Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr.

Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

Trigonometry: The word Trigonometry is derived from two Greek words – ‘trigono’
(meaning a triangle) and ‘metron’ (meaning a measure) and hence the literal meaning is ‘the
measurement of a triangle’.

Angles: An angle in trigonometry is defined as the amount of rotation made by a straight line
from one position to another about a point.

Positive Angle Negative Angle

Quadrants: Let two perpendicular lines XOX1 and YOY1 divide the plane into four parts,
each of them being called a quadrant. Y1

Here, Region X1OY1 = 1st quadrant

II I
Region XOY1 = 2nd quadrant
X X1
III O IV
Region XOY = 3rd quadrant

Region X1OY1 = 4th quadrant

Y

Trigonometric Ratios: Let XOY be any angle θ. Now take a point ‘P’ on OY and draw a
perpendicular PM on OX. So a right angled
Y
P
triangle (△OMP) is formed.
Hypotenuse
Here, MP is called Perpendicular, Perpendicular

OP is called Hypotenuse and θ

O X
OM is called Base. Base M

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 Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr. Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

1) The ratio of the perpendicular to the hypotenuse is called ‘Sine of the angle θ’ and is
written as sinθ.
Perpendicular MP
∴ sinθ = =
Hypotenuse OP

2) The ratio of the base to the hypotenuse is called ‘Cosine of the angle θ’ and is written as
cosθ.
Base OM
∴ cosθ = =
Hypotenuse OP

3) The ratio of the perpendicular to the base is called ‘Tangent of the angle θ’ and is written
as tanθ.
Perpendicular MP
∴ tanθ = =
Base OM

4) The ratio of the hypotenuse to the perpendicular is called ‘Cosecant of the angle θ’ and is
written as cosecθ.
Hypotenuse OP 1
∴ cosecθ = = =
Perpendicular MP sinθ

5) The ratio of the hypotenuse to the base is called ‘Secant of the angle θ’ and is written as
secθ.
Hypotenuse OP 1
∴ secθ = = =
Base OM cosθ

6) The ratio of the perpendicular to the base is called ‘Cotangent of the angle θ’ and is
written as cotθ.
Base OM 1
∴ cotθ = = =
Perpendicular MP tanθ

 Some Important Formulas

1 1
(i) sinθ = & cosecθ =
cosecθ sinθ
1 1
(ii) cosθ = & secθ =
secθ cosθ
1 1
(iii) tanθ = & cotθ =
cotθ tanθ
sinθ cosθ
(iv) tanθ = & cotθ =
cosθ sinθ
(v) sin2θ + cos2θ =1 & sin2θ =1 – cos2θ & cos2θ = 1 – sin2θ

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 Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr. Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

(vi) sec2θ – tan2θ = 1 & sec2θ = 1+ tan2θ & tan2θ = sec2θ – 1

(vii) cosec2θ – cot2θ = 1 & cosec2θ = 1 + cot2θ & cot2θ = cosec2θ – 1

Example-1: Prove that (cosecθ – sinθ)(secθ – cosθ)(tanθ + cotθ) = 1

Solution: L.H.S = (cosecθ – sinθ)(secθ – cosθ)(tanθ + cotθ)

1 1 sinθ cosθ
=( – sinθ) ( – cos θ) ( + )
sinθ cosθ cosθ sinθ

1−sin2 θ 1−cos 2 θ sin2 θ+ cos2 θ

=( )( )( )
sinθ cosθ cosθsinθ

cos2 θ sin2 θ 1
=( )( )( ) [∵ sin 2 θ+cos 2 θ =1]
sinθ cosθ cosθsinθ

cos2 θ sin 2 θ
=
cos2 θ sin 2 θ

= 1 = R.H.S [Proved]

sinA 1+cosA
Example-2: Prove that + = 2cosecA
1+ cosA sinA

sinA 1+cosA
Solution: L.H.S = +
1+ cosA sinA

sin2 A+ ( 1+ cosA )2
=
( 1+cosA ) sinA

sin2 A+ 1+ 2cosA + cos2 A

=
( 1+cosA ) sinA

sin2 A+ cos2 A +1+2 cosA

=
( 1+cosA ) sinA

1+1+2 cosA
= ( 1+ cosA ) sinA [∵ sin2 A +cos 2 A=1]

2+ 2cosA 2(1+cosA )
=
( 1+ cosA ) sinA
= ( 1+ cosA ) sinA

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 Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr. Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

2 1
= sinA = 2. sinA

1
= 2cosecA [∵ sinA = cosecA] [Proved]

cosθ sinθ
Example-3: Simplify, +
1−tanθ 1−cotθ

cosθ sinθ
Solution: Given that, +
1−tanθ 1−cotθ

cosθ sinθ
= 1− sinθ + 1− cosθ
cosθ sinθ

cosθ sinθ
= cosθ−sinθ + sinθ−cosθ
cosθ sinθ

cosθ sinθ
= (cosθ × cosθ−sinθ ) + (sinθ × sinθ−cosθ )

cos2 θ sin 2 θ
= +
cosθ−sinθ sinθ−cosθ

cos2 θ sin2 θ
= +
cosθ−sinθ −(cosθ−sinθ )

cos2 θ−sin2 θ
=
(cosθ−sinθ)

( cosθ+ sinθ ) ( cosθ−sinθ )

=
( cosθ−sinθ)

= ( cosθ +sinθ ) [Ans]

tanθ tanθ
Example-4: Show that + = 2cosecθ
secθ−1 secθ +1

tanθ tanθ
Solution: L.H.S = +
secθ−1 secθ +1

sinθ sinθ
cosθ cosθ
= +
1 1
−1 +1
cosθ cosθ

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 Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr. Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

sinθ sinθ
cosθ cosθ
= 1−cosθ + 1+cosθ
cosθ cosθ

sinθ cosθ sinθ cosθ

= cosθ × 1−cosθ + cosθ × 1+ cosθ

sinθ sinθ
= 1−cosθ + 1+ cosθ

1 1
= sinθ[ 1−cosθ + 1+ cosθ ]

1+ cosθ+1−cosθ
= sinθ [ ( 1−cosθ ) (1+cosθ) ]

2
= sinθ × (
1−cos 2 θ )

2 sinθ
= [∵ sin2θ = 1 – cos2θ]
sin 2 θ

2 1
= sinθ = 2. sinθ

= 2cosecθ [showed]

1−sinA
Example-5: Show that
√1+ sinA
= secA – tanA

1−sinA
= 1−sinA . 1−sinA
Solution: L.H.S =
√ 1+ sinA √ 1+ sinA 1−sinA

( 1−sinA ) (1−sinA)
=
√ ( 1+ sinA ) (1−sinA )

(1−sinA )2 √ (1−sinA )2
=
√
( 1−sin2 A )
=
√( 1−sin2 A )
1−sinA 1−sinA
= 2 = 2
√( 1−sin A) √( cos A)

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 Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr. Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

1−sinA 1 sinA
= cosA = –
cosA cosA

= secA – tanA [Showed]

Example-6: If m = tanA + SinA and n = tanA – sinA; then prove that m2 – n2 = 4 √ mn

Solution: L.H.S = m2 – n2 = (tanA + SinA) 2 – (tanA - SinA) 2

= (tanA + sinA + tanA – sinA) (tanA + sinA – tanA + sinA)

= 2tanA × 2sinA

= 4 tanA sinA

R.H.S = 4 √ mn = 4 √ ( tanA +SinA )( t anA – SinA )

= 4 √ tan 2 A−sin2 A

sin 2 A
=4
√ 2
cos A
−sin2 A

sin 2 A−cos 2 A sin2 A

=4
√ cos 2 A

sin 2 A(1−cos 2 A)
=4
√ cos2 A

sin 2 A . sin2 A
=4
√ cos 2 A
[∵ sin2θ = 1 – cos2θ]

sin2 A
√
= 4 sin2 A .
cos2 A

= 4 √ sin 2 A . tan 2 A

=4 sinA tanA; Hence, L.H.S = R.H.S [Proved]

Exercises:

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 Trigonometric Ratio’s Dr. Rashed Al Karim
PhD (Malaysia); MBA(UK)
M.Sc. (CU); B.Sc. (CU)

1) Prove that sinA (1 + tanA) + cosA (1 + cotA) = secA + cosecA

2) Show that (1 + cotθ – cosecθ)(1 +tanθ + secθ) = 2
3) Prove that (sinA + cosecA)2 + (cosA + secA)2 = tan2A + cot2A + 7
1+ cosA
4) Show that
√ 1−cosA
= CosecA + cotA

1 1
5) If secθ = (a + ), then prove that secθ + tanθ = 2a 0r
4a 2a
n 1/ 3
6) If m = cosecA – sinA and n = secA – cosA; then prove that tanA = ( )
m

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