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INVESTIGATORY PROJECT:
ANALYSIS
OF
TOOTHPASTES
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ALHAN HAYAT
KHAN has satisfactorily completed her
Investigatory Project for Chemistry
prescribed for class XII by the Central
Board of Secondary Education in the
Chemistry laboratory of this school in the
year 2022-23
Roll Number-32
AIM
To find out the acid and basic radicals (anions and cations)
present in four different samples of toothpastes.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
• Beakers
• Test tubes
• Glass rod
• Spirit lamp
CHEMICALS REQUIRED
• Dilute hydrochloric acid
• Concentrated hydrochloric acid
• Barium chloride solution
• Concentrated nitric acid
• Ammonium molybdate
• Magnesium sulphate solution
• Magnesia mixture
• Sodium hydroxide
• Sodium sulphide
• Ammonium chloride
• Ammonium hydroxide
• Ammonium carbonate
• Disodium hydrogen phosphate
• Potassium chromate
• Ammonium sulphate
• Ammonium oxalate
• Ammonium phosphate solution
Introduction:
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice to clean and maintain the aesthetics and
health of teeth. Toothpaste is used to promote oral hygiene: it serves as an
abrasive that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth and
delivers active ingredients such as fluoride to help prevent tooth and gum
disease (gingivitis).
Ingredients:
In addition to 20-42% water, toothpastes are derived from a variety of
components, including three main ones: abrasives, fluoride, and detergents.
Abrasives
Abrasives constitute at least 50% of typical toothpaste. These insoluble
particles help remove plaque from the teeth. The removal of plaque prevents
cavities and periodontal disease. Representative abrasives include particles of,
calcium carbonate (CaCO3), various calcium hydrogen phosphates, various
silica and zeolites.
Abrasives, like the dental polishing agents used in dentists' offices, also cause
a small amount of enamel erosion which is termed "polishing" action. Some
brands contain powdered white mica which acts as a mild abrasive, and also
adds a cosmetically-pleasing glittery shimmer to the paste. The polishing of
teeth removes stains from tooth surfaces, but has not been shown to improve
dental health over and above the effects of the removal of plaque.
Fluorides
Fluoride in various forms is the most popular active ingredient in toothpaste to
prevent cavities. Fluoride occurs in small amounts in plants, animals, and
some natural water sources. The additional fluoride in toothpaste has
beneficial effects on the formation of dental enamel and bones. Sodium
fluoride (NaF) is the most common source of fluoride but stannous fluoride
(SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) are also used.
Other components
Antibacterial agents
Triclosan, an antibacterial agent, is a common toothpaste ingredient in the UK.
Triclosan or zinc chloride prevent gingivitis and, according to the American
Dental Association, helps reduce tartar and bad breath. Flavorants
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colorings, and flavors intended to encourage
use of the product. Three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint,
and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in
the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils,
e.g. peppermint oil. More exotic flavors include anise, apricot, bubblegum,
cinnamon, fennel, lavender, neem, ginger, vanilla, lemon, orange, and pine.
Types of Toothpastes
Fluoride Toothpaste
They contain Sodium Fluoride (NaF), Stannous Fluoride (SnF2), or
Monofluorophosphate (MFP2). The fluoride content is about 1,000 parts per
million (ppm). They are all effective in preventing dental caries. Children
toothpaste contains 500ppm fluoride and is usually fruit flavored, which is
suitable for children.
Desensitizing Toothpaste
The active ingredients help seal off the microtubules inside the exposed
dentine (such as exposed root surface due to toothbrush abrasion) to reduce
tooth sensitivity. Active ingredients such as Potassium Nitrate are used by
different product manufacturers. There are many different types of
desensitizing toothpastes marketed by different brand names. Their various
functions depend on different active ingredients they contain.
Anti-calculus toothpaste
The manufacturer claims that the calcification of dental plaque could be
Whitening toothpaste
This kind of toothpaste contains relatively coarse abrasives which function
by abrading the stains on the tooth surface, giving a whitening effect.
However, long term use will result in roughened tooth surfaces, which makes
stains deposit more readily.
History Of Toothpaste
The development of toothpaste began as long ago as 300/500BC in China and
India.
The ancient Egyptian recipe for toothpaste: The world's oldest-known
formula for toothpaste, used more than 1,500 years before Colgate began
marketing the first commercial brand in 1873, has been discovered on a piece
of dusty papyrus in the basement of a Viennese museum.
In faded black ink made of soot and gum Arabic mixed with water, an ancient
Egyptian scribe has carefully described what he calls a "powder for white and
perfect teeth".
When mixed with saliva in the mouth, it forms a "clean tooth paste".
According to the document, written in the fourth century AD, the ingredients
needed for the perfect smile are one drachma of rock salt - a measure equal to
one hundredth of an ounce - two drachmas of mint, one drachma of dried iris
flower and 20 grains of pepper, all of them crushed and mixed together.
Evolution Of Toothpaste
First attempts at tooth cleaning included using abrasives such as crushed bone,
crushed egg and oyster shells, which were used to clean debris from teeth.
Tooth powders were the first noticeable advance and were made up of
elements like powdered charcoal, powdered bark and some flavoring agents.
This would be applied to teeth using a simple stick.
The 1960's saw the introduction of fluoride into toothpaste. This development
was followed in the 1980's with the addition of soluble calcium fluoride to
fluoride toothpastes. It is therefore within the last thirty years that toothpastes
contains the two ingredients - calcium and fluoride.
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Tests:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Flame Test: Make a Brick red flame was Presence of Calcium ion
paste of the salt with observed (Ca2+) confirmed.
conc. HCl. Take a part
of it at the tip of a glass
rod and show it to a non
luminous flame
Ash Test: To the salt Pink ash was observed. Presence of Magnesium
add few drops of conc ion (Mg2+) confirmed.
HNO and a few drops of
dil. Cobalt nitrate and
boil thoroughly. Dip a
filter paper into the
solution and burn the
filter paper to ashes.
TOOTHPASTE 3: Colgate Total
Colour: Blue and White (Striped)
Solubility: Readily soluble in water
Test for Acid Radicals (Anions)
Preliminary Tests
Confirmatory Tests
Confirmatory Test:
EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1.Carbonate: To a few White precipitate was Presence of carbonate
ml. of the salt solution add formed. confirmed.
magnesium sulphate
solution.
2. Brown Ring Test: Add A dark brown ring was Presence of Nitrate
come freshly prepared formed at the junction of confirmed.
Ferrous sulphate to the layers.
original solution and pour
a few drops of conc.
Sulphuric acid.
Test for Basic Radicals (Cations)
Group Detection table:
Confirmatory Tests:
Ash Test: To the salt Pink ash was observed. Presence of Magnesium
add few drops of conc ion (Mg2+) confirmed.
HNO and a few drops of
dil. Cobalt nitrate and
boil thoroughly. Dip a
filter paper into the
solution and burn the
filter paper to ashes.
RESULT
CONCLUSION
1.www.toothpasteworld.com/facts.php
2.www.parentingtoddlers.com/toothpaste.history.html
3.www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/toothpastes