Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Made by : Abishek.P
Class : XII A
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Abishek.P of class XII has successfully completed his
investigatory project on the topic “Identification of Ions Present In
Toothpaste And Determine the Quality” during academic year 2021-2022,
as per the guidelinesissued by the central board of secondary education
(CBSE).
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of
any kind.The references taken in making this project have been mentioned
at this project.
PRINCIPAL
Acknowledgement
In the progression of completing this project successfully, many people have
bestowed upon us their blessings and concrete support. We would like to
thank all the people who have been concerned with this project.
Primarily, we would like to thank our senior principal Mrs. Joy Rajan and our
Chemistry teacher, Mrs. shanthi and express our earnest gratitude for their
imperative support, supervision and encouragement without the aid of which
this project would not have come into view.
Additionally, we would like express a heartfelt thanks to the staff of the
Department of Chemistry for their perpetual support during the making of
this project.
Last but not the least we thank our benevolent friends and parents for their
persistent backing without which we could not have overcome the
impediments in the assembly of this project.
CONTENTS
Ingredients:
In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of
components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.
Abrasives
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste. These insoluble
particles help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque prevents
cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of,
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various
silica and zeolites.
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause
a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. Some
brands contain powdered white mica which acts as a mild abrasive, and also
adds a cosmetically-pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of
teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve
dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque.
Fluorides
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to
prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals,
and some natural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has
beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium
fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride but stannous fluoride
(SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are also used.
Other components
Antibacterial agents
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the
UK. Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the
American Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath.
Flavorants
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colorings, and flavors intended to encourage
use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint,
and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in
the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils,
e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum,
cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine.
Types of Toothpastes
Fluoride Toothpaste
They contain Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Stannous Fluoride (SnF2), or
Monofluorophosphate (MFP2). The fluoride content is about 1,000 parts per
million (ppm). They are all effective in preventing dental caries. Children
toothpaste contains 500ppm fluoride and is usually fruit flavored, which is
suitable for children.
Desensitizing Toothpaste
The active ingredients help seal off the microtubules inside the exposed
dentine (such as exposed root surface due to toothbrush abrasion) to reduce
tooth sensitivity. Active ingredients such as Potassium Nitrate are used by
different product manufacturers. There are many different types of
desensitizing toothpastes marketed by different brand names. Their various
functions depend on different active ingredients they contain.
Anti-calculus toothpaste
The manufacturer claims that the calcification of dental plaque could be
retarded by this kind of toothpaste, thus it reduces the rate of calculus
formation. The active ingredient is Pyrophosphate or Zinc Citrate.
Anti-plaque toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste inhibits plaque accumulation, reduces the toxic effects
of the bacterial toxin on the periodontal tissues, thereby reduces the chances
of getting periodontal disease. In the market, different anti- plaque toothpastes
contain different active ingredients. For example Triclosan or Zinc Citrate.
Whitening toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste contains relatively coarse abrasives which function by
abrading the stains on the tooth surface, giving a whitening effect. However,
long term use will result in roughened tooth surfaces, which makes stains
deposit more readily.
History Of Toothpaste
In faded black ink made of soot and gum Arabic mixed with water, an ancient
Egyptian scribe has carefully described what he calls a "powder for white and
perfect teeth".
When mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a "clean tooth paste".
According to the document, written in the fourth century AD, the ingredients
needed for the perfect smile are one drachma of rock salt - a measure equal to
one hundredth of an ounce - two drachmas of mint, one drachma of dried iris
flower and 20 grains of pepper, all of them crushed and mixed together.
Evolution Of Toothpaste
First attempts at tooth cleaning included using abrasives such as crushed bone,
crushed egg and oyster shells, which were used to clean debris from teeth.
Tooth powders were the first noticeable advance and were made up of
elements like powdered charcoal, powdered bark and some flavoring agents.
This would be applied to teeth using a simple stick.
The 1960's saw the introduction of fluoride into toothpaste. This development
was followed in the 1980's with the addition of soluble calcium fluoride to
fluoride toothpastes. It is therefore within the last thirty years that toothpastes
contains the two ingredients - calcium and fluoride.
TOOTHPASTE 1: Colgate max white (gel)
Colour: Light blue
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary tests
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Test for Carbonate: To No characteristic Carbonate was
a little of the salt in a dry reaction. absent
test tube, add dil. HCl.
2. Test for Sulphate: To a White precipitate was Sulphate was
few ml. of salt solution add formed. present.
dil. HCl and a few drops of
BaCl2.
3. Test for Phosphate: To Deep yellow precipitate Phosphate was
a little salt solution add was formed. present.
conc. HNO3 and ammonium
molybdate and warm.
4. Test for Nitrate: To a Dark brown fumes were Nitrate was present.
small quantity salt solution evolved.
in a test tube add conc.
H2SO4 and heat.
Confirmatory Tests:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Sulphate: Add acetic acid A white precipitate was Presence of
and lead acetate solution to formed. Sulphate
the original solution. confirmed.
2.Phosphate: Add A white precipitate was Presence of
magnesia mixture to obtained. Phosphate
original solution. confirmed.
3. Brown Ring Test: Add A dark brown ring was Presence of Nitrate
come freshly prepared formed at the junction of confirmed.
Ferrous sulphate to the layers.
original solution and pour a
few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
Confirmatory Tests
Colour: White
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary Tests
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Test for Carbonate: No characteristic Carbonate was absent.
To a little of the salt reaction.
add dil. HCl.
Preliminary Tests
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Test:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Carbonate: To a few White precipitate was Presence of carbonate
ml. of the salt solution add formed. confirmed.
magnesium sulphate
solution.
2. Brown Ring Test: Add A dark brown ring was Presence of Nitrate
come freshly prepared formed at the junction of confirmed.
Ferrous sulphate to the layers.
original solution and pour
a few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
Confirmatory Tests:
1. www.toothpasteworld.com/facts.php
2. www.parentingtoddlers.com/toothpaste.history.html
3. www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/toothpastes