ASM Class Notes Part 1

Topic
Shear Flow in Open Sections

Part 3
Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by
B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

Course Code : U18PCAE501/ U18PCAS501 Assistant Professor,
Department of Aeronautical Engg., BIHER
Course Name : Aircraft Structural Mechanics hamzanaseem.aero@bharathuniv.ac.in
Syllabus
CO 1 Compute the bending stress
distribution in beams of symmetric and
unsymmetrical sections. (Apply)
CO 2 Calculate the shear flow
distribution in symmetrical and
unsymmetrical thin-walled open section
and its shear center. (Apply)

distribution in thin walled single and
multi-cell structures subjected to
combined loading. (Apply)
CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

of thin plates and effective width of sheet
stiffener panels. (Apply)
CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

aircraft wings and fuselage. (Analyze)
Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Topics to be covered in today’s lecture
➢Shear flow in open section due to shear loads

➢Example problem

Shear flow in open section due to shear loads
𝜕𝜎𝑠 𝜕𝑞
(1) 𝑡 + = 0; 𝜎𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑠, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝜎𝑧 𝜕𝑞
(2) 𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠
𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑥−𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑥𝑦 𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦−𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑦
(3) 𝜎𝑧 = 2 𝑥+ 2 𝑦
𝐼𝑥𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦 −𝐼𝑥𝑦 𝐼𝑥𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦 −𝐼𝑥𝑦
• Sx & Sy are externally applied shear forces

passing through SC
• Local co-ordinate (s, t)
• Open section ➔ can’t sustain P At free surface, shear flow is zero ➔ q(fs) = 0
➔ ss = 0
Example problem
b 1. Find CG (from extreme left and bottom)
t
x_bar = (2*b*t*b/2 + ht*t/2)/(2*bt+ht) = b2/(2b+h)

h y_bar = h/2
2. Find Ixx & Iyy (while Ixy = 0)
Ixx = 2*bt3/12+ 2*bt*h2/4 + th3/12 = bt*h2/2 + th3/12
Iyy = 2*tb3/12 + 2*bt(b/2 - x_bar)2 + ht3/12 + ht*(x_bar-t/2)2
Subjected to shear loads Sx &

Sy which are assumed to be b/2 –b2/(2b+h) = (b2+bh/2-b2)/(2*(2b+h)) = 0.25*bh/(2b+h)
passing through SC
ht(x_bar2+t2/4-x_bar*t) = ht*x_bar2 = htb4/(2b+h)2
Find shear flow distribution Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem
s
x b 4
3 t
h One axis of symmetry ➔ Ixy = 0
x
Bottom flange (1-2): x =(b-x_bar-s) & y=-h/2
2 1
𝑠
s
𝑞𝑠 − 0 = න (𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠
0
𝑠
Web: x = - x_bar & y=-h/2 + s 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞2 = න (𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠

2
𝑠
Top flange: x = s- x_bar & y=h/2 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞3 = න (𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠
3
Topic

Part 4

Syllabus




➢Locating shear center

➢Example problem - 1

Shear flow and shear center
At free surface, shear flow is zero ➔ q(fs) = 0
y Sy
q
Sx
CG x SC == (m,n)
• Sx & Sy are applied shear forces q

passing through SC
• Open section ➔ can’t sustain P
How to find the location of shear center?
➔ ss = 0
Locating shear center
❑If the external shear loads are applied through the SC then the resulting shear flow is due to
shear loads only ( no twisting component)
➔ M @ any point in the cross-section produced by the shear flow (q)
= M of the applied shear loads (Sx & Sy) @ the same point. ෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0
𝑠
y Sy
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 + 𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛
0
q
Sx  = S/A = S/(l*t)
𝜌
CG x SC == (m,n)
t = q (shear flow)
q *t*l = q*l = shear force

Locating shear center: steps
❑For x-section with DAoS ➔ CG = SC
❑ Other known cases were discussed in previous classes
❑See if your x-section has any axis of symmetry
❑If YES then SC will lie on this AoS, however, its co-ordinate can be found by below expression
➢ Numerical calculation can be reduce by choosing a suitable point about which the moment is calculated
𝑠 𝑠
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 OR න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛
0 0
❑If NO then apply Sx and Sy in steps and correspondingly find the respective co-ordinate of SC
𝑠 𝑠
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 AND න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛
0 0

Example problem -1
s 4
b
t ❑Has x axis as AoS ➔ SC would lie on x-axis ➔ (m,n) == (m,0)
q Sy
SC == (m,0)
One axis of symmetry ➔ Ixy = 0; Sx = 0
q
1
s
Ixx = bt*h2/2 + th3/12
𝑡𝑆𝑦 𝑠
Bottom flange (1-2): y=-h/2 𝑞𝑠 − 0 = − න −ℎ/2 𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0
𝑡𝑆𝑦 𝑠
Top flange (3-4): y=h/2 𝑞𝑠 − 0 = − න +ℎ/2 𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0
Example problem -1
b
t Either top or bottom
q Sy 𝑡𝑆𝑦 𝑠 ℎ ℎ𝑡𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑠 − 0 = න 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑠
h
𝐼𝑥𝑥 0 2 2𝐼𝑥𝑥
SC == (m,0) Ixx = bt*h2/2 + th3/12

q 𝑆𝑦 6𝑠𝑆𝑦
1 𝑞𝑠 = 2
𝑠=
𝑏ℎ + ℎ /6 6𝑏ℎ + ℎ2
s
𝑠 𝑏 𝑏
12𝑠𝑆𝑦
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 2 න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ ℎ/2 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 න 2
𝑑𝑠 ∗ ℎ/2 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚
0 0 0 6𝑏ℎ + ℎ
𝑏
𝑏
6𝑠 6 3𝑏2
න 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 න 𝑠𝑑𝑠 = 𝑚 =𝑚
6𝑏 + ℎ 0 ℎ(6𝑏/ℎ + 1)
0 6𝑏 + ℎ
Topic

Part 5

Syllabus




➢Example problem – 1
➢Example problem - 2

Shear flow and shear center
At free surface, shear flow is zero ➔ q(fs) = 0
y Sy
q
Sx
CG x SC == (m,n)
• Sx & Sy are applied shear forces q

passing through SC
How to find the location of shear center?
➔ ss = 0
Locating shear center
❑If the external shear loads are applied through the SC then the resulting shear flow is due to
shear loads only ( no twisting component)
➔ M @ any point in the cross-section produced by the shear flow (q)
= M of the applied shear loads (Sx & Sy) @ the same point. ෍ 𝑀𝑧 = 0
𝑠
y Sy
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 + 𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛
0
q
Sx  = S/A = S/(l*t)
𝜌
CG x SC == (m,n)
t = q (shear flow)
q *t*l = q*l = shear force

Locating shear center: steps
❑For x-section with DAoS ➔ CG = SC
❑ Other known cases were discussed in previous classes
❑See if your x-section has any axis of symmetry
❑If YES then SC will lie on this AoS, however, its co-ordinate can be found by below expression
➢ Numerical calculation can be reduce by choosing a suitable point about which the moment is calculated
𝑠 𝑠
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 OR න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛
0 0
❑If NO then apply Sx and Sy in steps and correspondingly find the respective co-ordinate of SC
𝑠 𝑠
න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 AND න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑥 ∗ 𝑛
0 0

Example problem -1
y 1. CG = center of slotted circle
2. One axis of symmetry so SC would lie on x-axis
3. Ixy=0
Sy
R s
Sx
O (m,0)
x
4. For SC, apply only Sy
t
5. Need to calculate Ixx only

• Find shear center
• Shear flow distribution due to Sx and Sy 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝜋𝑡𝑅 3
applied at SC 𝑆𝑦 𝜃
6. Now qs 𝑞𝑠=𝜃 =− 3
න 𝑡(𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃) 𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑡𝑅 0
Example problem -1
𝑆𝑦 𝜃 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝜃 = − න 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = cosθ − cos0 = cosθ − 1
𝜋𝑅 0 𝜋𝑅 𝜋𝑅
𝑠
7. Taking moment about CG න 𝑞𝑑𝑠 ∗ 𝜌 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚
0
2𝜋
𝑅𝑆𝑦 2𝜋
න 𝑞𝑅𝑑𝜃 ∗ 𝑅 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚 ⇒ න cosθ − 1 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑆𝑦 ∗ 𝑚
0 𝜋 0
𝑅
−2𝜋 − 0 = 𝑚 ⇒ 𝑚 = −2𝑅
𝜋
8. Shear distribution due to Sy

𝑆𝑦
𝑞𝑦𝜃 = cosθ − 1
𝜋𝑅
Example problem -1
9. Shear distribution due to Sx only
𝑆𝑥 𝑠
𝑞𝑠𝑥 =− න 𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑠
𝐼𝑦𝑦 0
𝑆𝑥 𝜃 𝑡𝑅2𝑆𝑥 𝜃 𝑆𝑥
𝑞𝜃𝑥 =− න 𝑡𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = − 3 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑞𝜃𝑥 = [𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0]
𝐼𝑦𝑦 0 𝑅 𝑡𝜋 0 𝜋𝑅
Total shear flow distribution 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑥

𝑞 = 𝑞𝜃𝑥 + 𝑞𝜃𝑦 = cosθ − 1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜋𝑅 𝜋𝑅

Calculation of MoI
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴 = න[𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + ]2 𝑑𝑠 𝑡 = න 𝑅 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 𝑡
2 0 x ds
R
2𝜋 dƟ
3 2 3 y
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝑡𝑅 න 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑡𝑅 Ɵ
0
2𝜋
𝑑𝜃
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 = න[𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + ]2 𝑑𝑠 𝑡 = න 𝑅 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 𝑡
2 0
2𝜋
𝐼𝑦𝑦 = 𝑡𝑅 3 න 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝜋𝑡𝑅 3
0

Topic

Part 7

Syllabus




➢Effects of Structural Idealization on

➢ Bending stress calculations
➢ Shear flow calculations due to shear loads in open x-sections

Bending stress calculations
❑ Structural idealization ➔ valid for thin walled x-section (open or closed)
❑ Flanges take most of bending stress and web takes most of the shear stress
❑ Booms takes all the bending stress 𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑥−𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑥𝑦 𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦−𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 2 x+ 2 y
𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦 − 𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑦
sz @ (x,y)
sz @ (x,y)
Solid section
Thin-walled open & closed x-section
Bending stress calculations
𝜎𝑧𝑧 = 2 x+ 2 y
𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑥 − 𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 =
𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦 − 𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑦
➢ CG calculation gets changed

➢ MoI calculations get change
➢ 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = σ 𝐴𝑦2; 𝐼𝑦𝑦 = σ 𝐴𝑥2; 𝐼𝑥𝑦 = σ 𝐴𝑥𝑦
➢ BS distribution gets accumulated at booms
only due to lumping of area
Bending stress: boomed structure
❑ Types of problems which could be presented to you
➢ Find equivalent boomed structure for the given thin-walled structure subjected to bending
➢ Find the bending stress distribution in a given boomed structure subjected to bending
❑ For the first problem then
➢ Ensure that ymax remains same b/w the two structures + + +
S
1 M = S* I * 2/d
S
d/2
For Moment Equilibrium
S* I * 2/d = S*A*d
2 M = S*A*d d
A = 2I/d2 1 2
Ixx = A*(d/2)2 * 2 MoI of 2nd config = MoI of 1st config
Ixx = A*d2 /2 S
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER S
Structural idealization: how to do that
Bending
Idealization should n’t affect

• Max and min vals of bending stress
• NA location
• Force and Moment equilibrium
May or may not affect

• CG
• MoI
= A* (distance b/w LCG and GCG)2
Topic

Part 9

Syllabus




➢ Bending stress ➔ obtained boomed structures ➔ distribution (DONE)
➢ Shear flow distribution in open x-sections subjected to shear loads

Shear flow in open section due to shear loads
(1) 𝑡 + = 0; 𝜎𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑠, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
(2) 𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠
𝜎𝑧 = 2 𝑥+ 2 𝑦
𝜕𝑀𝑦
• Sx & Sy are externally applied shear forces ; 𝑆𝑥 =
𝜕𝑧
passing through SC
➔ ss = 0
Shear flow in open boomed section
• Sx & Sy through SC ➔ SF and BM @ x-x
• Boom takes all szz ➔ t = 0 in b/w two booms
𝜎𝑧 = 2 𝑥𝑟 + 2 𝑦𝑟
𝜕𝑀𝑦
; 𝑆𝑥 =
𝜕𝑧
Shear flow: P-method
• Sx & Sy through SC ➔ SF and BM @ x-x
• Boom takes all szz ➔ t = 0 in b/w two booms
𝜎𝑧𝐵𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟
P Direct load in rth boom
Change in P over length z
SF ➔ constant along the span of beam

P+dP/dz*dz
1. Find sz at one section then x by BA ➔ P1
F
2. Find sz at another section at unit length
away from 1st section then x by BA ➔ P2
SF = - F; BM = Fx 3. ΔP = q2-q1
Example problem
Direct method
P-method
4.8 kN
BM = 4.8 kNmm @ 1 -> BM = 0
@ 2 -> BM = - 4.8 kNmm
2 1
SF =4.8 kN
𝑃𝑟 = 𝜎𝑧𝐵𝑟 𝜎𝑧 = 2 𝑥𝑟 + 2 𝑦𝑟
4.8 kN
@ 1 -> BM = 0 ➔ Pr = 0
@ 2 -> BM = - 4.8 kNmm ➔ Pr = non zero
SF = 4.8 kN; BM = -4.8N 1mm Pr@2-Pr@1 = ΔP = q2-q1

Topic

Part 10

Syllabus




➢ Bending stress ➔ obtained boomed structures ➔ distribution (DONE)
➢ Example Problem (DONE)
➢Shear flow distribution in open x-sections subjected to shear loads (DONE)
➢Example Problem

Example problem
s
t
2
200 1
y
x
400
3 4
200
Boom Area = 300 mm2
Back calculate the t of TW x-section

Example problem
Calculation of t → thickness of TWS Shear flow distribution in TWS
Ixx of BS = 48x106 mm4 ----- (1)

Ixx = 2*[200*t3/12+200*t*2002]+t*4003/12 ----- (2)
Equation Eqn. (1) and (2) gives t = 1.29 mm == 1.3 mm
Ixy=0; Sx = 0; Sy = 4.8 kN
Verification of CG
CG of BS
x_bar = 50 mm from web
y_bar = 200 mm from center of web • Top flange: y = 200 mm; t = 1.3 mm
CG of TWS 4800𝑥1.3𝑥200 𝑠
x_bar = (200*1.3*100+200*1.3*100 + 400*1.3*1.3/2)/800/1.3 𝑞𝑠 = − න 𝑑𝑠 = −0.026 ∗ 𝑠 𝑁/𝑚𝑚
48𝑥106 0
x_bar = 50.3 mm from web
➔ qs @ 2 = q2 = -0.026*200 = - 5.2 N/mm
y_bar= 200 mm from center of web (symmetry)

Example problem
Shear flow distribution in TWS Shear flow distribution in TWS
• Web: y = 200-s mm; t = 1.3 mm • Bottom flange: y = -200 mm; t = 1.3 mm
4800𝑥1.3 𝑠 4800𝑥1.3𝑥200 𝑠
𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞𝑠@2 = − න (200 − 𝑠)𝑑𝑠 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞3 = න 𝑑𝑠
48𝑥106 0 48𝑥106 0
𝑞𝑠 − −5.2 = −0.00013 ∗ [200𝑠 − 0.5𝑠2] 𝑁
𝑞𝑠 − −5.2 = 0.026 ∗ 𝑠
• qs @ 2 = q2 = - 5.2 N/mm 𝑚𝑚
• qs @ CL = qCL = - 0.00013*[200*200-20000]-5.2 • qs @ 3 = q3 = - 5.2 N/mm
qCL = - 7.8 N/mm • qs @ 4 = q4 = 5.2 - 5.2 = 0 N/mm
• qs @ 3 = q3=- 0.00013*[200*400-80000]-5.2
q3 = - 5.2 N/mm
Example problem
s
A = 0.5 * 5.2 * 200 = 520 N
t
2
200 1
y
x
400
A = 5.2*400 + 8/3* (7.8-5.2)^2*400
3 200
4
A = 0.5 * 5.2 * 200 = 520 N

Example problem
Shear flow distribution in BS
Ixy=0; Sx = 0; Sy = 4.8 kN
𝑆𝑥
𝑞2 − 𝑞1 = − Br ∗ yr
𝐼𝑥𝑥
Before B1➔ q=0
@B1 ➔ q@B-qBB = q1 – 0 = -4800/48000000*300*200
@B1 ➔ q1 = -6 N/mm
Before B2 ➔ qBB=q1=-6 N/mm

@B2 ➔ q@B-qBB = q2 – q1 = - 4800/480000000*300*200
@B2 ➔ q2 = -12 N/mm
Example problem
Shear flow distribution in BS
Ixy=0; Sx = 0; Sy = 4.8 kN
𝑆𝑥
𝑞2 − 𝑞1 = − Br ∗ yr A = 6 * 200 = 1200 N
𝐼𝑥𝑥
Before B3➔ qBB =q2= -12 N/mm
@B3 ➔ q@B-qBB = q3 – q2
= -4800/48000000*300*(-200) A = 12*400 = 4800 N
@B3 ➔ q3 = -6 N/mm
Before B4 ➔ qBB=q3=-6 N/mm

@B4 ➔ q@B-qBB = q4 – q3
= -4800/480000000*300*(-200)
@B4 ➔ q4 = 0 N/mm

Example problem
P-method
4.8 kN
BM = 4.8 kNmm @ A-A -> BM = 0
@ B-B -> BM = - 4.8 kNmm
B A
SF =4.8 kN
@ A-A -> BM = 0 ➔ Pr = 0
@ B-B -> BM = - 4.8 kNmm ➔ Pr = non zero @ each boom
4.8 kN A 𝑃𝑟 = 𝜎𝑧𝐵𝑟 𝜎𝑧 = 2
𝐼𝑥𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦 −𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑥𝑟 + 2
𝐼𝑥𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦 −𝐼𝑥𝑦
𝑦𝑟
B
Ixy=0; My = 0; Mx =-4.8 kNmm 𝑀𝑥

𝜎𝑧@𝐵 = 𝑦𝑟
SF = 4.8 kN; BM = -4.8N 1mm A
𝐼𝑥𝑥
B Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Example problem
𝑀𝑥
𝑃𝑟@𝐵 = 𝐵𝑟𝑦𝑟
𝐼𝑥𝑥
Pr@B1 = - 4.8 *1000/48000000 * 300 * 200 Pr@BB-Pr@AA = ΔP = q2-q1 = q12

Pr@B1 = -6 N
q12= -6-0 = -6 N/mm
Pr@B2 = - 4.8 *1000/48000000 * 300 * 200 q23 = -6-0 - 6 = -12 N/mm
Pr@B2 = -6 N q34 = 6-12 = -6 N/mm
Pr@B3 = - 4.8 *1000/48000000 * 300 * (-200)
Pr@B3 = 6 N
Pr@B4 = - 4.8 *1000/48000000 * 300 * (-200)

Pr@B4 = 6 N

Topic
Shear Flow in Closed

Sections
Part 1

Syllabus




➢Types of cross-sections and torsion

➢Bredt-Batho theory

Torsion & cross-section
Solid cylinder Thick hollow cylinder Square Triangle Rectangle
Studied in SOM Will study in ToE course
Thin hollow
cylinder
Thin-walled
closed section Boomed Not in
Multi cell syllabus
Will study now
Bredt-Batho theory
q
q+dq/dz*dz
(1) 𝑡 + = 0; 𝜎𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑠, 𝑡)
Refer Unit 2, lecture-3 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
slides for derivation
𝜕𝜎𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞
• Thin-walled closed x-section subjected to T
(2) 𝑡 + = 0; = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑡)
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠
• No internal pressure is applied ➔ 𝜎𝑠 = 0
• BCs are far & no direct stress➔ 𝜎𝑧 = 0
If t = constant ➔ q = constant
• ‘t’ is not varying in most cases along ‘s’ along the periphery
Shear flow and rate of twist: torsional loading
❑Relationship between the applied T and the constant shear flow q is derived by
considering the torsional equilibrium
Moment Eqm about z axis passing through O
If q is constant
Where A is the enclosed area
Rate of twist

Topic

Sections
Part 2

Syllabus




➢Bredt-Batho theory – example problems

Example problem-1
Shear flow
Thin hollow q=T/2A = 15*1000*1000/(2*pi/4*200*200) = 14.9 N/mm
cylinder
Rate of twist 𝑇
= 2 ර 𝑑𝑠
4𝐴 𝐺𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝑅 𝑑𝜃
d= 200 mm; t=2 mm 𝑑𝜃 𝑇 2𝜋
𝑇
T=15 kNm = 2 න 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = 2 2𝜋𝑅 s
𝑑𝑧 4𝐴 𝐺𝑡 0 4𝐴 𝐺𝑡
0
GAl=62 GPa
Gst = 160 Gpa RoT = 15*1000*1000/(4*A*A*2*62*1000)*2*pi*(d/2)
RoT = 0.000154 rad/mm for Al
Find q, rate of twist Twist @ l (=2m) = 0.000154*2000 rad
& twist if l= 2m for each material Twist @ l (=2m) = 0.308 rad = 17.7 deg
Example problem-2 – multi cell
t1
❑ Assumed shear flow direction
t2 10 mm
A1 t3 A q2
T 3
19.5 A2 q1
32 mm q1 -q2 q2-q3 7.5 mm
q3
30.8 mm q2
The given wing section is subjected to Torque

❑ Applied torque will be resisted by shear flow system
of 120 kNm. Find the shear flow distribution.
Area of each cell and thickness are indicated T = 2A1q1 + 2A2q2 + 2A3q3
and given below. G = 150 Gpa.
➔ 120*1000*1000 = 2*150q1 + 2*600*q2 + 2*108*q3
t1 = 1 mm A1 = 150 mm2
➔ 1200000 = 3*q1 + 12*q2 + 2.16*q3 (1)
t2 = 3 mm A2 = 600 mm2
❑ Rate of twist of each cell will be given by
t3 = 2 mm A3 = 108 mm2

𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞
⇒ = ර 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑧 𝐺𝐴 𝑡
Rate of twist of for cell-1
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞 1 𝑞1 𝑞1−𝑞2 38.5𝑞1−6.5𝑞2
𝑑𝑧 1
= ‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬
𝐺𝐴1 𝑡
= 150∗1000∗150 𝑡1
∗ 32 + 𝑡2 ∗ 19.5 = 150∗1000∗150
A

𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞 1 𝑞1 − 𝑞2 𝑞2 𝑞2 − 𝑞3 𝑞2
= ර 𝑑𝑠 = − ∗ 19.5 + ∗ 30.8 + ∗ 19.5 + ∗ 30.8
𝑑𝑧 2
𝐺𝐴2 𝑡 150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 600 𝑡2 𝑡1 𝑡3 𝑡1
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞 −6.5𝑞1 + 77.85𝑞2 − 9.75𝑞3

= ර 𝑑𝑠 = B
𝑑𝑧 2
𝐺𝐴2 𝑡 150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 600
𝑑𝜃 1 𝑞 1 𝑞2−𝑞3 𝑞3 37.25𝑞3−9.75𝑞2
= ‫𝑠𝑑 ׯ‬ = − 𝑡3 ∗ 19.5 + 𝑡1 ∗ (10 + 7.5 + 10) = 150∗1000∗108
𝑑𝑧 3 𝐺𝐴3 𝑡 150∗1000∗108

C
For compatibility of twist (deformation)
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
= = 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑧 2 3
38.5𝑞1 − 6.5𝑞2 −6.5𝑞1 + 77.85𝑞2 − 9.75𝑞3

A=B =
150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 150 150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 600 3 Eqn in q1, q2, q3
−6.5𝑞1 + 77.85𝑞2 − 9.75𝑞3 −9.75𝑞2 + 37.25𝑞3
B=C =
150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 600 150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 108 ➔ Solve any two of them
38.5𝑞1 − 6.5𝑞2 −9.75𝑞2 + 37.25𝑞3
A=C =
150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 150 150 ∗ 1000 ∗ 108 with Eqn 1

Topic

Sections
Part 2

Syllabus




➢Shear flow distribution in thin-walled closed section – single cell

➢Due to torsional load – BBT (DONE)
➢Due to shear loads applied at the shear center
➢Due to shear loads not applied at the shear center – combined bending
(shear) and torsional loading

Shear flow in closed section due to shear loads
q
q+dq/dz*dz
(1) 𝑡 + = 0; 𝜎𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑠, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
• Thin-walled closed x-section subjected to 𝜕𝜎𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝜎𝑧

(2) 𝑡 + = 0; ⇒ = −𝑡
shear loads applied at shear center 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
• BCs are far but due to BM ➔ 𝜎𝑧  0 𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑥−𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑥𝑦 𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦−𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑦
• Local co-ordinate (s, t) 𝜎𝑧 = 2 𝑥+ 2 𝑦
• ‘t’ is not varying in most cases along ‘s’
𝜕𝑀𝑦
; 𝑆𝑥 =
𝜕𝑧
From EL and SF, BM relation

❑ Substituting in EoE
𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠
❑ Multiplying either side by ds and then integration
Shear flow
qs,0 is non zero since at s-location
@s=0, it is not free surface Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
Steps to calculate shear flow in closed section
qs = qs,cs = qs,os + qs,0 qs,os = f(s,t) & qs,0 = Constant
qs,0 is obtained using moment Eqm between external and internal moment about shear center or
any other point (such as CG) within the plane of x-section
Moment About CG 2A
s,cs
Area of triangle
CG
δA= 0.5*p*ds s,os
ර 𝛿 𝐴 = 0.5 ර 𝑝𝑑𝑠
2𝐴 = ‫𝑠𝑑𝑝 ׯ‬ s,os
SC
Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER Solving this Eqn will give qs,0
Moment About SC 2A
s,cs
Sy
CG
Solving this Eqn will give qs,0 0 s,os
SC Sx
0
s,os
If SC lies outside of x-section

ds
CG CG
Sy Sy
-ve Area
p
ds
p
+ve Area
SC Sx SC Sx
Shear flow distribution when SLs not at SC
Sy Sy T
SC
SC
(m,n)
Transfer the SLs to SC
(m,n) Sx
(x,y)
Sx (x,y)
CG
Get accompanied with T CG

Shear flow distribution when SLs not at SC
❑Relationship between the applied T and the constant shear flow q is derived by
considering the torsional equilibrium
Moment Eqm about z axis passing through O
If q is constant
Where A is the enclosed area
Rate of twist

Topic

Sections
Part 3

Syllabus




➢Shear flow distribution in thin-walled closed section – single cell

➢Due to torsional load – BBT (DONE)
➢Due to shear loads– combined bending (shear) and torsional loading

q
q+dq/dz*dz
(1) 𝑡 + = 0; 𝜎𝑠 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = 𝑞(𝑠, 𝑡)
𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
• Thin-walled closed x-section subjected to 𝜕𝜎𝑧 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝑞 𝜕𝜎𝑧

(2) 𝑡 + = 0; ⇒ = −𝑡
shear loads 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑠 𝜕𝑧
• BCs are far but due to BM ➔ 𝜎𝑧  0 𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑥−𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑥𝑦 𝑀𝑥𝐼𝑦𝑦−𝑀𝑦𝐼𝑥𝑦
• Local co-ordinate (s, t) 𝜎𝑧 = 2 𝑥+ 2 𝑦
• ‘t’ is not varying in most cases along ‘s’
𝜕𝑀𝑦
; 𝑆𝑥 =
𝜕𝑧
From EL and SF, BM relation

❑ Substituting in EoE
𝑡 + =0
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑠
❑ Multiplying either side by ds and then integration
Shear flow
qs,0 is non zero since at s-location
@s=0, it is not free surface Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER
qs = qs,cs = qs,os + qs,0 qs,os = f(s,t) & qs,0 = Constant
qs,0 is obtained using moment Eqm between external and internal moment about shear center or
any other point (such as CG or PoLA) within the plane of x-section
Moment About CG 2A
s,cs
Area of triangle
CG
δA= 0.5*p*ds s,os
ර 𝛿 𝐴 = 0.5 ර 𝑝𝑑𝑠
2𝐴 = ‫𝑠𝑑𝑝 ׯ‬ s,os
PoLA Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER Solving this Eqn will give qs,0
Moment About PoLA 2A
Sy s,cs
CG
Solving this Eqn will give qs,0 0 s,os
Sx
PoLA
0
s,os
If PoLA lies outside of x-section

ds
CG CG
Sy Sy
-ve Area
p
ds
p
+ve Area
PoLA Sx PoLA Sx

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Topic

Shear Flow in Open Sections

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

➢Shear flow in open section due to shear loads

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

• Sx & Sy are externally applied shear forces

x_bar = (2*b*t*b/2 + ht*t/2)/(2*bt+ht) = b2/(2b+h)

2. Find Ixx & Iyy (while Ixy = 0)

Ixx = 2*bt3/12+ 2*bt*h2/4 + th3/12 = bt*h2/2 + th3/12

Iyy = 2*tb3/12 + 2*bt(b/2 - x_bar)2 + ht3/12 + ht*(x_bar-t/2)2

Subjected to shear loads Sx &

h One axis of symmetry ➔ Ixy = 0

Web: x = - x_bar & y=-h/2 + s 𝑞𝑠 − 𝑞2 = න (𝑘1 𝑥 − 𝑘2 𝑦) 𝑑𝑠

Shear Flow in Open Sections

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

➢Locating shear center

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

At free surface, shear flow is zero ➔ q(fs) = 0

• Sx & Sy are applied shear forces q

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

SC == (m,0) Ixx = bt*h2/2 + th3/12

Shear Flow in Open Sections

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

At free surface, shear flow is zero ➔ q(fs) = 0

• Sx & Sy are applied shear forces q

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

5. Need to calculate Ixx only

8. Shear distribution due to Sy

Total shear flow distribution 𝑆𝑦 𝑆𝑥

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

Shear Flow in Open Sections

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

B. Tech Aerospace Engineering Dr. Hamza Naseem

CO 3 Calculate the shear flow

CO 4 Compute the crippling strength

CO 5 Analyze the stress developed in

Text book: Aircraft Structures by THG Megson

➢Effects of Structural Idealization on

Department of Aeronautical Engineering, BIHER

➢ CG calculation gets changed

Idealization should n’t affect

May or may not affect

Shear Flow in Open Sections

Program : B. Tech Aeronautical Engineering Prepared by

x_bar = (2bt*b/2 + htt/2)/(2bt+ht) = b2/(2b+h)

Ixx = 2bt3/12+ 2bth2/4 + th3/12 = bth2/2 + th3/12

Iyy = 2tb3/12 + 2bt(b/2 - x_bar)2 + ht3/12 + ht*(x_bar-t/2)2

Pr@B1 = - 4.8 1000/48000000 300 * 200 Pr@BB-Pr@AA = ΔP = q2-q1 = q12

Pr@B4 = - 4.8 1000/48000000 300 * (-200)