Understanding Plate Tectonics

SMILE
(SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS)
Learner’s Packet
Name: ___________________________________________________________________
Section: _________________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP1)
BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:
The Plate Tectonics Theory establishes the framework on the understanding of

the different features and processes that occur in planet Earth. According to this theory, the
Earth’s crust and the upper mantle is divided into sections called tectonic plates that moves
gradually in specific directions. The crust and the upper mantle are called lithosphere. The
plates of the lithosphere float on the asthenosphere-a soft, weak upper portion of the mantle.
The movement of the tectonic plates is called tectonics.
The crust, which is the outermost layer of the Earth, has two types: the oceanic crust
and the continental crust. The continental crust is thicker but less dense while, oceanic crust,
located under the ocean, is thinner but denser compared to continental crust.
There are seven relatively large tectonic plates and a number of smaller ones. The
Philippines belong to a small tectonic plate called the Philippine Plate. Tectonic plates may
move away from each other, move towards each other or slide past each other. The gradual
movement of tectonic plates produces earthquakes, volcanic activities, mountain ranges and
other geologic features and processes.
LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:
MELC:. Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake

epicentres and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory
CG LC/ Code: S10ES-Ia-j-36.1
ACTIVITIES/ EXERCISES:
ACTIVITY 1:
A. EGG ANALOGY. In this activity, you will represent the layers of the Earth using a hard-
boiled egg.
Procedure:
1. Roll the hard-boiled egg until it cracks. Observe the outer shell.
Q1. How does the broken shell can be compared to tectonic plates?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________.
1
2. Cut the egg into half. Draw the cross-sectional area of the egg inside the box below.
Compare your drawing to the Layers of the Earth. Use an arrow to identify which part
of the egg represents the following layers of the Earth:
Crust
Asthenosphe
re
Mantle
Core
Fig. 1 Layers of the Earth Diagram

My Egg Model
Source:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithosphere%E2%80%
93asthenosphere_boundary?fbclid=IwAR2Il3kjE-w-
9UEY25pwnY5It3CLBWA3g-
R3nItBkCFZ15lGLs9_3waETFE
Q2. Why do you think the different layers of the Earth do not get mixed up?
Answer: __________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2:
PLATES PYRAMID. Study the tectonic plates present in the map below. List down
the names of the Tectonic Plates you identified inside the blocks.
Fig. 2 Tectonic Plates Map of the World
2
My Plates Pyramid
Q3. Which of the tectonic plates belong to the 7 largest plates? Which belongs to the smaller
ones?
Answer: __________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 3: A TECTONIC TRAVEL
Study the following tourist destinations around the world. Locate these places on the
World Map below. Identify which tectonic plates and type of crust do each of the tourist
destinations belongs to. Write your answer on the table provided.
1. Mayon Volcano in Albay, 2. Great Barrier Reef in

Philippines Queensland, Australia
Source:https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/ Source:http://www.oceansplasticleanup.com
ultimate-guides/mayon-volcano-guide-albay- /Biodiversity/CoralReefs/The_Great_Barrier_
bicol Reef.htm
4. Himalayas passing through

3. Sahara Desert in Northern Africa the Nations of India, Pakistan,
Source:https://www.onthegotours.com/blog/2019
Afghanistan, China, Bhutan and
/08/facts-about-the-sahara-desert/ Nepal
Source:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mou
nt_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_e 3
dit.jpg
TECTONIC TRAVEL TABLE
Tourist Attraction Type of Crust Tectonic Plate/s
(Oceanic/Continental)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Map of the World

Source: https://geology.com/world/world-map.shtml
Map of Earth’s Tectonic Plates

Source:https://www.mapsofworld.com/answers/geography/what-are-plate-
tectonics/amp/?fbclid=IwAR0XB2OYEbtcsHqZr-L-O50zG3BBUOjDKtoxK9zSJzOohd-CZVGUe5jLysc
Q4. How do you think the tectonic plates and some famous tourist destinations in the world
related?
Answer: __________________________________________________________________
4
ACTIVITY 3: LOUD AND PROUD
Choose a famous geologic feature in your locality. In a separate sheet of paper, make
a slogan that describes its characteristics and encourages tourists to visit your chosen
landform.
REFLECTION:
As a learner, in what ways can you contribute to promote the potential tourist landforms
in your locality?
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:
Textbooks: Science Learner’s Material G10

SLM G10 for Quarter 1 W1-3
ANSWER KEY:
1. Egg Analogy
Q1. Answers may vary.
Q2. The Layers of the Earth do not get mixed up because of their relative density.
2. My Pyramid of Plates 1. Philippine Plate,2. Indian-Australian Plate, 3. African Plate, 4.
Antartic Plate,5. Pacific Plate, 6. Nazca Plate, 7. Australian Plate, 8. Indian Plate, 9. Arabian
Plate, 10. Cocos Plate, 11. Eurasian Plate, 12. Juan de Fuca Plate, 13. Carribean Plate,14.
Indian Plate, 15. South American Plate, 16. North American Plate.
3. The 7 largest plates are the Pacific Plate, Eurasian Plate, North American Plate, African
Plate, Australian Plate, Antarctic Plate, South American Plate. Examples of smaller ones are
the Philippine plate, Juan de Fuca Plate, Cocos Plate, Carribean Plate, Nazca Plate, and
Arabian Plate.
MY TECTONIC TRAVEL
Tourist Attraction Type of Crust Tectonic Plate/s
(Oceanic/Continental)
1.Mayon Volcano Continental Crust Philippine Plate
2. The Great Barrier Reef Oceanic Crust Australian Plate
3. Himalayas Continental Crust Indian Plate and Eurasian Plate
5. Sahara Desert Continental African Plate
Q4. The movement of tectonic plates results to certain geologic features and processes.
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Ma. Charish N. Ordiales

Content Editor: Arlan Listanco
Language Editor: Lisa L. Peñaflor
Education Program Supervisor: Jade O. Alberto, EdD
5
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name:____________________________________________________________________
Section: _________________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP2)
Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the crust and the upper part of the mantle. There
are two kinds of crust: the thicker but less dense continental crust and the oceanic crust
which is relatively thinner but denser than continental crust.
According to the Plate
Tectonics Theory, the
entire lithosphere of the
Earth is broken into
numerous segments called
plates (see Figure 1).
These plates tend to move
very slowly but constantly,
and this movement is called
tectonics. Thus, the theory
of moving lithospheric
plates is called plate
tectonics. Take note that
these motions are not the
same everywhere.
Figure 1. Moving Plates of the Earth
The seven major plates are African plate, Antarctic plate, Eurasian plate, Indo-Australian
plate, North American plate, Pacific plate, and South American plate.
Please do the activity below to see how these plates relate to earthquakes, volcanism,
and mountain formation.
MELC: Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and
major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory
CG LC/ Code: (S10ES-Ia-j36.1)
1. Name the different tectonic plates.
2. Describe the movement of plate using plate tectonic map.
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ACTIVITY 1: I CAN FIND YOU!

Look for the names of the different tectonic plates inside the box. Search diagonally,
horizontally and vertically then encircle the words.
WORD GUIDE:
Eurasian Plate Antartic Plate Cocos Plate Philippines

African Plate Nazca Plate Pacific Plate
ACTIVITY 2: NAME IT!
Study the picture below. Enumerate the different tectonic plates that you see on the map.
Figure 2. Map of the Plate Boundaries

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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 3: DO IT!!! HOW DO THE TECTONIC PLATES BEHAVE?
Perform the next activity then answer the following guide questions
Materials:
➢ Bowl
➢ Water
➢ small pieces of paper
➢ spoon or fork (for stirring)
What to do:
1. Put water on the bowl.
2. Scatter the small pieces of paper on the water surface.
3. Using the spoon or fork, stir the water or make any disturbance on the water surface.
Guide Questions:
1. What do the pieces of paper represent?
_________________________________________________________________________
2. What happens to the pieces of paper when the water was disturbed?
_________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 4: WHERE DO I BELONG?
Refer to Figure 2. Map of the Plate Boundariesin completing the table. Study the map
showing the relative motion of the plates. The arrow indicates the direction of the movement.
Fill in the table with appropriate answer.
Plates That Move Away Plates That Move Toward Plates That Move Side by
From Each Other From Each Other Side From Each Other
Figure 2. Map of the Plate Boundaries
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ACTIVITY 5: ACROSTIC POEM
Make an acrostic poem using the acronym of PLATE. Describe the Earths’ surface using Plate
Tectonics concepts that you learned today.
P - ______________________________________________________________
L - ______________________________________________________________
A - ______________________________________________________________
T - ______________________________________________________________
E - ______________________________________________________________
RUBRIC FOR SCORING
CRITERIA 1 POINT 2 POINTS 3 POINTS
Structure and Format The poem does not have The poem has a topic, The poem has a clear
a clear topic. but 1-2 line(s) of the topic. Each line of the
Has more than 2 lines, poem does/do not start poem begins with a letter
does not start with a with a letter in the topic in the topic word. Each
letter in the topic word. word. 1-2 lines of the line describes or relates
Has more than 2 lines, poem does/do not to the topic of the poem.
does not describe or describe or relate to the
relate to the topic of the topic of the poem.
poem.
CREATIVITY The poem does not The poem contains a The poem contains more
contain any interesting couple of interesting than two interesting word
word choice, vivid word choices, uses some choices, uses
language, or poetic vivid language, and vivid/descriptive
elements or techniques. makes use of only one language throughout the
poetic element or entire poem, and makes
technique. use of more than 1 poetic
element or technique.
MECHANICS The poem contains 3 or The poem contains 1-2 The poem does not
more spelling, spelling, grammatical, or contain any spelling,
grammatical, or punctuation errors. grammatical, or
punctuation errors. punctuation errors.
LEGIBILITY Writing is not legible and Writing is not legible in Writing is legible and the
the paper is messy. some places. paper is neat.
REFLECTION:
Congratulations! You just had an amazing learning journey and for sure, you will also do the
same in the succeeding modules. This time, share to the class your final insights by
completing the following sentence prompts.
Things I’ve learned today…..

_________________________________________________________________________
I wish to ask about
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
__________________________
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Science Learner’s Material G10

SLM G10 for Quarter 1- Module 2
ps://www.rcampus.com/rubricshowc.cfm?code=N2AC64
ANSWER KEY
A. I CAN FIND YOU! NAME IT!
1. Eurasian Plate
2. North American Plate
3. Juan de Fulca Plate
4. Philippine Plate
5. Australian Plate
6. Pacific Plate
7. Cocos Plate
8. Caribbean Plate
9. Nazca Plate
10.South American Plate
11.Arabian Plate
12.African Plate
Activity 3. DO IT!!! HOW DO THE Activity 5. ACROSTIC POEM

TECTONIC PLATES BEHAVE?
Answers vary
1. Different tectonic plates
2. Plates are moving.
Activity 4. WHERE DO I BELONG
Plates That Move Plates That Move Plates That Move Side by Side From Each Other
Away From Each Toward From Each
Other Other
Cocos plate- Nazca Plate Eurasian Plate- Philippine Cocos Plate-
Plate Caribbean Plate
African Plate- South American Plate North American Plate-
Juan de Fulca Plate
Eurasian Plate- Caribbean Plate Philippine Plate- Australian
Plate
North American Plate- Eurasian Plate Australian Plate- Pacific
Plate
Arabian Plate- Nazca Plate- South
Eurasian Plate American Plate
Cocos Plate- Caribbean
Plate
DEVELOPMENT TEAM

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SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Answers vary
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP3)
Tectonic plates move slowly relative to each other that cause certain
geologic events to happen along their boundaries. Events such as earthquakes
and formation of volcanoes and mountains may occur.
Earthquakes are the shaking of Earth’s surface as a result of the slipping of
blocks of plates against each other. The location beneath the Earth’s surface,
where the earthquake originates is called the focus or hypocenter. The location
above the Earth’s surface is called the epicenter. Seismologists use an instrument
called seismographs to detect the occurrence of an Earthquake. The recording of
seismograph is called seismogram.
Volcanoes are fissures on the Earth’s crust where lava, ashes, rocks and
other gases are emitted. They are classified as active, dormant, and extinct. Active
volcanoes are those likely to erupt again because they have recent history of
eruptions. Dormant volcanoes have not erupted for a long period of time but may
erupt in the future. Extinct volcanoes are the ones no longer expected to erupt in
the future.
Mountain ranges are group of mountains linked together forming a line of
mountains. The formation of mountains is due to the slow but gigantic movements
of tectonic plates in the Earth’s crust. When plates collide with one another, the
crust may become folded and buckled and sometimes it could break into huge
blocks. This results to the upward motion of some land areas. Other mountains are
formed due to volcanic activity.
MELC: Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake

epicenters and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory
ACTIVITY 1: A. VENN DIAGRAM. Complete the Venn Diagram by giving

comparisons and contrasts or identifying relationships of the given words. Write
your answers on the space provided.
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EARTHQUAKES
VOLCANOES MOUNTAINS
Q1: Based on the Venn Diagram you completed, how do you think are
earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountains relate to each other?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
ACTIVITY 2: PATTERNS SKETCH
1. Study the illustration below showing the distribution of earthquake epicenters

around the world. Locate the earthquake epicenters represented by the dots in a
clear plasti tic sheet. Sketch the pattern using a BLUE marker.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_earthquakes_in_2017.svg
2. Next, repeat the procedure using the Map of Active Volcanoes below. Use a
RED marker.
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https://www.britannica.com/science/volcano?fbclid=IwAR2SbqNfPRarbpfZNbPrT8xLslIHm1QarjU
s1MpeSjBett49Gp0VuYWx3rw
3. Lastly, trace the location of the mountain ranges of the world using a BLACK
marker. Repeat the same procedure in no. 1.
https://i.redd.it/pmvsxt7wlkf21.jpg
Q2. Put the three clear plastic sheets on top of each other. What do you notice
about the patterns of your sketches on the Earth’s distribution of earthquake
epicenters, active volcanoes and mountain ranges?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Q3. What do you think the lines you have sketched represent?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Q5. How do you think the distribution of earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes
and earthquake epicenters relate to the division of tectonic plates?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 3: C. READY, SET, PLAN.
Ask each of your family members on the precautionary measures that you and
your family will adapt when a natural disaster occurs. What will be the task/role of
each member of the family? Write it down using the table below:
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FAMILY MEMBERS TASK/ROLE
Rubric for Scoring

Laboratory Activity Rubric: PATTERNS SKETCH
Points 5 4 3 2 Total
Performance Indicator Excellent Good Average Fair
a. Followed the entire lab
procedures properly
b. Measured data and
conducted observations
accurately
c. Data are recorded
correctly
d. Grammar and syntax used
in sentences are used
properly.
e. Conclusions made are
correct.
POINTS
REFLECTION:
As a science learner, how will you be able to contribute change to your

household and your community after knowing about the distribution of earthquake
epicenters, active volcanoes and major mountain belts?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Textbooks: Science Learner's Material Textbook G10 pp. 11-15

Science Learner’s Module Week, 1-3
ANSWER KEY:
A. Venn Diagram (Learner’s Answer may vary)

B. Possible Answers
Q2. The patterns are somewhat the same.
Q3. The lines represent boundaries of tectonic plates
Q4. The distribution of earthquake epicentres, active volcanoes and mountain
ranges serves as guide in dividing tectonic plates.
C. Ready, Set, Plan ((Learner’s Answer may vary)
Answer Key
A. Venn Diagram (Learner’s Answer may vary)
B. Possible Answers
Q2. The patterns are somewhat the same.
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Q3. The lines represent boundaries of tectonic plates Q4. The distribution of
earthquake epicentres, active volcanoes and mountain ranges serves as guide in
dividing tectonic plates.
C. Ready, Set, Plan (Learner’s Answer may vary)
DEVELOPMENT TEAM

15
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP 4)
In some ways, earth resembles a giant jigsaw puzzle. That is because its
outer space is composed of about 20 tectonic plates, enormous sections of Earth’s
crust that roughly fit together and meets at places called plate boundaries.
Plate boundaries are important because they are often associated with
earthquakes and volcanoes. When Earth’s tectonic plates grind past one
another, enormous amount of energy can be released in the form of earthquakes.
Volcanoes are also often found near plate boundaries because molten rock from
deep within earth- called magma – can travel upward at these intersections
between plates.
There are many types of plate boundaries. For example, sections of earth
crust can come together and collide (a convergent plate boundary), spread apart
(a divergent plate boundary), or slide past one another (a transform plate
boundary) each of these types of plate boundaries is associated with different
geological features.
Figure 1: transform Figure 2: divergent Figure 3: convergent

source: https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/media/plate-boundaries-800.jpg
A divergent boundary occurs when two tectonic plates move away from
each other. Along these boundaries, earthquakes are common and magma
(molten rock) rises from the Earth’s mantle to the surface, solidifying to create new
oceanic crust. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge and Pacific Ring of Fire are two examples
of divergent plate boundaries.
When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary.

The impact of the colliding plates can cause the edges of one or both plates to
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buckle up into a mountain ranges or one of the plates may bend down into a deep
seafloor trench. A chain of volcanoes often forms parallel to convergent plate
boundaries and powerful earthquakes are common along these boundaries.
At convergent plate boundaries, oceanic crust is often forced down into the
mantle where it begins to melt. Magma rises into and through the other plate,
solidifying into granite, the rock that makes up the continents. Thus, at convergent
boundaries, continental crust is created and oceanic crust is destroyed.
Two plates sliding past each other form a transform plate boundary. One
of the most famous transform plate boundaries occurs at the San Andreas fault
zone, which extends underwater. Natural or human-made structures that cross a
transform boundary are offset—split into pieces and carried in opposite directions.
Rocks that line the boundary are pulverizedas the plates grind along, creating a
linear fault valley or undersea canyon. Earthquakes are common along these
faults. In contrast to convergent and divergent boundaries, crust is cracked and
broken at transform margins, but is not created or destroyed.
Typically, a convergent plate boundary – such as the one between the

Indian plate and the Eurasian Plate – forms towering mountain ranges, like
Himalaya, as Earth’s crust is crumpled and pushed upward. In some cases,
however, a convergent plate boundary can result in one tectonic plate diving
underneath another. This process, called “subduction” involves an older, denser
tectonic plate being forced deep into the planet underneath a younger, less dense
tectonic plate. When this process occurs in the ocean, a trench or ocean trench
can form. These trenches are some of the deepest places in the ocean and they
are often the sites of strong earthquakes.
When subduction occurs, a chain of volcanoes often develops near the

convergent plate boundary. One such chain of volcanoes can be found on the
western coast of the United States, spanning across the states of California,
Oregon and Washington.
Three types of Convergent Boundaries
1. Convergent boundary between continental and oceanic crust results

to subduction, volcanoes, and trenches.
https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/7110/Plate%20Tectonic%20Movements%
20WS.pdf
17
2. Convergent boundary between two oceanic crust results to subduction,
and the trenches formed are deeper like the Marianas Trench, which can
sink Mt. Everest.
https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/7110/Plate%20Tectonic%20Movements%
20WS.pdf
3. Convergent boundary between two continental crust results to

building up the rocks forming mountains like the Appalachian and Himalayas
mountain ranges.
https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/7110/Plate %20Tectonic%20Movements%20WS.pdf
A divergent plate boundary often forms a mountain chain known as a

ridge. This feature forms as magma escapes into the space between the spreading
tectonic plates. One example of a ridge is the Mid – Atlantic Ridge, an undersea
chain of mountains that formed as two pairs of tectonic plates spread apart: The
North American Plate and the Eurasian plate in the north, and the South American
plate and African Plate in the South.
Because ocean ridges are found underwater, often at great depths, they can
be hard to study. In fact scientists know more about the surfaces of some of the
other planets in our solar system than they do about ocean ridge.
A transform plate boundary occurs when two plates slide past each other,
horizontally. A well – known transform plate boundary occurs when two plates slide
past each other, horizontally. A well – known transform plate boundary is the San
Andreas Fault, which is responsible for many of California’s earthquakes.
A single tectonic plate can have multiple types of plate boundaries with
the other plates that surround it. For instance, the Pacific Plate, one of Earth’s
largest tectonic plates, includes convergent,divergent, and transform plate
boundaries.
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MELC: Describe the different Types of Plate Boundaries

CG LC/ Code: S10ES-Ia-j-36.
In this learning activity sheet, you will learn about the different types of plate
boundaries which are differentiated by the type of movement that they exhibit. Are
you ready to explore each boundary? Then, be ready to accomplish the following
activities:
ACTIVITY 1: DESCRIBE AND DRAW ME! (9 points)
Column A convergent plate boundary divergent transform
continental two two plate plate
and oceanic continent boundary boundary
oceanic crust al crust
crust
1. Mid-ocean ridges, rift
valleys
2. Fault lines
3. Subduction, trench,
mountains, volcanoes
4. Tectonic plates move
apart.
5. Tectonic plates come
together
6. Tectonic plates slide
horizontally past each
other
7. Himalayas and the
Appalachian mountain
ranges
8. San Andreas Fault
9. Atlantic mid ocean

ridge, African rift valley
10. Subduction,
volcanoes, and trenches
11. Subduction, deeper

trenches, volcanoes
12. Mountain ranges like
the Appalachian and
Himalayas
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Complete the table below. In column 1, write the type of plate boundary, in
column 2 describe the relative plate motion, and in column 3 draw an illustration
of movement using arrows.
Type of Plate Boundary Relative Plate Motion Illustration of movement using

arrows
ACTIVITY 2: WHERE I BELONG?
Put a check (√) to tell which TYPE of PLATE BOUNDARIES is best

described by the statement(s) / word(s) in column A. (13 points)
REFLECTION:
After doing the activities, the things I have learned

today____________________________________________
Textbooks:
Types of Plate Boundaries, Science 10 Module 1 Quarter 1
Internet Sources:
https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/plate-boundaries.html
https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/plate-boundaries/
https://www.wsfcs.k12.nc.us/cms/lib/NC01001395/Centricity/Domain/7110/Plate%20Tectonic%20Movement
s%20WS.pdf
ANSWER KEY:
Activity 1:
Type of Plate Boundary Relative Plate Motion Illustration of movement
using arrows
Convergent plate Plates come together
boundary
Divergent plate boundary Plates pull away or

separate from each other
Transform plate Plates slide horizontally

boundary past each other
20
Activity 2:
1. Divergent boundary 4. Divergent boundary 7. Convergent boundary 10.
Continental to oceanic
2. Transform boundary 5. Convergent boundary 8. Transform boundary 11.
Oceanic to oceanic
3. Convergent boundary 6. Transform boundary 9. Divergent boundary 12. Continental
to continental
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Myrna P. Naz

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SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP5)
Do you still remember these three types of plate boundaries? Which type
of plate boundary is illustrated in each of the following figures below?
A. B. C.
In A, the arrows point toward each other, so it shows a convergent

boundary. With this type of boundary, plates meet or converge. In B, the arrows
point away from each other, showing a divergent boundary. Here, the plates
separate or move away or diverge. While in C, arrows slide past each other,
illustrating a transform fault boundary.
CONVERGENCE OF TWO OCEANIC PLATES
There are three distinct types of plate boundaries which are differentiated
by the type of movement they exhibit. The first type of plate boundary is termed
convergent plate boundary where two plates move toward each other. Examples
are the Philippine plate and the Eurasian plate. The second type is called divergent
plate boundary wherein plates move apart, creating zone of tension. The third type
is the transform plate boundary where plates slide and grind past each other
without diverging or converging. The best example of this plate boundary is the
San Andreas Fault which is bounded by the North American plate and the Pacific
Plate. In this particular topic we will focus on the first type of plate boundary;
(Converging of two oceanic plates).A perfect example is the formation of the
Philippine Archipelago.
https://www.google.com/search?q=convergent+boundary&rlz=1C1OKWM_enPH938PH938&tbm=isch&sourc
22
https://www.google.com/search?q=movement+of+continental+plates&rlz=1C1OKWM_enPH938PH938&tbm=isch&source
=iu&ictx=1&f
FORMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE ARCHIPELAGO
For the study of the formation of the Philippine islands, the most important
of the major plates are: the Eurasian plate and the Indo-Australian plate. While the
most important of the intermediate-sized plates is the Philippine Sea plate. The
Eurasian plate is the bedrock of what encompasses the continents of Asia and
Europe. It is very stable plate which includes the shallow water. The IndoAustralian
plate is found south of the Eurasian and the Philippine Sea plates. It is generally
oceanic, being submerged by Indian and Pacific Oceans, but it holds two gigantic
land masses – the island continent of Australia and Indian subcontinent. Recent
researches, however, show that these two land masses are moving independently
of each other, thus, may actually be parts of separate plates, submerged margins
of the continents of Asia and Europe. These are called continental shelves. A
continental shelf is a part of the continental crust that has shallow water.
The IndoAustralian plate is found south of the Eurasian and the Philippine
Sea plates. It is generally oceanic, being submerged by Indian and Pacific Oceans,
but it holds two gigantic land masses – the island continent of Australia and Indian
subcontinent. Recent researches, however, show that these two land masses are
moving independently of each other, thus, may actually be parts of separate plates.
The Philippine Sea plate is found east of the Eurasian plate. It is the bedrock
of the major islands of the Philippines, Indonesia, Taiwan, and the Marianas. The
extreme southeastern portion of the Eurasian plate, which is a part of Southeast
Asia, is a continental shelf. The region is called the Sunda Shelf. The highland
sections of this shelf emerged as islands. These islands, which include the
Philippine islands of Palawan, Mindoro and Romblon, geologically belong to the
Eurasian plate. The Sunda Shelf and its islands is known as the Sundaland block
of the Eurasian plate.
CONVERGENCE OF TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES

What happens when two continental plates collide? ... A collision between
two continental plates crunches and folds the rock at the boundary, lifting it up and
leading to the formation of mountains and mountain ranges.
https://www.google.com/search?q=picture+of+convergent+continental-
continental&rlz=1C1OKWM_enPH938PH938&tbm=isch&source
23
When two continental plates converge, a collision zone is formed. Unlike the
other two types of convergent boundaries, no subduction takes place in this type
of convergence. No trench, no volcano, and definitely no island arc is created
during this process. Instead, large group of tall mountains called mountain ranges
are formed.
About 40 to 50 million years ago, two large land masses, India and Eurasia
collided to begin the formation of the most visible product of plate tectonics-the
Himalayas.
https://www.google.com/search?q=example+of+convergent+boundary+in+the+philippines&rlz=1C1OKWM_enPH938PH9
38&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=OR4fv0OkKA5MCM%252CkTjRLYdlJwjheM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kSeE0LquR_CTD-
OXHXL_IYXoKvWcQ&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj0jvaZ4LvxAhVFyIsBHeiFB6YQ_h16BAgOEAE#imgrc=GWviCEYlPMiAjM
MELC: Explain the Different Processes that occur along the plate
boundaries.
CG LC/ Code: S10ES-Iaj-36.3
Objectives:
1. Trace how the Philippine Island was formed.
2. Identify the different geologic features formed when two oceanic plates and two
continental plates collide.
3. Explain the different processes that occur along this type of plate boundary.
ACTIVITY 1: Convergence Between Two Oceanic Crusts
Objective
• Explain the processes that occur along a convergent boundary between
an oceanic and a continental plate.
Materials:
• rectangular basin or food tray half-filled with water
24
• 2 pieces of foam (8 cm x 16 cm each)
• a flat surface
Procedures:
1. Submerge the two foams into the basin containing water.

2. Arrange them at least 2 cm away from each other, as seen below.
3. Slowly push 4 centimeters inward each outer end of the foams.

4. Observe what happens. Draw what you see from the setup on a separate paper
then write your answers to the questions that follow.
Q1. In the activity, you should have noticed that one foam moved on top of
the other while they are converging. If in the process, the top foam suddenly
flips up so that some water is pushed forwards and up, what did you see on
the water surface, a tsunami, or a ripple?
Q2. If the foams were Earth’s plates, then they are oceanic crusts where
one subducts under the other. Explain what happens next when there is
subduction.
ACTIVITY 2: Convergence Between Two Continental Crust
Objective:
• Explain the processes that occur when two continental crusts converge.
Materials:
• a small soup bowl half-filled with water
• 2 whole pieces of any crunchy cracker or 2 slices of bread
• a flat surface
Procedure:
1. Soak at least 1/3 of the part of the two crackers or bread into the saucer
containing water.
2. Arrange them on the flat surface so that their soaked parts touch each
other.
3. Push the two crackers or bread slices inward and watch what happens.
4. On another sheet of paper, draw what you see from the setup after step
3 then write your answers to the questions that follow.
Guide Questions:
Q3. What happened to the colliding parts of the crackers?
Q4. If the crackers were Earth’s crusts, what landform was produced?
Q5. What event will the people residing in nearby places experience?
Why?
Q6. Do you think volcanic eruption is possible to happen? Why?
Rubric for Scoring
Good (5pts) Better (10pts) Best(15pts)
Explain and
illustrate the
different
processes that
occur when two
25
continental plates
collide.
Explain and
illustrate the
different geologic
events that
happens when
two oceanic
crusts collide
REFLECTION:
I have learned that…

When two oceanic plates converge, the denser plate subducts. Once its
leading edge reaches the mantle, it melts into a magma, builds up a pressure that
makes it push the ground above it, forming a (1)___________(volcanic island,
mountain). At the collision zone, a crack called (2)___________(trench, fault) is
formed. This depression could be the cause of the shaking of the ground, which is
felt like an (3)_____________(earthquake, storm). At the water surface, the
overriding plate may push a big amount of water causing it to flip upwards forming
a (4)____________ (tsunami, wave).
The convergence between two continental plates results to a landform
called(5)____________(volcanic arc, mountain ranges). Since both plates have
the same densities, no plate subducts under the other. There is
(6)_________________(no volcanic, volcanic) formation. However, since the
ground moves, a phenomenon called (7)_______________(earthquake, storm)
may be felt in nearby places.

When two oceanic plates converge, the denser plate subducts. Once its
leading edge reaches the mantle, it melts into a magma, builds up a pressure that
makes it push the ground above it, forming a (1)___________(volcanic island,
mountain). At the collision zone, a crack called (2)___________(trench, fault) is
formed. This depression could be the cause of the shaking of the ground, which is
felt like an (3)_____________(earthquake, storm). At the water surface, the
overriding plate may push a big amount of water causing it to flip upwards forming
a (4)____________ (tsunami, wave).
The convergence between two continental plates results to a landform
called(5)____________(volcanic arc, mountain ranges). Since both plates have
the same densities, no plate subducts under the other. There is
(6)_________________(no volcanic, volcanic) formation. However, since the
ground moves, a phenomenon called (7)_______________(earthquake, storm)
may be felt in nearby places.
Textbooks:
SLM Grade 10
Grade 10 Learner’s Module
DepEd Commons
LRMDS
Internet Sources:
26
ANSWER KEY:
Answer Key
Activities
Q1. tsunami
Q2. Magma will be formed in the mantle and volcanoes will emerge in the ocean.
Q3. they piled up and gathered.
Q4. Earthquake
Q5. Earthquake; because the ground move.
Q6. No. No subduction, no volcano
Reflection
1.volcanic island
2.trench
3.earthquake
4.tsunami
5.mountain ranges
6.no volcanic
7.earthquake
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Levy R. Reynancia

27
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP 6)
Earth’s lithosphere consists of layers, the crust and the upper part of the
mantle. According to Plate Tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is
broken into numerous segments called plates.
Studying plate boundaries is important because along these boundaries,
deformation of the lithosphere is happening. These geologic events have a great
impact not only on the environment but also on us.
https://www.google.com/search?q=DIVERGENT+PLATE+BOUNDARYqIG90arNp0HY6B-
QnDudpPYeQ%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiskdD4_b7xAhWRYH0KHXziAJoQ9QF6BAgvEAE%23imgrc%3DpR-
Divergent plate boundaries mostly happen under the oceans. As plates pull
away from each other, a vertical space that may extend deep down into the lowest
layer of the crust is created. It is a rift valley. The force of separation creates a
tension zone. A shallow earthquake may happen with this plate movement. Plate
divergence is believed to be a slow continuous process. As the plates move away,
the gap between them increases. While this happens, materials from the mantle
may rise, filling up space. These materials pile up near the tension zone forming
mountain-like structures called oceanic ridges. But new materials from the mantle
may push the old ones. The filled-up space between the plates becomes a new
seafloor. This process is known as seafloor spreading.
The next type of plate boundary is what everyone fears about these days. It
is the transform fault boundary. With this type of boundary, another geologic
feature is formed, and events happen.
28
https://www.google.com/search?q=transform+fault+boundary+example&rlz=1C1OKWM_enPH938PH938&tbm=
isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=81exwJ_afOGgrM%252CrPgXmQJUQb_5iM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kTDB2ee1gSzf7JP-
Uzu42Eh3BYAcw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjMrt7Fnb_xAhUPBZQKHfpuDNwQ9QF6BAgpEAE#imgrc=81exwJ_afOGgrM
Transform fault boundaries occur where plates are sliding past one
another. They are also called conservative boundaries because crust is neither
destroyed nor created along them. Transform fault boundaries are most common
on the seafloor, where they form oceanic fracture zones. When they occur on land,
they produce faults.
The most well-known of transform boundaries -- the San Andreas fault --

connects the East Pacific Rise, a divergent zone to the south, with the South
Gorda, Juan de Fuca plate, a smaller, older plate consisting of all three boundary
types and Explorer Ridge, to the north. Viewed from the air, the fault line is
represented by a linear, shallow trough. From the ground, the fault line can be
identified by several characteristic landforms, including long straight escarpments,
narrow ridges and small ponds formed by settling.
MELC: Explain the different processes that occur along the plate
boundaries.
CG LC/ Code: S10ES-Iaj-36.3
29
1. Identify the different geologic features formed when two lithospheric plates
diverge.
2. Identify the geologic events that took place along a transform-fault boundary.
3.Determine the results of plates that are:
a. moving apart
b. sliding horizontally past each other.
ACTIVITY 1: Divergence of Plates
https://www.google.com/search?q=divergent+plate+boundaries&rlz=1C1OKWM_enPH938PH938&tbm=isch&source=
Q1. From the picture, where does divergence of plates usually take place
inland or under bodies of water?
Q2. As plates move apart, a tension zone is formed. Between magma and
water, which rises to the tension zone?
Q3. If the divergence continues, what could probably happen to the size of
the space between the splitting crusts? Will it widen or stay the same?
Q4. As the materials at the tension zone reach the surface and cool down,
will the materials form a new crust or another layer of the mantle?
ACTIVITY 2:
Have you tried eating a half-cooked egg? As you cut open the white part
with your spoon, what comes out of the cooked part? Yes, it is the half-cooked
egg yolk. The divergence of plates is somewhat similar to a splitting open egg. As
it opens, the half-cooked egg yolk gradually flows out. When it cools down, it
becomes solid.
Q5. If the cooked part of the egg is the crust, you could compare the half-
cooked egg yolk with what material? Why?
Q6. If the half-cooked yolk solidifies when it cools off, what becomes
magma when it cools down? Why did you say so?
30
Q7. The half-cooked egg yolk oozes out only when it is still hot. In the
same manner, where does the magma on the mantle rise because of high
temperature -at the mantle, or at the crust?
ACTIVITY 3:
Follow the procedures below. Answer the questions then write your answers on
the space provided.
MATERIALS:
• a modelling clay (at least 2 colors)
• illustration board.
PROCEDURES:
1. On a piece of paper, flatten one color of the modeling clay. Choose
other color and make three (3) small strands.
2. Place the flattened modeling clay at the center of the two sandpapers.
3. Put on top of the flattened clay the three small strands.
4. Slide both sandpapers on opposite directions (up and down direction).
• Observe what happens to the small strands of modelling clay.

Guide Questions:
Q8. What happened to the small strands when you slide both sandpapers in
opposite directions?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.
Rubric for Scoring

Good (5 pts) Better(10pts) Best(15pts)
Explain and illustrate
the different
processes that occur
when two continental
plates collide.
Explain and illustrate

the different geologic
events when two
oceanic crusts
collide.
REFLECTION:
Divergence of plates results to the creation of down faulted valleys called

(Q9)_____________(rift valleys, oceanic ridges) and underwater mountain ranges
31
called (Q10)________________(rift valleys, oceanic ridges). At the tension zone,
materials from the mantle may rise to the surface of the ocean floor, cools down
and become new (Q11)_______________(crust, mantle).
When plates slide past each other, the movement can cause an
(Q12)________earthquake, storm). A crack on the ground called
(Q13)_______(fault, trench) is formed.

Textbooks/Learning Portals
Science 10 LMs
Grade 10 Science SLMs
DepEd Commons
LRMDS
Internet Sources:
https://www.google.com/search?q=DIVERGENT+PLATE+BOUNDARYqIG90arNp0HY6B-
QnDudpPYeQ%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D2ahUKEwiskdD4_b7xAhWRYH0KHXziAJoQ9QF6BAgvEAE%23imgrc%3DpR-
ANSWER KEY:
Answer Key:
Q1. under bodies of water Q4. new crust Q7. Mantle Q9.rift valleys
Q2. Magma Q5. Magma. It flows. Q8. Answer may vary. Q10. Oceanic
ridges
Q3. Widen Q6.new crust. It is on the top layer of the Earth. Q11. Crust
Q12. Earthquake Q13. Fault
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Levy R. Reynancia

32
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP7)
Plate movement causes mountains to rise where plates push together, or

converge, and continents fracture and oceans form where plates pull apart, or
diverge. The continents are embedded in the plates and are drifted passively with
them, which over millions of years result in significant changes in
Earth’s geography. It may cause both constructive and destructive events to
happen along plate boundaries.
But why do tectonic activities happen in these parts of the Earth? You
already know that tectonic plates are moving. But what causes the plates to move?
To have a better understanding of the Earth's movement, you must recall
the structure of the Earth's interior which you have learned in grade 8. The
materials and the processes within the Earth greatly influence tectonic activities.
The causes of plate movements are explained by different theories like continental
drift, seafloor spreading, and plate tectonics.
In this learning activity, you will learn about these theories that explain plate
movements and the evidence upon which these theories are based.
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth. This layer includes the
brittle uppermost portion of the mantle and the crust, which is the outermost layer.
It is the most rigid of all the layers. Although the lithosphere is made of rocks that
are rigid, they become elastic and ductile due to stress, temperature, and the
curvature of the Earth.
The lithosphere floats on top of the highly viscous asthenosphere. The
asthenosphere has so much pressure and heat that the rocks flow like a liquid. The
lithosphere is also the coolest among the Earth's layers. It has the ability to conduct
heat from convection taking place in the plastic mantle below it.
There are two types of lithosphere: oceanic lithosphere and continental
lithosphere. Oceanic lithosphere is the thinner and denser oceanic crust and
continental lithosphere is the thicker and less dense continental crust
MELC:. Describe the possible causes of plate movement.

1. Explain why tectonic plates move.
2. Discuss the different theories that explain plate movements.
33
3. Relate the mechanism of continental drift and seafloor spreading
to the movement of continents and ocean basins.
ACTIVITY 1: Complete the concept map.

Choose the word/s in the box that complete the concept map below.
Lithosphere continental drift theory

Seafloor spreading theory plate tectonic theory
Continental plate asthenosphere
Mantle convection plate tectonics
Plate tectonics
The lithosphere is that layer of the Earth that is mainly involved in tectonic
activities. This layer is divided into seven major plates that include the African plate,
Antarctic plate, Eurasian plate, Indo Australian plate, North American plate, Pacific
plate, and the South American plate. There are some minor plates that include the
Caribbean, Scotia, Arabian, Indian, Philippine, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, and Nazca
plates.
These tectonic plates have the following characteristics which explain why
the surface of the Earth is moving and why continents and ocean basins always
34
undergo transformations:
● One plate can carry both continental and oceanic crusts. The
average thickness of the lithosphere covered by a continent is 125
km. The average thickness of the lithosphere covered by the oceanic
crust is 75 km.
● A plate floats on the asthenosphere and slides horizontally over it. It
is like a block of ice that floats on a lake; it may bend a little or may
slightly move up and down. Each plate moves as a large solid rock.
● Tectonic plates move at a very slow rate. Since continents and
oceans make up the uppermost part of the lithosphere, both the
continents and oceanic crusts move across the Earth simultaneously
with the plates.
Most tectonic activities take place at the boundaries of these plates. The
movement of tectonic plates is made possible by heat from the upper mantle. Heat
makes the rocks of the lithosphere more elastic. Tectonic activity is responsible for
some of the Earth's most dramatic geologic events like earthquakes, volcanoes,
mountain building, and deep ocean trenches. All these are formed by tectonic
activities in the lithosphere, which eventually shaped the lithosphere itself.
ACTIVITY 2:
A. REBUS
Form a new word based on the pictures or symbols that are combined together as clue.
Be aware of your spelling.
clues word
tectonic
1.
2.
3.
4.
35
5.
B. Compose a five- sentence rap/essay that gives information on plate

movement. It must also answer the 2 questions below. If you choose to rap,
record it on your cellphone and send it to your teacher. If you choose essay,
write it on a piece of paper.
1. What causes the movement of tectonic plates?
2. What are the possible explanations of plate movements?
ACTIVITY 3: COMPLETE THE TABLE

Choose the word/s in the box that corresponds to each theory.
Alfred Wedgener large continent (Pangea) Harry Hess

Discovery of mid ocean ridges convection currents subduction
Unification of continental & seafloor spreading 1 to 16 cm per year
225 to 200 million years 1920 discoveries Earth’s surface continue
to move Division of lithosphere in 7 major plates
Continental Drift theory Seafloor Spreading theory Plate Tectonics theory
- - -
- - -
- - -
Etc etc etc
Continental Drift Theory
In 1915 Alfred Wegener, a German scientist, published the continental drift
theory which states that continents are moving. According to this theory, the Earth
was once made of one large continent. This supercontinent called Pangaea began
to break up about 225 to 200 million years ago into smaller pieces that slowly drifted
away from one another and moved to their present positions. Scientists did not
accept Wegener's theory of continental drift at that time. Wegener failed to present
a mechanism that could explain how continents drifted apart and what patterns
they followed, if any. Wegener suggested that perhaps the rotation of the Earth
caused the continents to shift toward and apart from each other. Wegener's theory
was rejected at the time.
Seafloor Spreading Theory
In 1920, the discovery of the long chain of mountains, also called mid-ocean
ridges, on the ocean floor revived the continental drift theory. Harry Hess, an
American geologist, proposed that hot and less dense material from the mantle
rises to the surface along the mid-ocean ridges. This material flows sideways
pushing the seafloor away from the ridge in both directions. Convection current
causes the magma to move upward that thickens the oceanic crust.
Plate Tectonic Theory
The plate tectonics theory unified the continental drift and seafloor
spreading theories. This theory describes the movement of the lithosphere in
36
simple and clear terms. It states that the Earth's lithosphere is divided into seven
major plates and some minor ones that move smoothly across the Earth at a rate
of 1 to 16 cm a year. The plate tectonics theory may be used to explain the
following:
● The Earth's surface continues to change through time.
● Earthquakes occur in some places.
● Certain regions experience volcanic activities.
● The location of mountain ranges
Rubric for Scoring in Activity 2B
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1
Content All the Only 4 Only 3 Only 2 All
sentences sentences sentences sentences sentences
in the are related are related are related read are
presentatio to the topic to the topic to the topic not related
n are and ideas and ideas and ideas to the topic
related to are are are and ideas
the topic logically logically somehow are not
and ideas arranged. arranged. logically arranged
are arranged. logically.
logically
arranged.
Presentation The The The The The
presentatio presentatio presentatio presentatio presentatio
n is clear, n is clear, n is clear n is creative n is not
logical and logical but but not only. clear,
creative. not logical and logical, and
creative. creative. creative.
REFLECTION:
Reflect on what you have learned after taking up this lesson by giving your ideas.
I think…
What are your thoughts or ideas about the
causes of plate movements?
I learned that…
What new or additional ideas did you
learn after taking up the lesson?
Textbooks: Baguio, S. Sol (et.al) Breaking through Science second edition pp. 30-46
Science 10 Learners material (Department of Education, Compiler).n.d.
Department of Education.
Science 10 module (Department of Education, Compiler).n.d. Department of
Education.
Internet Source:
https://www.britannica.com/science/plate-tectonics
37
ANSWER KEY:
Act 1.
Act 2. 1. Convection 2. Lithosphere 3. Destructive 4. Asthenosphere 5.

Continental
Act 3.
Continental drift theory- Alfred Wedgener, large continent (Pangea), 225 to 200
million years
Seafloor spreading theory-Harry Hess, 1920 dicoveries, subduction, convection
currents, discovery of mid-ocean ridges,
and sea floor spreading, division of 7 major plates, 1 to 16 cm per year
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Joseph L. Belano

38
SMILE
Learner’s Packet
Name:_________________________________________________________________
Section: ______________________________________ Date: ___________________
SCIENCE 10
(Q1_LP8)
For over 4 billion years of the Earth’s existence, different natural phenomena were
given sound explanations based on observations and challenging the hypotheses made
under different conditions. Thus, after accumulating evidence that support the hypotheses,
is the birth of theories.
A theory is a scientifically accepted explanation of a phenomenon supported by

evidence and bodies of principles.
One of the phenomena known to man is the motion of the tectonic plates. It is
believed that the continents have not always been where they are today. Different theories
such as the Continental Drift Theory and Seafloor Spreading Theory supported this idea.
How do these theories support the hypothesis of dynamic earth?
CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
Millions of years ago, the earth appears to be different from what it looks today.
Continents were positioned elsewhere. However, as the tectonic plates move, continents
shifted their position.
In 1912, Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, proposed a theory that about

200 million years ago, the continents were once one large landmass. He called this
landmass Pangaea, a Greek word which means “All Earth.” The supercontinent broke into
continents and these continents separated and drifted apart since then. He coined this as
the Continental Drift Theory. What made him propose this theory of the Continental Drift?
EVIDENCE OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY
Alfred Wegener presented several evidence that support his claim of the
Continental Drift Theory. These are the Continental Jigsaw Puzzle Evidence, the evidence
from Fossils, Rocks and Coal Deposits. The Continental Jigsaw Puzzle Evidence is the
most visible and fascinating proof that these continents were once one in their shapes.
Fossils which are the preserved remains of organisms (plants and animals) also support
the theory as some fossilized leaves of an extinct plant Glossopteris were found in 250
million years old rocks in continents now separated by wide oceans. The large seeds of
this plant could not possibly travel a long journey by the wind or survive a rough ride
through ocean waves. The rocks also provide evidence that continents drifted apart from
each other such as the rock formations in Africa and South America that seem to line up
and form long mountain range. Coal beds were formed from the compaction and
decomposition of swamp plants that lived million years ago. At present, coal deposits were
found at locations where substantial amount of life cannot be sustained.
39
SEAFLOOR SPREADING THEORY
In the early 1960’s, scientist Harry Hess, together with Robert Dietz, suggested an
explanation to the continental drift. This is the Seafloor Spreading Theory. According to
this theory, hot, less dense material from below the earth’s crust rises towards the surface
at the mid-ocean ridge. This material flows sideways carrying the seafloor away from the
ridge and creates a crack in the crust. The magma flows out of the crack, cools down and
becomes the new seafloor as shown in Figure 1.
Overtime, the new oceanic crust pushed the old
oceanic crust far from the ridge. The process of
seafloor spreading allowed the creation of new
bodies of water.
Findings that support Seafloor Spreading Theory:

▪ Rocks are younger at the mid- ocean
ridge.
▪ Rocks far from the mid- ocean ridge are
Figure 1
older.
▪ Sediments are thinner at the ridge.
Seafloor Spreading
▪ Rocks at the ocean floor are younger than

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d93ff977e933c001abb6178/seafloo
r-spreading
those at the continents.
The Seafloor Spreading Theory was further strengthened by Magnetic Reversal

of the flipping of the direction of the Earth’s magnetic field as a result of the change of flow
direction of the material in the outer core. Magnetic flips were visualized as magnetic
stripes in the ocean floor as the iron-bearing minerals crystallize when lava solidifies. New
rocks added to the ocean from the ridge show magnetic patterns on both sides of equal
size and polarity which seemed to be mirror images across the ocean ridge. What does
this indicate? It indicates that indeed, the seafloor is spreading.

MELC: Enumerate the lines of evidence that support plate movement.
CG LC/ Code: S9ES –Ia-j-36.6
ACTIVITY 1: Complete Me!
Complete the graphic organizer below about the Continental Drift and Seafloor
Spreading Theories.
40
Plate Tectonic Evidences
Continental Drift Seafloor Spreading
Proposed by
1. 2.
Evidence
3. 4. 7. 8.
5. 6. 9. 10.
Q1: What does the Continental Drift Theory state?
Q2: What does the Seafloor Spreading Theory state?
ACTIVITY 2: Tell Me!
Identify the evidence that support the Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theories
being shown by the pictures. Give a brief description or explanation of the evidence
identified.
1.Evidence:_________ 3.Evidence:_________
__ __
Description/ Explanation: Description/ Explanation:
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
____________ ____________
2.Evidence:_________ 4.Evidence:_________
__ __
Description/ Explanation: Description/ Explanation:
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
__________________ __________________
ACTIVITY 3: Building the Pangaea.
____________ ____________
Materials: Tracing paper or parchment paper or baking paper (whatever is available),

scissors, glue or tape, and a sheet of paper.
Procedure:
1. Trace and cut out the landmasses. Include the gray area as part of the
landmasses.
2. Use the evidences that support the Continental Drift Theory to fit together the
continents and islands.
3. Once you are sure that landmasses are in the correct position, have them taped
or glued on a sheet of paper.
4. Answer the following guide questions.
41
Q3: How did you reconstruct the supercontinent?
Q4: What evidence lead to your reconstruction? Explain each.
Q5: Will you be able to reconstruct the Pangaea without the symbols and clues given?
What do you think these symbols and clues represent?
RUBRIC FOR SCORING:
Criteria
Categories
4 3 2 1
The output goes The output The output The output did
Content/
beyond what is meets what is hardly meets not meet what is
Requirement
required. required. what is required. required.
Output is neat Output is neat Output is neat Output is neat

with no with a few with several with many
Neatness
smudges or smudges or smudges or smudges or
tear. tear. tear. tear.
Most of the Some of the Little to none of

All the answers
Accuracy answers are answers are the answers are
are correct.
correct. correct. correct.
Output was Output was Output was Output was not

Timeliness
submitted within submitted a day submitted submitted at all.
42
the allotted time. after the allotted several days
time. after the allotted
time.
REFLECTION:
Today, I have learned about

.
To fully understand the lesson, I wish to ask about
.
Textbooks:
Department of Education, Grade 10- Learners Materials pp 53-55
Department of Education, Grade 10 SLM pp 271-313
Internet Sources:
Building the Pagaea Activity adapted and retrieved from: https://www.amnh.org/learn-

teach/curriculum-collections/dinosaurs-activities-and-lesson-plans/plate-tectonics-puzzle
Images at
https://www.geo.umass.edu/courses/geo105/Lecture%203%20DRIFT.pdfhttps://www.ge
olsoc.org.uk/Plate-Tectonics/Chap1-Pioneers-of-Plate-Tectonics/Alfred-Wegener/Fossil-
Evidence-from-the-Southern-
Hemispherehttps://publish.illinois.edu/platetectonics/continental-drift/
ANSWER KEY:
Activity 1: Complete Me!

1. Alfred Wegener
2. Harry Hess
3-6. Continental Jigsaw Puzzle, Evidence from
Fossils, Evidence from Rocks and Coal deposits
(in any order)
7-10. Rocks are younger at the mid- ocean ridge,
Rocks far from the mid- ocean ridge are older,
Sediments are thinner at the ridge and Rocks at
the ocean floor are younger than those at the
continents (in any order)
Q1: This theory that the continental landmasses

were “drifting” across the Earth
Q2: The theory that oceanic crust forms along the

mid-ocean ridge system and spreads out laterally away from them.
Activity 2: Tell me!
43
1. Continental Jigsaw Puzzle
2. Evidence from Rocks
3. Magnetic Reversal
4. Fossil Evidence
Activity 2: Building the Pagaea
Q3: Answers may vary
Q4: Continental Jigsaw Puzzle, Evidence from Fossils, Evidence from Rocks and
Coal deposits. Explanations may vary.
Q5: Answers may vary. Representation of the Evidence that support the
Continental and Seafloor Spreading Theories.
DEVELOPMENT TEAM
Author/ Writer: Jocel B. Merioles

44

Understanding Plate Tectonics

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Understanding Plate Tectonics

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SMILE

(SIMPLIFIED MODULE INTENDED FOR LEARNING ENCOUNTERS)

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

The Plate Tectonics Theory establishes the framework on the understanding of

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

MELC:. Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake

CG LC/ Code: S10ES-Ia-j-36.1

Fig. 1 Layers of the Earth Diagram

Fig. 2 Tectonic Plates Map of the World

ACTIVITY 3: A TECTONIC TRAVEL

1. Mayon Volcano in Albay, 2. Great Barrier Reef in

4. Himalayas passing through

Map of the World

Map of Earth’s Tectonic Plates

REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:

Textbooks: Science Learner’s Material G10

Author/ Writer: Ma. Charish N. Ordiales

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

Figure 1. Moving Plates of the Earth

ACTIVITY 1: I CAN FIND YOU!

Eurasian Plate Antartic Plate Cocos Plate Philippines

ACTIVITY 2: NAME IT!

Figure 2. Map of the Plate Boundaries

ACTIVITY 3: DO IT!!! HOW DO THE TECTONIC PLATES BEHAVE?

Figure 2. Map of the Plate Boundaries

Things I’ve learned today…..

Science Learner’s Material G10

Activity 3. DO IT!!! HOW DO THE Activity 5. ACROSTIC POEM

Author/ Writer: Ma. Charish N. Ordiales

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

LEARNING COMPETENCY WITH CODE:

MELC: Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake

CG LC/ Code: S10ES-Ia-j-36.1

ACTIVITY 1: A. VENN DIAGRAM. Complete the Venn Diagram by giving

ACTIVITY 2: PATTERNS SKETCH

1. Study the illustration below showing the distribution of earthquake epicenters

ACTIVITY 3: C. READY, SET, PLAN.

Rubric for Scoring

As a science learner, how will you be able to contribute change to your

REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:

Textbooks: Science Learner's Material Textbook G10 pp. 11-15

A. Venn Diagram (Learner’s Answer may vary)

Author/ Writer: Ma. Charish N. Ordiales

BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOR LEARNERS:

Figure 1: transform Figure 2: divergent Figure 3: convergent

When two plates come together, it is known as a convergent boundary.

Typically, a convergent plate boundary – such as the one between the

When subduction occurs, a chain of volcanoes often develops near the

Three types of Convergent Boundaries

1. Convergent boundary between continental and oceanic crust results

3. Convergent boundary between two continental crust results to

A divergent plate boundary often forms a mountain chain known as a

MELC: Describe the different Types of Plate Boundaries

9. Atlantic mid ocean

11. Subduction, deeper

Type of Plate Boundary Relative Plate Motion Illustration of movement using

ACTIVITY 2: WHERE I BELONG?

Put a check (√) to tell which TYPE of PLATE BOUNDARIES is best

After doing the activities, the things I have learned

REFERENCES FOR LEARNERS:

Divergent plate boundary Plates pull away or

Transform plate Plates slide horizontally

Author/ Writer: Myrna P. Naz