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Stress due to self weight
Stresses in a Layered Deposit
The stresses in a deposit consisting of layers of
soil having different densities may be determined as
n
σ z = γ 1 ⋅ h1 + γ 2 ⋅ h2 + ...... + γ n ⋅ hn = ∑ γ i ⋅ hi
i =1
∗
Stress due to self weight
Total vertical stress
Consider a soil mass having a horizontal
surface and with the water table at surface
level. The total vertical stress at depth z is
equal to the weight of all material (solids +
water) per unit area above that depth ,i.e
Stress due to self weight
Pore water pressure
If the pores of a soil mass are filled with water
and if a pressure induced into the pore water, tries
to separate the grains, this pressure is termed as
pore water pressure
The pore water pressure at any depth will be
hydrostatic since the void space between the solid
particles is continuous, therefore at depth z:
Stress due to self weight
Effective vertical stress due to self weight of soil
The pressure transmitted through grain to grain at
the contact points through a soil mass is termed as
effective pressure.
The difference between the total stress ( !"!#$ ) and
the pore pressure (u) in a saturated soil has been
defined by Terzaghi as the effective stress ( ' ).
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
If water is seeping, the effective stress at any
point in a soil mass will differ from that in
the static case.
It will increase or decrease, depending on the
direction of seepage.
The increasing in effective pressure due to the
flow of water through the pores of the soil is
known as seepage pressure.
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
A column of saturated soil mass with no seepage of
water in any direction.
)&
The total stress at the
elevation of point A can be )*
obtained from the saturated + Pore water
A
unit weight of the soil and 0 +
the unit weight of water
above it. Thus, Solid particle
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated
)&
Soil without Seepage
)*
Pore water
& ) − ,)* − )- %#!
+
where 0
A
+
Solid particle
+ . +
/+ 0 1
+ .+ 2 +
%#!
+
)* 2 + 3 4 0
Forces acting at the points of contact of soil
1 + 2 + . +4
particles at the level of point A
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
Stress at point A,
• Total stress: * & )
)
• Pore water pressure: * & ) 6
• Effective stress: * * − * 0
'
5
) 8
Stress at point B,
• Total stress: : & ) ) ∗ %#! 7
Valve (closed)
• Pore water pressure : ,) ) - &
• Effective stress:
'
: :− :
'
: ) %;<
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil without Seepage
Pore water
Stress at point C, Total stress Pressure, u Effective stress
• Total stress:
= & ) ∗ %#!
• Pore water pressure:
: ,) - &
• Effective stress:
' −
> > >
'
> %;<
Depth Depth Depth
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
@
(A -
Stress at point A, B
?
• Total stress:
)
* & ) 6
* & ) 7
Stress at point B,
• Total stress: : & ) ) ∗ %#!
' −
> %;< &
)
Note that h/H2 is the hydraulic gradient i
caused by the flow, and therefore >' %;< − &
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Upward Seepage
Pore water
Total stress Effective stress
Pressure, u
• Total stress:
) ?
* & ) 6
* & ) 7
'
* * − * 0
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage
Stress at point B,
• Total stress: : & ) ) ∗ %#!
' '
> %;< & > %;< &
)
Stress due to self weight
Stresses in Saturated Soil with Downward Seepage
Pore water
Total stress Pressure, u Effective stress
∆ M 1 ∆ N
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
According to Boussinesq’s analysis, the vertical stress
increase at point A caused by a point load of magnitude P
is given by
3P 1
σz = ……. 7 − 1
Q
2π z 2 [1 + ( r / z ) 2 ]5/ 2
or ∆
P .
σz = 2 Ib 1
z
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress Due to a Concentrated Load
where
3 1 …………. 7 − 2
Ib =
2π [1 + (r / z ) 2 ]5/ 2
5
Vertical Stress in Soil
Distribution on a vertical plane O
A
Worked Examples
Example 3
A four concentrated forces are located at corners of
a rectangular area with dimensions 8 m by 6 m as
shown in figure in the next slide. Compute the
vertical stress at points A and B, which are located
on the lines A – A’ , B – B’ at depth of 4 m below
the ground surface.
Worked Examples
700 kN 700 kN
Example 3
8m
700 kN B’ 700 kN
A’
4m
4m
A
Vertical Stress in Soil
Westergaard Formula
Westergaard proposed a formula for the
computation of vertical stress by a point load,
P at the surface as
O + …. 7 − 3
/
.
2V +
+ 1 − 2X /,2 − 2X-
Q
3Q 1
σz =
(
2π z 2 1 + ( r z ) 2
)
52
Q 1
σz =
(
π z 2 1 + 2 ( r z )2
) Q
32
Westergaard (1938)
z
Q P
σz = I
z 2 W
r
σz
• H
Hence W
Westergaard’s
d’ equation
i isi closer
l to field
fi ld conditions
di i in
i sedimentary
di
deposits
• However
However, engineers prefer Boussinesq’s
Boussinesq s equation to compute stresses,
stresses since
settlements computed from these stresses give conservative values
Problem 1. A concentrated load of 200 kN acts at the ground surface. Find the
vertical
i l stress along
l the
h axis
i off the
h load
l d at a point
i at a radial
di l distance
di off 5m
5 and
d
a depth of 10m by a) Boussinesq’s and b) Westergaard’s Formulae. Neglect the
depth of foundation.
a)) Westergaard’s
d’ Formula
l
Vertical Stress in Soil
Stress below a Line Load
The vertical stress increase due to line load , ,
inside the soil mass can be determined by using the
principles of the theory of elasticity, or
2 …. 7 − 4
P
V P
This equation can be rewritten as
2
P 1
/ P
V 1
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a horizontal line load
The vertical stress increase ( ) at point A in
the soil mass caused by a horizontal line load
can be given as :
/
2 P
…. 7 − 5
V P
P
1
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a strip load
The term strip loading will be used to indicate a
loading that has a finite width along the x axis
but an infinite length along the y axis.
The fundamental equation for the vertical stress
increase at a point in a soil mass as the result of
a line load can be used to determine the vertical
stress at a point caused by a flexible strip load of
width B.
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress caused by a strip load
Vertical stress at point A can be determined by equation:
B
β
α
qo 6
σz = [α + sin α cos ( α + 2 β ) ] …. 7 − 6
π
Worked Examples
Example 4
Refer to figure below, The magnitude of the strip
load is 120 kPa. Calculate the vertical stress at
points, a , b, and c. B
0.5 \
0.25 \
]
[ 0.25 \
0.5 \ \
^
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Due to Embankment Loading
The vertical stress increase in the soil mass due to
an embankment of height H may be expressed as
+ 4
qoa +b b
σ z = [( ) (α1 + α 2 ) − (α 2 )] "
π a a
…. 7 − 7
where: ) _ _
"
`4+ a` 6
) `4+ a`
Worked Examples
Example 4
Refer to figure below. The magnitude of the load is
120 kPa. Calculate the vertical stress at points,
A , B, and C.
3 ` 2 `
120 aO+
2 `
^ 7 6
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
1- Under the center: The increase in the vertical
stress ( ) at depth z ( point A)under the center
of a circular area of diameter D = 2R carrying
a uniform pressure q is given by
1
1− …. 7 − 8
Q/ 1 /
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
6'
Q
6'
6
6
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress due to a uniformly loaded circular area
Q . 7'
.
7'
7
7
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
The increase in the vertical stress ( ) at depth z under a
corner of a rectangular area of dimensions B = m z and
L = n z carrying a uniform pressure q is given by:
σ z = qo I z … . 7 − 10
where :
d \
c 3 +3 . 2 0 2 .+ + 2
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
1 2 ` ` 1 ` 2 e
2 ` ` 1
c +
4V ` ` 1 ` 1 ` −` 1
d \ … . 7 − 11
where : ` + 2
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
The increase in the stress at any point below a
rectangular loaded area can be found by dividing
the area into four rectangles. The point A’ is the
corner common to all four rectangles.
1 6' 2
4 3
Vertical Stress in Soil
Vertical Stress Caused by a Rectangular loaded area
1 2
4 1 2
5
+ h5 h5
6' 3 7 8 9
7 9 4 3
− h5
6' 3
1 5
7 8
− h5 h5i
6' 4
6' 4
Approximate Method
2V:1H method
A simple but approximate method is sometimes used for
calculating the stress change at various depths as a
result of the application of a pressure at the ground
surface. O
The transmission of stress is "
O 2 z
"
d \
B+z
Approximate Method
2V:1H method j
Stress on this plane "
d ∗ \
B L
z
B
1
B+z B+z
" d \
Stress on this plane at depth z, ,d - ,\ -
Rectangular footing
Newmark Method
• Stresses due to foundation loads of arbitrary
shape applied at the ground surface
• Newmark’s chart provides a graphical
method for calculating the stress increase due
to a uniformly loaded region, of arbitrary
shape resting on a deep homogeneous
isotropic elastic region.
Newmark Method
• The Newmark’s Influence Chart method
consists of concentric circles drawn to scale,
each square contributes a fraction of the
stress.
• In most charts each square contributes
1/200 (or 0.005) units of stress. (influence
value, I)
Newmark Method
The use of the chart is
based on a factor
termed the influence
value, determined from
the number of units
into which the chart is
subdivided.
A
1 unit
B Influence value 0.005
Newmark Method
Total number of block on chart = 200 and influence
value = 1/200
A B Influence
value = 0.005
Newmark Method