SHUNMUKH KARRA

XII-A, Academic Year: 2023-24

Roll No. 30
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to my
Respected Principal Ma’am, Mrs. Amita Dutta of New Horizon
Public School, New Panvel for her encouragement and for all
the facilities that she provided for this project work on
‘Toothpaste Analysis’ which also encouraged me to do a lot of
research work and learn about new things.

I extend my hearty thanks to my subject teacher Mrs. Smitha

Rajesh ma’am. I take this opportunity to express my deep
sense of gratitude for her invaluable guidance, useful
suggestions and constant encouragement, which has
sustained my efforts at all stages of this project work.

I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to my parents and

friends who helped me to carry out this project work and
thank them for their valuable advice and support, which I
received from time to time.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. Shunmukh Karra of class XII A has

successfully completed the Chemistry Investigatory Project on
‘Toothpaste Analysis’ under the guidance of Mrs. Smitha
Rajesh as prescribed by the CBSE for academic session 2023-
2024.

Signature of Signature of Signature of

Subject Teacher Principal External Examiner

School Stamp
 INDEX

Sr.NO Topic

1. Aim of the project

2. Introduction

3. Materials Required

4. Procedure for Analysis

5. Experimental Images

6. Conclusion

7. Bibliography
 AIM OF THE PROJECT

To find out the presence or absence of the following

(in the form of ions) in toothpastes-

 Calcium
 Iron
 Orthophosphate
 Sulphate
 Magnesium
 Carbonate
 INTRODUCTION
Toothpaste is a vital component of our daily oral hygiene
routine, playing a crucial role in maintaining our dental
health. It is a gel or paste-like substance used with
a toothbrush to clean and maintain the aesthetics and
health of teeth. Toothpastes are specially formulated with
a combination of active ingredients that help prevent
tooth decay, gum diseases, and bad breath, while also
promoting overall oral health.

The primary purpose of toothpaste is to remove plaque,

a sticky film that forms on teeth and contains bacteria.
Plaque can lead to tooth decay and gum disease if not
properly removed. Toothpaste contains abrasive particles
or agents that aid in mechanical plaque removal, gently
scrubbing the teeth's surfaces.

In addition to plaque removal, toothpaste contains

fluoride, a remineralizing agent, that helps strengthen
tooth enamel and prevents cavities.

Toothpaste also incorporates antibacterial agents like

triclosan or essential oils, which help combat harmful
bacteria in the mouth and reduce the risk of gum disease.
Furthermore, many toothpaste variants include ingredients
that promote fresh breath, such as menthol or peppermint
oil.
There are several categories of toothpaste available on the
market today, each catering to specific dental needs and
preferences.
1. Fluoride Toothpaste
2. Whitening Toothpaste
3. Tartar Control Toothpaste
4. Sensitivity Toothpaste
5. Natural Toothpaste
6. Children's Toothpaste
7. Herbal or Ayurvedic Toothpaste
8. Gum Care Toothpaste

 MANUFACTURE
1. Formulation: The formulation of toothpaste involves
determining the recipe and selecting the types and
quantities of ingredients to be used.
2. Mixing: The ingredients are mixed together in large
tanks or mixers to create a homogeneous paste.
3. Addition of Active Ingredients: Active ingredients, such
as fluoride for cavity prevention or desensitizing agents
for tooth sensitivity, are added to the toothpaste
mixture.
4. Quality Control: Throughout the manufacturing
process, quality control measures are implemented to
ensure the toothpaste meets safety and quality
standards.
5. Packaging: The toothpaste is filled into tubes made of
plastic or aluminum.
6. Shipment and Distribution: The packaged toothpaste
tubes are packed into cartons or boxes and prepared
for shipment. They are then distributed to retailers,
dental offices, or other distribution channels for sale to
consumers.

 HISTORY
The use of toothpaste dates back thousands of years,
with evidence of early oral hygiene practices found in
ancient civilizations
Ancient Egyptians are believed to have used a form of
toothpaste as early as 5000 BC. They used a mixture
of crushed pumice stone, wine vinegar and powdered
burnt eggshells to clean their teeth. The Greeks and
Romans also had oral hygiene practices, using
mixtures of various ingredients such as crushed
bones, shells, and herbs.
Also, ancient Indians are likely to have practiced oral
hygiene using natural substances and herbs, as guided
by Ayurvedic principles.

 POSITIVE EFFECTS
Toothpaste offers several beneficial effects when
used as part of a regular oral hygiene routine. It helps
cleanse teeth by mechanically removing plaque and
preventing its buildup, reducing the risk of tooth
decay and gum disease. Toothpaste also freshens
breath by removing bacteria and food particles that
contribute to bad breath. The inclusion of fluoride in
 toothpaste strengthens tooth enamel, promotes
remineralization, and reduces the occurrence of
cavities. For individuals with tooth sensitivity,
desensitizing toothpaste provides relief by blocking
nerve signals. Additionally, whitening toothpaste
helps remove surface stains, promoting a brighter
smile. Certain toothpastes are designed to promote
gum health, control bacteria, and prevent gum
inflammation. Overall, toothpaste not only improves
oral health but also serves as a vehicle for oral
hygiene education, encouraging proper brushing
techniques and regular care for a healthy smile.

 NEGATIVE EFFECTS
While toothpaste is generally safe and beneficial,
there are a few potential adverse effects to be aware
of. Allergic reactions can occur in some individuals
due to certain ingredients, leading to symptoms like
skin irritation or difficulty breathing. Tooth sensitivity
may be aggravated by certain toothpaste brands or
formulations, causing discomfort. Some toothpaste
can cause irritation to the oral tissues, including the
gums and tongue. Excessive ingestion of fluoride from
toothpaste or other sources can lead to fluorosis,
characterized by white spots or discoloration on the
teeth. Additionally, abrasive toothpaste or aggressive
brushing techniques can contribute to tooth enamel
wear and staining.
 MATERIALS
REQUIRED

Apparatus:-
 Test tube
 Test tube stand
 Burner

Chemicals:-
 Hydrochloric Acid
 Dil./Conc. Sulphuric Acid
 Ammonium Chloride
 Ammonium Hydroxide
 Ammonium Oxalate
 Barium Chloride
 Potassium Ferrocyanide
 Potassium Molybdate
 Conc. Nitric Acid
 Trisodium Phosphate


 PROCEDURE FOR
ANALYSIS

TEST FOR CALCIUM

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colgate + NH4Cl Formation of White Calcium is
+ NH4OH + precipitate present
filtered
(NH4)2C2O4
2. Pepsodent + Formation of White Calcium is
NH4CL + NH4OH precipitate present
+ filtered
(NH4)2C2O4
 TEST FOR IRON

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colgate + NH4CL Formation of Brown Iron may
+ NH4OH precipitate be present
Brown ppt + dil. Prussian Blue Presence of
HCl + K4Fe(CN)6 Colour Iron is
confirmed
2. Pepsodent + No Brown Iron is
NH4Cl + NH4OH precipitate absent
 TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colgate + conc. Deep Yellow Phosphate
HNO3 + K2MoO4 Colouration is present
+ Boil

2. Pepsodent + Deep Yellow Phosphate

conc. HNO3 + Colouration is present
K2MoO4 + Boil

TEST FOR SULPHATE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colgate + BaCl2 Formation of White Sulphate is
precipitate present

2. Pepsodent + Formation of White Sulphate is

BaCl2 precipitate present
 TEST FOR MAGNESIUM

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colgate + NH4Cl No White Magnesium
+ NH4OH + precipitate is absent
Na3PO4

2. Pepsodent + No White Magnesium

NH4Cl + NH4OH + precipitate is absent
Na3PO4

TEST FOR CARBONATE

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Colgate + dil. HCl Brisk Effervescence Carbonate
is present

2. Pepsodent + dil. Brisk Effervescence Carbonate

HCl is present
EXPERIMENTAL
IMAGES
 CONCLUSION

Sr.
No. Substance Colgate Pepsodent

1. Calcium Present Present

2. Iron Present Absent

3. Orthophosphate Present Present

4. Sulphate Present Present

5. Magnesium Absent Absent

6. Carbonate Present Present

 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.google.com
2. NCERT LAB MANUAL CLASS 12
3. www.seminarsonly.com
4. www.colgate.com
5. www.pepsodent.com