RWA/research/current_research/ch ile-
m-88-earthquake-page/global-earthquakes-and-citi.html

Guide Questions:
1. Based on your traced map, where do most earthquakes occur?
_________________________________________________________
_
2. Why is it important to study earthquake locations?
________________________________________________________
_
______________________________________________________________

21
Activity 2: Moun-train
Directions: Using the map of major mountain ranges or belts in the world below,
locate and analyze the positions of the major mountain belts. Then, answer the
questions that follow.

https://online.seterra.com/en/vgp
Guide Questions:
1. What can you say about the locations of mountain ranges?
______________________________________________________________
_ 2. Describe the distribution of the mountain ranges with the distribution of the
earthquake epicenters and active volcanoes.
______________________________________________________________
_ 3. Enumerate the bases of scientists in the division of the earth’s lithosphere.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

22

What I Have Learned

Directions: MODIFIED TRUE or FALSE. Write TRUE if the statement is correct
and if FALSE modify the underlined word/s to make the statement correct. 1. The
Ring of Fire is a minor area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where a large number
of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
2. The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the Circum- Pacific Belt. 3. Most earthquakes
and volcanoes occur because of the movement of the plates, especially as plates
interact at their surface.
4. Most earthquakes are found near subduction zones and mid- ocean ridges. 5. A
mountain range is a series or chain of mountains that are connected together to form
a long line of mountains.
6. Mountain ranges form when two or more plates collide into one another where the
colliding land masses are forced downwards, creating the mountain peaks. 7. The
Mount Everest is the highest mountain range in the world. 8. The Andes Mountains
form the longest mountain range in the world. 9. The bases of the scientists in dividing
the plates or continents are locations of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters and
mountain belts or ranges.
10.The Rocky Mountain range is one of the longest ranges on earth.
 What I Can Do
Watch the 2015 film “San Andreas” and make a reaction paper regarding the
disaster shown in the movie. You can access in the following links:
http://facebook.com/sanandreasmovie or http://sanandreasmovie.com. Write
your review in long bond paper. Use the format below.

Title of the Movie:

Setting:
Brief Summary
Reflection:

23

Module 4 Plate Boundaries

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Describe the different types of plate boundaries (S10ES-Ia-j-36.2)

What’s In
Types of Plate Boundaries
Plate boundaries are edges where two plates meet. Most geologic events,
including volcanoes, earthquakes, and formation of mountains, take place at plate
boundaries.
The movement of the plates creates the types of tectonic boundaries. There
are three types of plate boundaries, differentiated by the movement they exhibit:

• Divergent - where plates move apart

• Convergent - where plates move towards each other

• Transform - where plates slide or grind past each other

 Three Types of Plate Boundaries
Reference https://www.gns.cri.nz/Home/Learning/Science-Topics/Earthquakes/Earthquakes-at-a-Plate-Boundary/Tectonic-Plates-and-Plate
Boundaries
http://earthsci8.wikispaces.com/

24
Stress of Rocks
The Earth has three layers, the crust, the mantle and the core. The Earth’s crust
is like the shell of an egg; it is the thinnest of the Earth’s layers. The crust is broken into
several parts, known as tectonic plates. When the plates are pulled or pushed together,
stress occurs. Three types of stresses affect the earth’s crust: compression, tension,
and shear. All forms of stress cause earthquake and form different geologic features.

Compression Stress

Compression is a type of stress that causes the rocks to push or squeeze

against one another. It targets the center of the rock and can cause either horizontal
or vertical orientation. In horizontal compression stress, the crust can thicken or
shorten. In vertical compression stress, the crust can thin out or break off. The force of
compression can push rocks together or cause the edges of each plate colliding to rise.
Mountains are a result of high-impact compression stress caused when two plates
collide.

Tension Stress

Tension is the opposite of compression. While compression forces the rocks

and crust to collide and move together, tension forces the rocks to pull apart. Tension
can happen in two ways. Two separate plates can move farther away from each other,
or the ends of one plate can move in different directions. Some scientists think tension
 stress caused the ancient, massive continent Pangaea to break off into the seven
continents we have today.

Shear Stress

When shear stress occurs, the force of the stress pushes some of the crust in different
directions. When this happens, a large part of the crust can break off, which makes the
plate size smaller. Shear stress usually happens when two plates rub against each
other as they move in opposite directions. The friction of a shear stress at the edges of
the plate can cause earthquakes.

25

Tensional stress Compressional stress

Shear stress
Reference:
https://o.quizlet.com/LKnbtUUJ2HpIRZ1YZsEuCQ.png

What’s More
Activity 1: What’s the type?

Directions: Identify the type of plate boundary shown in each picture. Write only the
letter of the correct answer.

A. Convergent B. Divergent C. Transform 1.

 2. 3.

Activity 2: Who Am I?

Directions: Identify the type of plate described below. Choose the correct answer
from the word bank.

Caribbean Plate Indo-Australian Plate Eurasian Plate North

American Plate Cocos Plate

1. I am a tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia.

____________

26
2. I am a major tectonic plate formed by the fusion of the Indian and
Australian plates. _______________________.
3. I am a young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west
coast of Central America. ____________________________.
4. I am mostly oceanic tectonic plate including part of Central America and
the Caribbean Sea. _________________________.
5. I am a large tectonic plate including most of North America, Greenland and
part of Siberia. _____________________________.

Reference: https://www.education.com/worksheet/article/plate-tectonics-1/

Activity 3: The Lithospheric Plate

Directions: Study the map below and identify the major and minor plates. Write your
answers on the table below.
 Reference: https://geology.com/plate-tectonics.shtml
27
Major Plates Minor Plates

Activity 4: Are you STRESSed?

Directions: Write STRESSED if the statement is correct. If not, write NOT

 STRESSED.

_____ 1. In geology, stress is the force per unit area that is placed on rock.
_____ 2. Tension is the major type of stress at transform plate boundaries.
_____ 3. Sedimentary rocks that do not have horizontal layers are deformed.
_____ 4. In an anticline, the youngest rocks are at the center.
_____ 5. In a normal fault, the footwall drops down relative to the hanging
wall. _____ 6. A rock’s response to stress depends only on the type of stress.
_____ 7. Basin-and-range landforms result from tension pulling crust apart.
_____ 8. The oldest layers of sedimentary rock are always found at the bottom unless
rock layers have been disturbed.

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What I Have Learned

Directions: Enumerate the following types and describe each.
A. The three types of plate boundaries
1.
2.
3.
B. The three types of stresses
1.
2.
3.

What I Can Do
 The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It
is situated in the western Pacific Ocean and consists of about 7,641 islands that are
broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to south:
Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
Name 5 plate boundaries around the Philippine archipelago. How do they
interact with one another?

29

Answer Key
 10.Lithospheric 2. African Plate
plate 1. Philippine Plate
re 9.Oceanic Activity 3
lithosphe
8.Earth lithosphere
7.Asthenosphere phere Continental lithos 9.
6.Oceanic crust Oceanic lithosphere 8.
Plates 7.
Asthenosphere 6.
Mantle 5.
Lithosphere 4.
Oceanic crust 3.
Continental crust 2.
Crust 1.
Activity 2

2 7.
6 6.
4 5.
7 4.
3 3.
1 2.
5 1.
Activity 1

1 MODULE

riangulation methods t 6.
5.earthquake
4.love wave
3.longitudinal waves
2.body waves
1.seismic wave

What I have Learned

The earthquake epicinter is

in Manila Activity 5

‘Til I Met You

5.Continental crust
4.Outer core
3.Mantle
2.Crust
Earth 1.
What I have
Learned

5. Nazca Plate
4. Pacific Plate
3. Eurasian Plate
 Activity

4 min 55 sec 6.
12 minutes 5.
Activity 4 We’ll Take You 3 min 40 sec 4.
Farther 3 min 15 sec 3.
4 min 40 sec 2.
4 min 20 sec 1.

Activity 2 Watch the Difference

Love Waves 6.
Waves – S 5.
Rayleigh Waves 4.
waves – P 3.
Surface Waves 2.
ody Waves B 1.
I Shake it Activity 1
3 Far Away from you
2 MODULE

30

Answer Key

True 10.

stress pushes some of the crust in different

directions.
shear is a type of stress where the force of the c.

pull apart;
ension is a type of stress that forces the rocks to t b.
against one another; rocks to push or
squee
ze
compr
ession
is a
type
of
stress
that
cause
s the
a.
are:
The three types of stresses that affect the earth’s
crust 4.
 Mountain ranges
active volcanoes,
earthquake
epicenters. plates/
continents are the
locations of
The basis of the scientists
in dividing the 3.
tion Same loca 2.
edges of some
continents
Near boundaries/ along
boundaries/ 1.

train - Activity 3 Moun

done if you are living in those

places.
So those necessary
precautions could be 2.
edges of some
continents
Near boundaries/ along
boundaries/ 1.

ctivity 2 Mark my Fault A

as magma. This form volcanoes

to the mantle making them
and rise again pushed
together, some plates go
deeper No. Volcanoes
are formed when plates 3.
edges of some
continents
Near boundaries/ along
boundaries/ 2.
Randomly distributed 1.
Track and Mark Activity 1

3 MODULE
deformation.
Stress is the force applied to a rock
and may cause 3.
other.
each where plates slide or grind past

-
e Tru 9. T
True 8. r
Himalayas 7. a
Upward 6. n
True 5. s
f
True 4.
o
Edges/boundary 3. r
True 2. m
major 1. c
.
o
What I have Learned
 t Minor Plates Major Plates Answers
h
e m
r
; a
where plates move towards each - Convergent b.
where plates move apart; - Divergent a. 2.The y
three types of plate boundaries are: Plate
boundaries are edges where two plates meet. v
1.
a
d Stresse 8. r
Stressed 7.
Stressed 6. y
Not stressed 5.
Not stressed 4. Activity 3
Stressed 3. North American Plate 5.
Not stressed 2. Caribbean Plate 4.
Stressed 1. Cocos Plate 3.
4 Activity Australian Plate - Indo 2.
Philippine Plate Pacific Plate Eurasian Plate 1.
Arabian Plate Australian Plate - Activity 2
Indo Juan de Fuca Plate South A 3.
American Plate Caribbean Plate B 2.
North American Plate Cocos Plate e C 1.
Eurasian Plat Activity 1
Nazca Plate Antarctic Plate 4 MODULE
Scotia Plate African Plate

31