Foaming Capacity of

Different Soaps

By:
Class:

Roll no:
 Index:
S.No Contents Page No.
1 Overview 1

2 Introduction 2

3 Types of Soaps 3

4. Chemical Production of Soap 4

5. I. Experiment 6

6 II. Experiment 8

7. Conclusion 10

8 Bibliography 11
 Acknowledgement
would like to express
my special thanks of gratitude to my teacher Mrs.
Najiya Hashim as well as our principal Mr. A.P Sharma who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project on the topic of foaming
capacity different washing soaps, which also helped me in
of
research. doing a lot of

Secondly i would also like to thank my parents for their personal support
and helped me lot in
a
finalizing this project within the limited time frame.
At last but not the least/ want to
thank my friends who treasured me for
hard work and encouraged me and my
finally to God who made all the things
possible for me till the end.

L
 OvervieW
Soap and detergents are cleaning ingredients that can remove oil particles and grease
from surfaces because of their unique chemical properties. Soap is a common term for

several related compounds used as of washing clothes or bathing.

Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of higher fatty acids such as palmitic acid
(C15H31COOH) stearic acid (C17H35C00H), and oleic acid (C17H35COOH) and can
be either saturated or unsaturated. They contain a long
hydrocarbon chain of about 10-20 carbon with one carboxylic
acid group as the functional group.

However, all soaps are not equally effective in their cleansing

action. The cleansing action depends on the solubility of the
long alkyl chain in grease and that of the -COONa or the-
COOK pat in water.

Whenever soap is applied on a dirty wet cloth, the non-polar alkyl group dissolves in
grease while the polar-COONa part dissolves in water. In this manner, an emulsion is
formed between grease and water which appears as foam. The washing ability of soap
depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water used in cleaning.

The salts of Ca and Mg disrupt the formation of micelle formation. The presence of such
salts makes the water hard and the water is called hard water. These salts thus make
the soap inefficient in its cleaning action. Sodium Carbonate, when added to hard water
reacts with Ca and Mg and precipitates them out. Therefore sodium carbonate is used
in the treatment of hard water.

The project aims to investigate the foaming capacity of different washing soap and the
effect of the addition of sodium carbonate on them.

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Dove
white
 Introduction:
Soap is an anionic surfactant used in conjugation with water for washing and cleaning
which historically comes either in solid bars or in the form of viscous
liquid. It has been
used for centuries and continues to be an important product for bathing and cleaning.
It is also a mild
antiseptic and ingestible antidote for certain poisons. The cleansing
action of soap and detergents is a result of thrill, the
ability to surround oil particles on a
surface and disperse it in water.

In a chemical sense, soap is salt made up of

a
carboxylic acid and alkalies like sodium
or potassium and is
produced by a process known as saponification or basic hydrolysis
reaction of fat or oil.

It is obtained byreacting common oils or fats with strong alkaline. The fats are
hydrolyzed by the base, yielding alkali salts of fatty acids (crude soap) and
glycerol.
Currently, sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize the fatty acid and
convert it into salt.

Fat +NaOH glycerol+ sodium salt of

CHaCHa) COOH +NaOH ÇH2-CH-CH2+ CHa(CH2)16COONa+
OH QH QH

Although the reaction is shown as a one-step reaction, it is, in fact, two

steps. The net
effect is that all the ester bonds are broken. The
glycerol turns back into alcohol. The
fatty acid is converted into a salt due to the presence of
NaOH(basic solution). In the
carboxyl group, one oxygen has a negative charge which attracts the
positive sodium
ion. A molecule of soap consist of two
parts:
a) Alkyl group- It is oil soluble SAPONIFICATION
b) Carboxyl group- It is water-soluble

acid base salt

(oll) lye) (soap)
Soaps are denoted by the general formula RCOO-Nat, where R is any long-chain alky.
A soap molecule has two ends which have different polarities. At one end is the long
hydrocarbon chain that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.., insoluble in water but oil
soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion which is hydrophlic i.e.,
water-soluble but insoluble in oil.

Applied to a soiled surface, soapy water effectively holds a particle in colloidal

Suspension so it can be rinsed off with clean water. Agitating tends to concentrate the
solution on the surface and causes foaming. This helps the soap molecules make a
unimolecular film on the surface of the water and to penetrate the fabric.

The long non-polar end of a soap molecule, gravitate towards and surround the dirt. The
short polar end, face the water away from the dirt. Many soap molecules encircle dirt in
a clustered structure called 'micelles', which encircles such particles. Therefore it allows
water to remove normally insoluble matter by emulsification.
Hyudrophal rnl Ihphubir eral

The deansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard Owwwm Sap nnke uk

water contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with

sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher fatty
acids.
a w
Oww
O
ww.O
Ivpes of soaps:
The type of fatty acid and the length of the carbon chain determines the unique
properties of various soaps. Tallow or animal fats give primarily sodium stearate (18
carbons) a very hard insoluble soap. Fatty acids with longer chains are even more

insoluble. It is used in talcum powders because it is water repellent. Fatty acids with
only 10 or fewer carbons are not used in soaps because they iritate the skin and have
objectionable odors. Coconut oil is a source of lauric acid (12 carbons) which can be
converted into sodium laurate. The soap is very soluble and will lather easily in

seawater.

3
 Commercial production of soap:
where fats
today is the cold process method,
The most popular soap making process
while soap manufacturers
strong alkaline solution,
some
such as olive oil react with a

use the historical hot process.

Handmade soap differs from industrial soap in that, usually,

an
MANDCRAFTED
excess of fat is sometimes used to
consume the alkali and in that 0n
glycerin is not removed, leaving a naturally moisturizing
soap
the
such as jojoba oil or
and not pure detergent. Often, emollients JFIRE

Shea butter are added 'at trace' (the point at which the
sufficiently advanced that the soap has PEPPERMINT WOODFIRE
saponification process is cOOL

co CES

have saponified so that

begun to thicken), after most of the oils
they remain unreacted in the finished soap.

Fat in soap
either vegetable animal fats. Sodium Tallowate, a common
Soap is derived from or

ingredient in soap, is derived from rendered beef fat. Soap can also be made of
and the product is typically softer. An array of
vegetable oils, such as palm oil,
saponifiable oils and fats are used in the process such as olive, coconut, palm, cocoa

butter to provide different qualities. For example, olive oil provides mildness in soap;

coconut oil provides lots of lather; while coconut and palm oils provide hardness.

Sometimes castor oil can also be used as an ebullient. Smaller amounts of

unsaponifiable oils and fats that do not yield soap are sometimes added for further

benefits.

Preparation of soap:
In cold-process and hot-process soap making, heat may be required for saponification.
Cold-process soap making takes place at a sufficient temperature to ensure the
liquidation of the fat being used. Unlike cold-processed soap, hot-processed soap can
be used right away because the alkali and fat saponify more quickly at the higher
 temperatures used in hot process soap making. Hot-process soap making was used
when the purity of alkali was unreliable. Cold-process soap making requires exact
measurements of alkali and fat amounts and computing their ratio, using saponification
charts to ensure that the finished product is mild and skin-friendly.
Hot process:
In the hot-process method, alkali and fat are boiled together at 80-100 °C until

saponification occurs, which the soap maker can determine by taste. After
saponification has occurred, the soap is sometimes precipitated from the solution by
adding salt, and the excess liquid is drained off. The hot, soft soap is then spooned into
a mold.

Cold process:
A cold-process soap maker first looks up the saponification value of the fats being used
on a saponification chart, which is then used to calculate the appropriate amount of

alkali. Excess unreacted alkali in the soap will result in a very high pH and can burn or
iritate the skin. If there is not enough alkali then the soap will become greasy.

The alkali is dissolved in water. Then oils are heated or melted if they are solid at room
temperature. Once both substances have cooled to approximately 100-110°F (37-
43°C), and are no more than 10°F (-5.5°C), they are combined. This alkali-fat mixture is
stirred until "trace". There are varying levels of trace. After much stirring, the mixture
turns to the consistency of a thin pudding. "Trace" corresponds roughly to viscosity.
Essential and fragrance oils are added at light trace.

Cold Proces Hot Process

CoLD PROCESsGHOT PROCESS

Same Soap Recipe - Diflerent Methods
SOAP MAKINC

5
 . Experiment;
AIM:
To compare the foaming capacities of five different commercial soaps

APPARATUS:
5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch,
100ml measuring cylinder, weight box

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
5 different samples of soap and distilled water

THEORY:
The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends upon the nature of soap and its
concentration. This can be compared for various samples of soaps by taking thesame
concentration of solution and shaking them.The foam is formed and the time taken for
disappearances of foam in all cases iscompared. The lesser the time taken by a
solution for the disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming capacity.

PROCEDURE
1) Take five 100ml conical flasks and label them as A,B.C.D,E.
2) Take 50ml of water in each conical flask and then add 2g of diferent samples of
soap to each flask.

3) Wam to dissolve until a clear soiution is obtained. Arrange five test tubes on a
test tube stand labelled as A,B,C.D and E.

4) Take ICC of the soap solution from each conical flask and add it to the
corresponding test tube.
5) Shake the test tube for 1 minute by covering its mouth by the thumb.
 in the test tube. Start the stop watch and note the time taken
6) Foam will be fomed
for the disappearance of foam.

7) Repeat the same procedure for the test tubes B,C,D and E.
8) Shaking each tube with the same force and noting the time taken for
disappearance of the foam

OBSERVATIONS:
The following outcomes were noticed at the end of the experiment:

Vol. of soap Vol. of water Time taken for

Test Tube no. Name of Soap
solution added disappearance

1. Dove 8ml 16ml 1142"

Lux 8ml 16ml 328"

3. Tetmosol 8ml 16ml 510

Santoor 8ml 16ml 15'32"

3. Cinthol 8ml 16ml 9'40

RESULT:
The cleansing capacity of the soaps taken is in the order:

Santoor>Dove>Cinthol>Tetmosol> Lux
From this experiment, we can infer that Santoor has the highest foaming capacity, i.e.

highest cleaning capacity.

Lux ,on the other hand is found to have taken the least amount of time for the

disappearance of foam produced and thus is said to be having the least foaming

capacity and cleansing capacity.

 I. Experiment:
AIM:
Study the effect of the addition of Sodium Carbonate
(Washing Soda) on the foaming
capacity of different soap solutions.

APPARATUS:
********** ne

3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner and

stop watch.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
0.5 g sample of soap, water
(distilled & tap both) and M/10 NazCO3 solution.
THEORY:
Calcium and magnesium ions present in the tap water interfere in the foaming capacity
of soap. These ions combine with
soap and form insoluble calcium and magnesium
salts which get precipitated.

2C17HasCOONa+ Ca2 (C17H3sCOOl2 Ca +2Na.

Therefore, the presence of these ions effect the foaming

capacity of soap and hence
their
cleaning capacity. When Na2c03 is added to the tap water, calcium and
magnesium ions gets precipitated as their carbonates in the presence of Na2C03

Ca2+Na2COs CaCO3+ 2Na*

Mg?+ NazCO3 MgCO3+ 2Na*

Foaming capacity of the water increases. In order determine the effect of N02C03 on
the foaming capacity of a sample of soap it is first shaken with distilled water there with
top water and finally with top water containing equal volume of M/10 Na2C03 solution
and then the time taken for dissapearence of foam it noted.

8
 PROCEDURE
BHBtesveteneneivenen

1) Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of distilled water.

2) Take three test tubes and add distilled water in first, tap water in second and
thirdtest tube.
3) Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube.
4) To the above test tubes add soap solutions
separately
5) Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
6) Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for disappearance of foam.
7) Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap solutions.
8) Record the observations in a tabular form.

OBSERVATION:
Amount of each soap sample taken 0.5gm
=

Amount of distilled water taken = 50ml

Volume of each soap solution taken = 1ml

Volume of distilled water added 10ml

S.No. Water used Timetaken for

disappearance of foam
1. 10ml of distilled water 8.30 hrs
10ml of tap water 6.30 hrs
5ml of tap water and 3.30 hrs
5 ml of M/10 NazCOs

RESULT
Foaming capacity of soap is maximum in distilled water.

The foaming capacity of soap in tap water increases on the addition of Sodium
Carbonate.
 Conclusion:
Soap and cleanliness are in
separable, and cleansing, be it personal hygiene or
laundering, is part of human history. Ascribing value to cleanliness seems to have been
a part of the civilizing of humankind.

Soaps, shampoos, and laundry detergents are mixtures of

ingredients. Soap is a
common tem for several related
compounds used as of washing clothes or bathing.
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of higher fatty acids.
The washing ability of soap depends on foaming capacity, as well as the water used in
cleaning. The salts of Ca and Mg disrupt the formation of micelle formation. Soaps are
denoted by the general formula RcO0-Na+. A soap molecule is a tadpole-shaped
structure, whose ends have different polarities.

The most popular soap making process today is the cold process method, where fats
such as olive oil react with a
strong alkaline solution, while some soap manufacturers
use the historical hot process.

The project aimed to compare the

foaming capacities of five different commercial soaps
and also to study the effect of the addition of sodium
carbonate (Washing Soda) on the
foaming capacity of different soap solutions.

From the first experiment , we could conclude that from all the
soaps taken that Santoor
has the highest foaming capacity, i.e. highest cleaning capacity. Lux, on the other
hand,
is found to have the least foaming
capacity and cleansing capacity.
In the second
experiment it was proven that the foaming capacity of soap is maximum
in distilled water and the
foaming capacity of soap in tap water increases on the addition
of Sodium Carbonate.

Jo MALONE

10
 Bibliography:
Parts of this project have been referred from
this
foreign sources and have been included in
investigatory project after editing.
The references of the sources are as follows:

https:/www.icbse.com/projects/chemistry-project-on-foaming-capacity-of-soaps-mm1
https:/www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Chemistry/Investigation-Of-E
Foaming-Capacity-Of-Different-Washing-Soap.php
https://www.academia.edu/33745298/PROJECT ON FOAMING CAPACITY OF SOA
PSXII CLASS -CBSE
https:/www.seminarsonly.com/Engineering-Projects/Chemistry/Effect-Of-Sodium-
Carbonate-On-Foaming-Capacity-Of-Soap.php

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