Reading and Reporting Structural and

Geotechnical’s News/Paper

GROUP 2
Andang Ikhsan Syafrudin 19/446997/SV/16716
Maulidina Aulia Rachma 19/447020/SV/16739
Azzahra Ja’anura Sejati Kinanti Fauzi 20/457124/SV/17571
Isnaini Agilsyahrani 20/464158/SV/18477

TEKNIK PENGELOLAAN DAN PEMELIHARAAN

INFRASTRUKTUR SIPIL
DEPARTEMEN TEKNIK SIPIL
SEKOLAH VOKASI
UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
2021
 STRUCTURAL NEWS REPORT
NIGERIA BUILDING COLLAPSE: AT LEAST 36 FATALITIES
Authored by: thestructuralengineer.info
November 01, 2021

A 21-storey building which was under construction in the Ikoyi district of Lagos
crumbled on Monday afternoon, trapping dozens of people working on the site. The death toll
from the collapse of the high-rise building in an upscale area of Nigeria’s commercial capital
Lagos has risen to 36, 33 males and 3 female have been confirmed dead, while there were 9
survivors.
The cause of the incident has yet to be established, but building collapses are common
in Africa’s most populous country. Poor workmanship and materials and a lack of official
oversight are often blamed.
The large number of people in Africa causes large demands for fulfillment of needs,
including the need for housing in a short period of time on a regular basis, but these needs are
not matched by adequate human resources. These needs are not matched by human resources,
so that Africans often build houses with less skilled workers, poor materials and lack of
supervision causing the building to collapse.
Recognition from Lagos State Government Babajide Sanwo-Olu proves that there is a
lack of concern in supervising development in the governor’s area. So him had to investigate
the cause of the damage to the building first.
In a building project, we must have worker certification and the quality of worker in
understanding the building’s material. We also can’t careless in monitoring and being
responsible for each other’s jobdesk.
 GEOTECHNICAL TEXTBOOK REPORT

A. Cover Page
The Tittle : Geotechnical Engineering
The Author : Civil Engineering for All
The year of publication : 2019
Chapter : 2 Composition of Soil Terminology and Definitions
Heading : 2.1 Composition of Soil
Page : 12 - 13
Source :
https://drive.google.com/file/d/16yFPkIgyveDuMR13NLwfevJBqXQVyzuX/view
Password : CivilEnggForAll

B. Introduction
Soil is a complex physical system. In generally speaking, it is a three-phase
system, mineral grains of soil, pore water and pore air, constituting the three phases. If
one of the phases such as pore water or pore air is absent, it is said to be dry or saturated
in that order and the system then reduces to a "two-phase" one.
Phase diagram represents the soil mass which is the accumulation of soil particles,
water and air-filled space. The diagram provides a convenient means of developing the
weight-volume relationship for a soil.

C. Methodology
Soil mechanics is one of the main sciences for solving problems that are also
related to geotechnical. One of the studies in soil mechanics is soil composition. This
study is very important for civil engineers because based on the findings of soil
mechanics studies, engineering structures can be designed and built.

D. Review :
A system consisting of more than one phase is said to be heterogeneous. Since the
volume occupied by a soil mass may generally be expected to include material in all the
three states of matter—solid, liquid and gas, soil is, in general, referred to as a “three-
phase system”. A soil mass as it exists in nature is a more or less random accumulation of
 soil particles, water and air-filled spaces as shown in Fig. 2.1 (a). For purposes of
analysis it is convenient to represent this soil mass by a block diagram, called ‘Phase-
diagram’, as shown in Fig. 2.1 (b). It may be noted that the separation of solids from
voids can only be imagined. The phase-diagram provides a convenient means of
developing the weight-volume relationship for a soil.

When the soil voids are completely filled with water, the gaseous phase being
absent, it is said to be ‘fully saturated’ or merely ‘saturated’. When there is no water at all
in the voids, the voids will be full of air, the liquid phase being absent ; the soil is said to
be dry. (It may be noted that the dry condition is rare in nature and may be achieved in
the laboratory through oven-drying). In both these cases, the soil system reduces to a
‘two-phase’ one as shown in Fig. 2.2 (a) and (b). These are merely special cases of the
three-phase system.

E. Personal Assessment
Based on textbook, soil consists of several solids, liquids and phases gas, the
properties of which depend on the behavior of the phase this interaction, and on the
tension it receives. solid phase includes clay, non-clay minerals and organic materials.
These elements are categorized according to their size such as soil clay, sand and gravel.
The liquid phase consists of water that contains organic compounds available from the
dump chemicals, sewage and groundwater, while the gas phase is usually air.
 This basic characteristic determine the type of structure to be built and actions for
which external support, if any, must be taken make the structure durable and wear
earthquake impact, water seepage, and other external factors.

F. Conclusions
Soil is a complex physical system in the form of a three-phase system. Soil
mineral grains, pore water and pore air are three phases. If any of the phases such as pore
water or pore air is absent, it is said to be dry or saturated in that order and the system is
then reduced to two phases.
Soil composition which is part of soil mechanics is very important to study as the
basis for civil engineers to design and build. Soil characteristics also determine the type
of structure to be built and the actions that require external support so that the structure is
durable and resistant to wear and tear due to earthquakes, water seepage, and other
external factors.