LESSON

INTEGRATION OF
TRIGONOMETRIC
EXPRESSIONS

MATH 14 CALCULUS II

CARAGA STATE UNIVERSITY

 Topic Outline

Integrating ∫ cot 𝑚 𝑛
𝑢 csc 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
.

.
 ∫ cot 𝑚 𝑢 csc 𝑛 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

CASE 1. 𝑛 is an even positive integer.

• Factor out csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 and change the remaining
cosecants to cotangents using trig. identity
csc 2 𝑢 = 1 + cot 2 𝑢

.
CASE 2. 𝑚 is an odd positive integer
• Factor out csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 and change the remaining
.

. even power of the cotangents to cosecants, using

.

.
the same trig. identity cot 2 𝑢 = csc 2 𝑢 − 1
 3
𝑥 4
𝑥 FIRST CASE OR
1. න cot csc 𝑑𝑥
3 3 SECOND CASE

𝑥
𝑢= 3𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
3

𝑥 𝑥
න cot 3 csc 4 𝑑𝑥 = 3 නcot 3 𝑢 csc 4 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3
.

. = 3 නcot 3 𝑢 csc 2 𝑢 csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

.

. = 3 නcot 3 𝑢 (1 + cot 2 u) csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

.
 𝑥 𝑥
න cot 3
csc 4
𝑑𝑥 = 3 නcot 3 𝑢 (1 + cot 2 u) csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3 3

= 3 නcot 3 𝑢 csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 3 නcot 5 𝑢 csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑣 = cot 𝑢
= −3 න𝑣 3 𝑑𝑢 − 3 න𝑣 5 𝑑𝑢
−𝑑𝑣 = csc 2 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
3𝑣 4 3𝑣 6
=− − +𝐶
4 6
.

.
4𝑥 6𝑥
3 cot cot
.
=− 3− 3+𝐶
.
4 2
.

.
 cot 3 (ln 𝑥)
2. න 𝑑𝑥 SECOND CASE
4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥
cot 3 (ln 𝑥) 1 3 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = නcot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = නcot 3 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4𝑥 4 4
1
.
= නcot 2 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
.
4
.

1
= න csc 2 𝑢 − 1 csc 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 csc −1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
.

.
4
.
 cot 3 (ln 𝑥) 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = න csc 2 𝑢 − 1 csc 𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑢 csc −1 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
4𝑥 4
1 1 csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢
= නcsc 𝑢 csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − න 𝑑𝑢
4 4 csc 𝑢

𝑣 = csc 𝑢 −𝑑𝑣 = csc 𝑢 cot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 1
= − න𝑣 𝑑𝑣 − නcot 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
.
4 4
.

.
1 𝑣2 1
. =− − ln sin u + C
.
4 2 4
.
 cot 3 (ln 𝑥) 1 𝑣2 1
න 𝑑𝑥 = − − ln sin u + C
4𝑥 4 2 4

𝑣2 1
= − − ln sin u + C
8 4

.
csc 2 (ln 𝑥) 1
=− − ln |sin(ln 𝑥)| + 𝐶
.
8 4
.

.
 .