1

Using DNPH Test with the use of Hydrazone melting point. Butanal has higher mp than pentanal
since

1
Since the temperature of oils rises quick, heating oil at low temperatures (below 60 C) is
recommended. If the oil is too hot, it will dramatically speed up the saponification process at a
faster rate than usual which causes the soap to separate at the gel phase.

2
There are two phases observed after the addition of NaOH. The phases are coconut oil and
sodium hydroxide.

3
The major component of coconut oil is triglycerides, meanwhile sodium hydroxide contains a
sodium (Na) cation and hydroxide (OH-) anion.

4
The pH of the mixture decreases. This is because the base in the exoeriment, sodium hydroxide,
is continuously being used up in the experiment as it reacts with the coconut oil, thus, lowering
the pH of the reaction.

5
Soap is an effective cleaning agent due to its molecule having a polar and a non-polar part.
Soap is a cleansing agent created by the chemical reaction of a fatty acid with an alkali metal hydroxide. Chemically speaking, it is a salt composed of an
alkalimetal, such as sodium or potassium, and a mixture of "fatty" carboxylic acids. The cleansing action of soap comes from its unique ability to surround
oil particles, causing them to be dispersed in water and easily rinsed away. Soap has been used for centuries and continues to be widely used as a cleansing
agent, mild antiseptic and ingestible antidote to some forms of poisoning.

How Soap Cleans 

Soap is an excellent cleanser because of its ability to act as an emulsifying agent.
An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid.
This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water,
soap can suspend oil/dirt in such a way that it can be removed.

The organic part of natural soap is a negatively-charged, polar molecule. Its

hydrophilic (water-loving) carboxylate group (-CO 2) interacts with water
molecules via ion-dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding. The hydrophobic
(water-fearing) part of a soap molecule, its long, nonpolar hydrocarbon chain,
does not interact with water molecules. The hydrocarbon chains are attracted to
each other by dispersion forces and cluster together, forming structures
called micelles. In these micelles, the carboxylate groups form a negatively-
charged spherical surface, with the hydrocarbon chains inside the sphere.
Because they are negatively charged, soap micelles repel each other and remain
dispersed in water.

Grease and oil are nonpolar and insoluble in water. When soap and soiling oils
are mixed, the nonpolar hydrocarbon portion of the micelles break up the
nonpolar oil molecules. A different type of micelle then forms, with nonpolar
soiling molecules in the center. Thus, grease and oil and the 'dirt' attached to
them are caught inside the micelle and can be rinsed away.