Chemicals For

Consumer
‘Isyatul Hannan Binti Md Salim
5 Jannatul Firdaus
 Soap SOAP
• Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of long-chain fatty
acids.

• Fatty acids are organic acid with long carbon chain CnH2n+1
COOH , n>10.

• Fatty acid found naturally as an ester with alcohol glycerol

( alcohol with 3 OH ).

• Ester of fatty acid or glycerol is fat or oil.

Saponification SOAP
• Soap can be prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats.

• Soaps are prepared by hydrolyzing fats/oils in potassium

hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solution, the reaction are
called saponification.

• Saponification involves boiling fats/oils with concentrated

potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide solution, the
productions are glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which
are soaps.
Saponification SOAP
• Example:

• R, R’, R” are long hydrocarbon chain (alkyl group). R, R’,

R” can be from the same or different groups.
Formula For Soap SOAP
• Structural formula for soap:

• The general formula of soap is RCOO–Na+ or RCOO–K+,

where R is an alkyl group, CnH2n+1 COOH , n>10..

• R can be saturated or unsaturated.

 Detergent DETERGENT
• Detergent is a cleaning agent which is not soap.

• 2 common groups of detergent are :

• Detergents are made from hydrocarbon which is obtained

from petroleum.
 Preparation of detergent
(sodium alkyl benzene sulphonate) DETERGENT
Stage 1: Alkylation
The long chain alkene is reacted with benzene to form alkylbenzene.

Stage 2: Sulphonation
The alkylbenzene is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid.

Stage 3: Neutralization
 
The alkylbenzene sulphonic acid is then neutralised sodium hydroxide solution to produce
alkylbenzene sulphonate salt, which is detergent.
 Preparation of detergent
(sodium alkyl sulphate) DETERGENT
Stage 1: Sulphonation of alcohol
The long chain alcohol is reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl
sulphonic acid.

Stage 2: Neutralization
The alkyl sulphonic acid is then neutralised sodium hydroxide solution to produce
sodium alkyl sulphate salt, which is detergent .
 Cleansing action of soap SOAP
&
• Soap with general formula RCOO Na / RCOO K ionises in DETERGENT
water to produce sodium/potassium cation (Na+ / K+ ) and
soap anion, RCOO–.
• Soap anion is made up of two parts.

R is along hydrocarbon chain which are: -COO is a carboxylate ion which are:
• Hydrophobic (repelled to water) • Hydrophilic (soluble in water)
• Non-polar end (no charge) • Polar end (negatively charged)
• Soluble in oil or grease • Insoluble in oil or grease
 Cleansing action of soap SOAP
&
• Example: DETERGENT
 Cleansing action of soap SOAP
&
1. The soap ionises in water to produce free moving soap DETERGENT
anion and cation.
2. Soap anion reduces the surface tension of water which will
increase the wetting ability of water. Therefore, water wets
the dirty cloth.
3. The hydrophilic part of soap anions remains in water while
the hydrophobic part dissolves and penetrates into grease.

4. By the movement of water during scrubbing and rubbing,

grease is loosened and lifted off the surface.
 Cleansing action of soap SOAP
&
5. The hydrophobic part of soap anions surround the grease, DETERGENT
the
grease is suspended in the water.

6. The grease is dispersed into smaller droplets.

7. The small droplets do not redeposit on the surface of the

cloth due to repulsion between negative charges on their
surface.

8. The droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsion.

9. Rinsing away the dirty water removes the grease droplets
and the surface of the cloth is then cleaned.
 Cleansing action of detergent SOAP
&
a. Detergent dissolves in water to form detergent anion and sodium DETERGENT
cation. For example the ionisation of sodium alkyl sulphate.

b. The structure of detergent anion is similar to soap anion. The

detergent anion is made of two parts i.e. hydrophilic and
hydrophobic part.

c. The cleansing action of detergent is also similar to soap, the

hydrocarbon chain dissolves and penetrates in grease while the
benzene sulphate ion or sulphate ion group remains in water.
 The effectiveness Of Cleansing action of soap
SOAP
and detergent &
• The effectiveness of soap is reduce when used in hard water. DETERGENT
• Hard water contains high concentration of calcium ion and
magnesium ion.
• calcium ions and magnesium ions react with soap anion to
form insoluble scum.

• Formation of scum reduces the amount of soap available for

cleaning.
• Detergent anions do not form insoluble scum with calcium
ions and magnesium ions. This means detergent can act as
cleansing agent in hard water. Thus, detergent is more
effective than soap in hard water.
Cleansing Soap Detergent
agent SOAP
Sources Animal fats or vegetable oils Long chain hydrocarbon from
&
petroleum DETERGENT
General RCOONa
formula

The structure
of polar end
(Hydrophilic)

Effectiveness Effective in soft water only Effective in soft and hard water
Formation of Forms scum in hard water Do not form scum in hard water
scum

pH Slightly alkaline pH value is modified to suit cleaning

task

Effect on Biodegradable, do not cause Mostly non-biodegradable, cause

environment pollution pollution
• Detergent generally contain a wide variety of additives.
Additives are added to enhance its cleaning efficiency. SOAP
Examples: Amylase, lipase, protease
&
DETERGENT
Biological Enzyme Function: Break down fat and protein molecules in food stains.

Examples: Sodium perborate, Sodium hypochlorite

Whitening agent Function: Convert stain to colourless substances

Examples: Fluorescent dye (Blancophor R)

Brighteners Function: Make fabrics appear brighter.

Examples: Sodium tripolyphosphate
Builders Function: To soften hard water.

Examples: Carboxylmethylcellulose
Suspension agent (Anticoagulant) Function: To prevent the dirt particles removed from
deposition onto cleaned fibrics.

Examples: Silicone
Foam control agent (Stabiliser) Function: To prevent the formation of excess bubbles in
automatic washing machine.

Fragrance Function: Add fragrance to fabrics and detergent

Food Additives FOOD
ADDITIVE
Type of food
additive
Function/How it
works
Example of food
additive
Example of food
S
Soup, frozen food,
Enhance the
natural flavour of Monosoium meat and fished
glumate (MSG) based product
the food

Ester such as octyl

Flavouring agent ethanoate(orange
Produce artificial flavour) and ethyl Cake, jam, ice
flavour cream and drinks
butanote
(pineapple flavour)

Sweeten the food,

Drink and juice,
it has less calories Aspartame frozen dessert
than sugar
Food Additives FOOD
Type of food Function/How it works Example of food Example of food
ADDITIVE
additive additive

Sodium nitrate
Sausage, burger, S
luncheon meat
- Prevent food from being spoilt
- Prevent or slow down the Sulphur dioxide Fruit juice, jam, soft drink
growth of microorganisms
Chili and tomato sauce,
Sodium benzoate
oyster sauce, fruit juice

- Prevent food from being spoilt Salt Salted fish

Preservative - Remove water from the cell of
microorganism and retard the
growth and microorganism. Sugar Jam

- Prevent food from being spoilt

- Provide acidic condition that
Vinegar Pickled
inhibits the growths of
microorganism
Food Additives FOOD
Type of food Function/How it works Example of food additive Example of food
ADDITIVE
additive
- Prevent oxidation that causes
S
Antioxidants rancid fats and brown fruits
- Ascorbic acid (vit. C) Cake, biscuit, margarine,
- Citric acid fruit juice

- Thicken the food Acacia gum Chewing gum

Thickening
- Improve the consistency of
agent food by giving firmer, more - Pectin Jam, jelly, cream cheese
uniform, and smoother texture - Gelatin and low fatt yogurt

- Azo compound such

- Add or restore the colour in a as tartazine and
Colouring food to make the food sunset yellow Orange juice, jam
appearance look more
attractive
- Triphenyl compounds
such as brilliant blue

- Improve the texture of food by

preventing an emulsion from - Lecithin Chocolate,ice cream,
Stabilizers
separating out into a layer of - Gelatin butter and salad dressing
water and oil.
Medicine MEDICINE
• A medicine is used to prevent or cure disease or to relieve pain.
• Medicine can be classified to:

 Traditional medicine
 Obtained from natural resources (animals and plants), without chemical
reaction.
 Prepared by boiling parts of plants or crushed to make a paste.
 Usually not processed.

 Modern medicine
 Chemicals that are not extracted from animals and plants or synthetic
chemicals.
 It is manufactured in the form of liquid, tablet, powder and capsules.
 It is usually processed in laboratory.
Traditional Medicine MEDICINE
Traditional medicine Function

Aloe vera Its juice is used to treat skin wounds and burns.

Bitter gourd Fruits are used to treat diabetes.

Ginger Rhizomes are used to treat stomach wind, improves blood

circulation and digestion.

Garlic Used to lower blood pressure and also has antibiotic

purposes.

Hibiscus Leaves relieve headaches and hair loss.

Turmeric Treats pimples.

Tamarind Juice reduces coughing.

Centella asiatica Its leaves are used for herbal tea to treat depression and for
(pegaga) longerity.
Modern Medicine (ANALGESIC) MEDICINE
• Function: to relieve pain without causing unconsciousness.

Examples Notes
Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) • Relieves pains caused by headache,
*acidic toothache and arthritis.
• Reduces fever and inflammation
caused by infection.
• Causes internal bleeding ulceration
(not suitable for gastric patient)

Paracetamol • Relieves pain and reduces fever.

*neutral • Does not reduce inflammation.
• Does not irritate the stomach.

Codeine • Cough medicine.

• Causes sleepiness.
• Misuse of codeine causes addiction.
Modern Medicine (ANTIBIOTIC) MEDICINE
• Function:
-used to treat infections caused by bacteria or fungi.
-kills or slows the growth of bacteria or fungi.
Examples Notes

Penicilline • Patient must take full course of the

antibiotic prescribed by the doctor to
make sure all the bacteria are killed,
otherwise they may become resistant to
antibiotic
Streptomycin • Side effects of antibiotics are
headaches, allergic reaction and
dizziness.
Modern Medicine (PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC) MEDICINE
• Function: used to treat mental illness.
Examples Notes

Stimulants e.g. amphetamine • To reduce fatigue and elevate mood

• Can cause addiction

Antidepressant: barbiturates and • To reduce tension and anxiety.

tranquilizer • Can cause addiction.

Antipsychotics e.g. chloropromazine • To treat psychiatric illness with severe

mental disorder.
Thank You
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