Human Movement Vol.2

International Edited Book
Human Movement
Volume-II
Published by
Khel Sahitya Kendra

7/26, Basement, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi-110052
Ph.: 011-42564726, 65190343, 43551324, (M) 9811088729, Fax: 011-42564726
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Designed by
Manishankar Kumar
Notice
The responsibilities for the facts or opinions expressed in the papers are entirely of the contributors. Neither the
Physical Education Foundation of India nor the publishers are responsible for the same.
Copyright Notice
All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means without the written
permission from the publisher/copyright owner.
© Editors
Chief Advisor
Dr. A. K. Uppal
Advisors
Dr. Piyush Jain, National Secretary, PEFI
Dr. Jewelson M Santos, President, IAPES
Editor in Chief
Dr. Kishore Mukhopadhyay
Editors
Dr. Awadhesh Kr. Shirotriya
Dr. Deepti Joshi
ISBN - 978-93-90461-00-4
Price : ` 300
Dedicated to
Greatest Physical Educationist of India
Prof Ajmer Singh

(01.02.1940 – 26.01.2010)
Former Vice-Chancellor of Lakshmibai National Univesity of Physical Education, Gwalior and Maulana
Abul Kalam Chair and Director Sports, Panjab University and Arjuna Award-1966.
Achievements
• Winner of a Gold and two Silver Medals in the 5th Asian Games held at Bangkok in 1966.
• Represented India in 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games,
• Represented India in 1966 Commonwealth Games,
• Represented India in 1966 and 1970 Asian Games.
• Captain of the Indian Athletics team for European tour-1968.
• National Champion in 200 meters and 400 meters from 1965 to 1970.
• All India Inter-University Champion and record holder in 200 meters and 400 meters 1963.
Prof. AK. Uppal
Working President Physical Foundation of India
Ex. Vice Chancellor, Jiwaji University Ex. Head and Dean LNIPE, Gwalior.
PREFACE
Human Movement Science provides knowledge regarding how people move effectively in different situations and
the factors that are related to performance analysis and procedures that guarantee proper recovery after a tiring
activity. Emphasis is on specific problems encountered while performing physical activity by an individual in every-
day life, including tasks associated with work and leisure time activities, as well as tasks providing fun and recreation
and also putting up good performance in different sports. Human movement involves interdisciplinary approach
that combines and integrates knowledge from social, natural and health sciences associated with physical activity.
This area of study incorporates knowledge from such fundamental fields as Anatomy, Physiology, Kinesiology
and Biomechanics, Motor Control, Psychology, Epidemiology and many more in relation to good and efficient
performance during exercise and performance in sports. Knowledge from all these subjects is pooled together so
that efficient performance can be ensured.
In the recently concluded Olympic Games held at Tokyo only those sports persons have excelled who had acquired
mastery of the skill and fully utilized knowledge from all the scientific disciplines listed above. Therefore there is
a dire need that experts in all the above disciplines should work along with the coaches at all levels so that new
performance targets are set for performance enhancement. During the formative years of potential sports person’s
inputs from sports scientists from different branches should be fully utilized.
I would appeal to physical education teachers and coaches as well as sports scientists to come on a common
platform and work together so that performance of our sports persons could be enhanced further.
Dr. Jewelson M Santos
Chairman, International Association of physical Education and Sports (IAPES) Incorporates
Massage
This year promises many exciting developments for the International Edited Ebook. The recently released it’s first
issue entitled Human Movement. It marks a milestone for research enthusiast and scholars to pursue publication of
their works. Moreover, the number of interesting topics included on the Ebook has a robust rise as articles enjoy
increasingly broad dissemination. Congratulations to all of our authors for achieving this distinction.
This year the issue of the Ebook brings even more pioneering research content. Original studies that follow
address a variety of significant Physical Education and Sports Science topics in international and national arena,
including organizational advancement, theories, and randomized controlled trials of an empowerment program
and intrapartum, physical functioning among athletes and risks among adolescents. Disseminating the findings
of studies to researchers who are constantly striving to improve the quality of their studies remains an important
function of the Ebook.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to the scholars on the editorial board and to
those in the editorial office for their collective effort and dedication to The International Edited Ebook. We have
been extremely impressed by the insightfulness of reviews performed for the Ebook, which in many cases have
substantially improved the quality of our published articles. Our main focus will continue to be publishing high quality
research articles that help Physical Education and Sports professionals navigate today’s complex environment. I
thank all of our submitting authors who have toiled in the production of their work and have made the Ebook their
journal of choice. We look forward to the Ebook continuing to provide to this young, burgeoning field in the world
an academic voice and a venue for discourse that will move us forward to steady growth, both professionally and
academically.
Dr. Piyush Jain
National Secretary, Physical Education Foundation of India
Massage
During the entire pandemic period due to SARC COV2 the physical Education Foundation of India taking the
opportunity to promote physical education, Sports science and yoga throughout India as well as World with the
use of social media. Numerous free e-Conferences, workshops, and online training programme are going on. The
second wave of this pandemic consequence creates a lot of casualties and a lot of people are victim of covid 19,
keeping the point in mind we are promoting online free yoga programme so that every individual can able to uplift
their health issues in a befitting and scientific manner.
In relation to these an attempt has been taken to encourage our budding researchers and teachers to share their views
and ideas in the form of edited international e-book chapters and research reports in our new initiatives named as
Human Movement. After successful publication of Human Movement Vol-I, as per the demand of our researchers,
we have taken the initiativer to publish Human Movement Vol-II.
I am expressing my sincere thanks to those who contributes their writings in this e-book and make our mission a great
success. I am further express my sincere gratitude and thanks to Dr. Jewelson M Santos, Chairman , International
Association of Physical Education and Sports for his endeavor and unconditional support to promote Physical
Education and Sports as well as Yoga globally and collaborating with PEFI for e-conferences and e-workshops .
Thanks everybody, with expecting good outcomes of our efforts and keep supporting our esteemed organization.
Dr. Piyush Jain

From the Desk of Editor
As we all know that Activity is the basis of life. But due to the second wave of covid pandemic situation the normal
day to day activities are severely hampered throughout the world. For the maintenance of social distancing, almost
all the educational institutions are closed. Normal face to face teaching-learning are mostly replaced by online
mode. All the academicians and teachers are providing e-learning to give momentum to promote better learning.
The practical classes are operating with the help of videos and e-resources. In this context an attempt has been
taken by the Physical Education Foundation of India (PEFI) in collaboration with the International Association
of Physical Education and Sports Incorporates (IAPES) to provide the opportunity to the physical educationists,
teachers, coaches, sports scientists and yoga professionals to publish their research works and research articles in the
form of chapters of International edited e-book. After successful publication of Human Movement Vol-1, we have
taken the initiative to publish our second volume of edited e-book chapters as per the demand of our academicians.
We covered all the areas of physical education, sports sciences and yoga in this volume, which may increase the
reflection of our thoughts and innovations in the form of literature.
I am expressing my sincere thanks and gratitude to my esteemed teacher Prof. Dr. A. K. Uppal sir for his enormous
support and inspiration, I am thankful to Dr. Santos and Dr. Jain for trusted me and giving me the opportunity to
carry out the work and lastly I am extremely thankful to Dr. Shirotriya and Dr.Joshi for their enormous help and
extraordinary work to make it possible.
I believe that our efforts will certainly inspire our researcher and authors to continue their academic and professional
activities and give us new horizon for the betterment of our profession.
With Best Wishes
Dr. Kishore Mukhopadhyay

Editor in Chief
Awadhesh Kr. Shirotriya, PhD
Editorial Note
Massage
Since the last quarter of 2019, the microscopic evil “novel coronavirus” has destroyed the dreams of many people
across the globe, perhaps it also makes life uncertain of the future’s course of action. The public health department
scientific team led by the world’s renowned doctors are trying their best to discover new vaccines to protect the
world from the form changing ghastly virus. A harmonious relationship between pure science and social science
is inevitable. Researchers in the field of physical education (PE) have a wide opportunity to create an awareness
in society towards the importance of physical activity, yoga, and exercise to build the immunity system. Scientific
research is a blessing to mankind. Categorically, interdisciplinary research is the need of the hour, medical
practitioners along with PE people need to work together to create a social impact with collaborative research work.
I wish every success to all the contributors and I hope the research of the real-world impacts you all.
Thank you.
Yours in sport and scholarship
Awadhesh Kr. Shirotriya, PhD
Dr. Deepti Joshi
Editor
Editorial Note
This is the second volume of the International edited E-Book “Human Movement” - on Physical Education, Sports
Science, and Yoga, published by the Physical Education Foundation of India (PEFI) after the successful publication
of volume one. The e-based publication is very effective because it connects the youth, community, and researchers
globally and provides the platform to work on the common goal of developing the profession with new concepts
and innovative ideas. It’sopens up the scope of interdisciplinary approach in research which is now very essential
in physical education and sports.
Such platforms motivate the researcher to take relevant and challenging research problems. The vision behind
this book is to encourageresearchers to work on these problems of society related tophysical activities, health&
fitness, and well-being. Also, to provide a better understanding of human movements and howhuman movements
are important to keep ourselves physically, mentally, socially, and spiritually well.
I firmly believe that the 2nd volume of“Human Movement” will alsoprovide insight into scientific aspects of physical
activities and sports while maintaininga healthy lifestyle. This literature will also help the readers to know the latest
development in this area and it will guide them toadoptscientific ways of teaching-learning and training processes.
Best wishes…!!!
Dr. Deepti Joshi

Editor
Table of Content
Level of grit among sports players performing and N ot performing additional fitness activities /
Ms. Rupali Nawale 12
Guidelines for boosting immunity and improving lifestyle during covid 19 pandemic /
Dr. Anindita Das 17
Effect of six week circuit training on physical fitness and football playing ability of
district level players / Alamgir Mondaland Dr. Madhab Chandra Ghosh 22
Concept of Adapted Yoga / Dr. Biswanath Biswa 27
Elements Influencing Psychology of Sports Experts Choosing Physical Education and
Sport as Career in India / Dr. Dinesh Eknath Ukirde 34
Mental Health Assessment of Under and Post Graduate Students / Dr. Lohote P. K. and Dr. Paneru U.P. 41
Revamping in High Performance sports / Dr. S. Jayaraman 46
Effects of Bowlers’ Different Heights on Ball Release Velocity in Cricket Bowling /
Mr. Neptune Ghosh and Dr. Papan Mondal 50
Health related physical fitness and occupational hazard: An overview /
Mursalim Sheikh and Dr. K. Mukhopadhyay 57
Introduce 7 runs- 8 runs -9 runs -10 runs -11 runs- 12 runs In All Cricket formats /
Mr. Madhu Babu Kodela and Dr. P. P. S. Paul Kumar 64
A study on speed among triple jumpers and High jumpers of kerala state /
Dr. Ajeesh and Dr. Pradeep C.S. 70
Social media based teaching- learning for the Undergraduate Physical Education students of Kalyani
University during Covid19 Pandemic Scenario / Biswajit Sharma1and Kishore Mukhopadhyay 75
Effect of Spectatorship in Sports with the consequence of Pandemic Scenario /
Abdul Sarjen Shaikh and Dr. K. Mukhopadhyay 79
Sports Nutrition / Gauri Shanker Sahu 87
A study on bmi of upper primary and secondary school children of different administrative region in
West Bengal / Suman Panda and Dr. Sandip Sankar Ghosh 94
The Philosophy of Yoga / Ms. Laimwn Brahma 102
10
Smart stadium and modern sporting world /
Ms. Desdimona Pramanik, Dr. Biswajit Bala and Dr. K. Mukhopadhyay 109
A study on muscular strength of school students for three different administrative divisions of
West Bengal / Suman Panda and Dr. Sandip Sankar Ghosh 117
A comparative study olevel of stress among d.el.ed, b.ed and b.p.ed student /
Dr. Bidya Roy and Samaresh Jana 123
Overview on sports Psychology / Rajkumar Sharma and Dr. Jaishankar Yadav 128
Opportunities of Rural Heritage for Maximizing Tourism Industry /
Ananya Baidya, Dr. Biswajit Bala and Dr. K. Mukhopadhyay 134
Effect of Plyometric Training on Postural Control Performance of Soccer Players /
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Prajapati and Sachin Kisku 139
A study on speed among triple jumpers and High jumpers of kerala state /
Dr. Ajeesh p t and Dr. Pradeep C S 147
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International Edited Book : Human Movement, Vol-II ISBN - 978-93-90461-00-4
LEVEL OF GRIT AMONG SPORTS PLAYERS PERFORMING AND

NOT PERFORMING ADDITIONAL FITNESS ACTIVITIES
Ms. Rupali Nawale1

Mr. Avidh Morajkar2
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to examine and compare the level of the grit of sports players doing additional
fitness activities and the players not doing any fitness activities. These activities included weight training, own
bodyweight training. The populations for the study included sports players playing different games at different
levels. Grit was studied using a short Grit scale (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly, 2007). Using
convenient sampling technique 115 sports players were selected as the sample for the study in which 26 sports
players were not doing any additional fitness activity and only doing skill training and 89 players were doing
additional fitness activities for overall fitness development. Computing descriptive statistics, it was found that
there is a significant difference in the level of the grit of sports players not doing additional fitness activity and
players doing additional fitness activity sessions. The level of the grit of sports players doing additional fitness
activity sessions is higher with a mean score of 27.02 than those players not doing any additional fitness activity
sessions with a mean score of 21.58. So along with sports skill practice, there is a need for additional fitness
activity sessions for all the sports players as it is one of the ways to develop grit as players can learn to set goals,
be consistent, perseverant and achieve them by overcoming adversities.
Key Words: Grit; Sports players; Fitness Activity
INTRODUCTION
Sports is one of the competitive physical activities which plays a vital role in everyone’s life. Sports are
introduced in life at a very young age. Playing sports helps in the overall development of the individuals (Josh
Skrupskas, 2014). People play sports either casually or in an organized manner which helps one in the development
of physical fitness as well as mental fitness and it results in entertainment for spectators (Ghildiyal, 2015)
In order to play sports and excel at the highest level, sports players must develop their physical fitness by doing
fitness activity sessions. Along with physical fitness one also requires mental fitness to achieve success in sports
(Nambiar, 2020). Sports players develop their physical fitness through fitness activities and mental fitness with help
of different mental fitness training. So psychological development is also crucial for the success in sports. (Kumar P,
Shirotriya, 2010). Physical activity participation ultimately helps in the development of physical as well as mental
fitness.
1
Assistant Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil Arts, Commerce & Science, Akurdi, Pune
2
Assistant Sports Officer, Goa University
12
One of the psychological attributes which are required for the athletes to be mentally strong and always keep
trying hard in order to achieve success at the highest level is Grit for long-term success. Grit: perseverance and
passion for long-term goals (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews & Kelly, 2007). Grit is said to be perseverance and
passion to achieve long-term Goals without ever giving up in life due to various difficulties. According to Angela
Duckworth, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania Grit is a strong predictor of success and the ability
to reach one’s goals. So Being mentally tough and having strong grit will ultimately help the sports players to
achieve long-term Goals at the highest levels. Grit will make athletes work tirelessly towards various challenges,
putting more and more effort and keep the interest over the years despite failures, adversity, and plateau in progress
(Duckworth, 2017). The concept of grit is in existence over a century (James, 1907). Researchers concluded that
passion and hard work as distinguishing features of successful individuals long ago (Galton, 1892). Recently, grit
has been defined as perseverance and passion for long-term goals (Duckworth et al., 2007). Furthermore, “grit
entails working strenuously toward challenges, maintaining effort and interest over years despite failure, adversity,
and plateaus in progress” (Duckworth et al., 2007). In one study titled “Physical activity is associated with grit
and resilience in college students: Is intensity the key to success?” by Dunston et.al (2020), it was found that the
intensity of physical activity may play an important role in psychosocial determinants related to student’s success
such as grit and resilience. MacNaughton (2019) stated that a gritty performer is an athlete who not only knows
they deserve to be in the competition, but also to win. Athletes with grit know they have worked hard and done
everything in their power day in and day out to be the best they can be, and, most importantly of all, they believe in
themselves and their ability to succeed. Many studies have proven that grit plays an important role in determining
athlete’s success in sports, their consistency, and performance while playing. Grit helps sports players achieving
success even in challenging situations and they never give up easily and maintains consistency in their performances
(Duckworth, 2017). According to one article by Dr. Anne Shadle titled “The Science of GRIT and Why It Matters”
grit helps in identifying talent and natural abilities, preparation, and effort, passion, and perseverance, fostering self-
discipline and self-regulation, determination, and gives direction.Hence, the researcher aims to compare thelevel of
grit among sports players performing and not performing additional fitness activities.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Participants and procedure:
Population for the study included sports players playing different sports at different levels from Goa.In this study
115 sports players were included, in which 26 players were not doing fitness activity sessions and 89 players were
doing additional fitness activity sessions, as sample using convenient sampling technique. The data was collected
through online mode in which questionnaires were sent through Google forms. Informed consent and demographic
details were included in the form.
Tools:
Grit was studied using short Grit scale by Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly (2007).Grit scale is 8 item
instrument used to measure the extent to which an individual is able to maintain focus and interest, and persevere in
obtaining long-term Goals. Responses are rated on 5 points Likert-type scale ranging from “Very Much Like Me”
to “Not Like Me At All”.
Research Design and statistical Analysis:
A comparative study on the level of grit of sports players doing additional fitness activity and players not doing
additional fitness activity was done employing descriptive statistics to compute mean and standard deviation.
Independent sample t test was employed to examine the difference in level of Grit of sports players doing fitness
activity and players not doing fitness activity.
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RESULTS (FINDINGS)
Table1: Descriptive statistics of grit of sports players performing and not performing fitness activities
FITNESS ACTIVITY N MEAN STANDARD t Sig.
DEVIATION
NO 26 21.58 9.85 2.69* .011
YES 89 27.02 5.53
* p<0.05 level of significance
The scores of Grit of sports players performing fitness sessions and not doing fitness sessions from Goa were
calculated and the data wasanalysed using SPSS version 20. An independent sample t-test was employed to study
the difference in the level of Grit of sports players. The sample size was 115 sports players out of which 26 were not
doing additional fitness activity and 89 were doing additional fitness activity sessions. The mean score of grit for
sports players performing physical activities was 21.58 and for sports players not performing any physical activity
was 27.02 with ‘t’ as 2.69 which was found to be significant at 0.05 level (p<0.05). A significant difference in Grit
was seen between sports players doing additional fitness activity and players not doing fitness activity. The mean
Grit score of sports players doing additional fitness activity (27.02) is higher as compared to the players not doing
additional fitness activity (21.58).
Graph 1: Comparison of Mean and SD of Grit of sports players performing and

not performing fitness activities
DISCUSSION
The aim of this study was to determine the level of Grit among sports players who are more active and perform
additional fitness activity sessions in their routine and sports players without any additional fitness activity sessions.
It was found in the study that the level of Grit is higher in sports players who are active with additions fitness
activity sessions as compared to those who are only doing skill practice sessions to play sports without additional
14
fitness activity sessions. This can be supported with further research studies. In a study conducted by Dunston et.al
(2020), it was concluded that vigorous physical activity was positively associated with resilience and grit including
perseverance domain. In an another study conducted by Rutberg et. al (2020), it was found that the participants
made an association between grit, motivation, meaningfulness, and setting goals. The findings of the study indicated
that grit might be an ideal target for making physical activity interventions sustainable. Reed and Justy (2015)
concluded that Grit may be an important individual difference trait for exercise behaviour. Hein et.al (2019) found
in a study that the consistency of the interest dimension of grit in the high moderate-to-vigorous physical activity
group was significantly higher than in low group only at p < .1 level.
Regarding further future research and recommendations, it would be interesting to know how grit is related
to different levels of physical activities, as well as their relationships with other aspects of sports improving
performance and consistency of sports players.
The study was limited to Participants from Goa. Any bias in the participants’ responses could be considered a
limitation of this study.
CONCLUSION
In order to assess the grit among sports players doing additional fitness activities and the players not doing any
fitness activities, short Grit scale by Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, & Kelly (2007) was used. Findings of the
study showed that there is significant difference in the grit among sports players doing additional fitness activities
and the players not doing any fitness activities.
From the study, researchers came up with the conclusion that the level of Grit is higher in sports players who
are active with additions fitness activity sessions as compared to those who are only doing skill practice sessions to
play sports without additional fitness activity sessions.
REFERENCES
Cosgrove, J. M., Brown, K. P., Beddoes, Z. E., Bartholomew, J. B., &Castelli, D. M. (2016). Physical education and
student’s grit. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(S2), A64.
De Zepetnek, J. T., Martin, J., Cortes, N., Caswell, S., &Boolani, A. (2021). Influence of grit on lifestyle components
during the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample of consisting adults in the United States. Personality and Individual
Differences, 175, 110705.
Duckworth, A., & Quinn, D. (2009). Development and validation of the scale named Short Grit Scale (GritS).
Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166-174. doi:10.1080/00223890802634290
Duckworth, A., Peterson, C., Matthews, M., & Kelly, D. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(6), 1087-1101. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087
Dunston, E. R., Messina, E. S., Coelho, A. J., Chriest, S. N., Waldrip, M. P., Vahk, A., & Taylor, K. (2020). Physical
activity is correlated with grit and resilience in college students: Is intensity the key to success? Journal of
American College Health, 1-7.
Hein, V., Kalajas-Tilga, H., Koka, A., Raudsepp, L., &Tilga, H. (2019). How grit is associated to objectively
measured moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in school student. Montenegrin Journal of Sports Science and
Medicine, 8(2), 47-53.
Kumar P, Shirotriya AK‘Sports psychology’ a crucial ingredient for athletes success: conceptual view British
Journal of Sports Medicine 2010;44:i55-i56.
Larkin, P., O’Connor, D., & Williams, A. M. (2016). Does grit affect sport-specific engagement and perceptual-
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cognitive expertise in elite youth soccer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 129-138.
Newland, A., Gitelson, R., & Legg, W. E. (2020). Examining the association Between Mental Skills and Grit in
Senior Olympic Athletes. Journal of aging and physical activity, 28(4), 658-667.
Reed, J. (2014). A Survey of Grit and Exercise Behavior. Journal of Sport Behavior, 37(4).
Rutberg, S., Nyberg, L., Castelli, D., &Lindqvist, A. K. (2020). Grit as perseverance in physical activity
participation. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(3), 807.
Song, K. H. (2019). Relationship between grit and achievement behavior in physical education classes based on the
expected-value model. Journal of the Korea Convergence Society, 10(11), 429-435.
https://sujo-old.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/THE-SHIELD/article/viewFile/1017/954
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886920302361
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GUIDELINES FOR BOOSTING IMMUNITY AND IMPROVING

LIFESTYLE DURING COVID 19 PANDEMIC
Dr. Anindita Das1
PANDEMIC AND ITS EFFECTS ON LIFE STYLE

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought this fast-moving world to a standstill. The impact of this pandemic is
massive, and the only strategy to curb the rapid spread of the disease is to follow social distancing. The imposed
lockdown, resulting in the closure of fitness and activity centres, and overall social life, has hampered many aspects
of the lives of people including routine fitness activities of fitness freaks, which has resulted in various psychological
issues and serious fitness and health concerns.The negative effect of COVID- 19 restrictions on social participation,
life satisfaction, mental well-being, psycho social and emotional disorders as well as on sleep quality.
Doing an exercise or some form of physical activity daily improves our overall fitness, which in turn helps to
boost our immune system which is also the body’s major defense system against all the infections. Regular exercise
is like the foundation of healthy living. It has benefits like improving your cardiovascular health, lowers blood
pressure & helps control body weight and also it boosts your immunity naturally and keeps it healthy, Along with a
balanced and healthy diet, exercise can do wonders to general good health & therefore helps to maintain a healthy
immune system.
IMMUNITY BOOSTING MEASURES FOR SELF CARE DURING COVID 19 CRISIS
 Ministry of AYUSH recommends the following self-care guidelines for preventive healthmeasures and boosting
immunity with special reference to respiratory health.
1. General Measures(not recommended as treatment for covid-19)
1. Drink warm water throughout the day.
2. Spices like Haldi (Turmeric), Jeera (Cumin), Dhaniya (Coriander) and Lahsun (Garlic) are recommended
in cooking.
3. Daily practice of Yogasana, Pranayama and meditation for at least 30 minutes asadvised by Ministry
of AYUSH (#YOGAatHome, StayHome, StaySafe)
2. Ayurveda Immunity Promoting Measures
1. Take Chyavanprash 10gm (1tsf) in the morning. Diabetics should take sugar freeChyavanprash.
2. Drink herbal tea / decoction (Kadha) made from Tulsi (Basil), Dalchini (Cinnamon), Kalimirch (Black
pepper), Shunthi (Dry Ginger) and Munakka (Raisin) - once or twice a day. Add jaggery (natural sugar) and
/ or fresh lemon juice to your taste, if needed.
1
Associate Professor, LNIPE Gwalior.
17
3. Golden Milk- Half tea spoon Haldi (turmeric) powder in 150 ml hot milk - once or twice aday.
3. Simple Ayurvedic Procedures
1. Nasal application - Apply sesame oil / coconut oil or Ghee in both the nostrils (Pratimarsh Nasya) in
morning and evening.
2. Oil pulling therapy- Take 1 table spoon sesame or coconut oil in mouth. Do not drink, Swish in the mouth
for 2 to 3 minutes and spit it off followed by warm water rinse. This can be done once or twice a day.
4. During dry cough / sore throat
1. Steam inhalation with fresh Pudina (Mint) leaves or Ajwain (Caraway seeds) can be practiced once
in a day.
2. Lavang (Clove) powder mixed with natural sugar / honey can be taken 2-3 times a day in case of cough or
throat irritation.
3. These measures generally treat normal dry cough and sore throat. However, it is best to consult doctors if
these symptoms persist.
Tips for maintaining a healthy diet:
1. Eat a variety of food, including fruits and vegetables
• Every day, eat a mix of wholegrains like wheat, maize and rice, legumes like lentils and beans, plenty of
fresh fruit and vegetables , with some foods from animal sources (e.g. meat, fish, eggs and milk).
• Choose wholegrain foods like unprocessed maize, millet, oats, wheat and brown rice when you can; they
are rich in valuable fiber and can help you feel full for longer.
• For snacks, choose raw vegetables, fresh fruit, and unsalted nuts.
2. Cut back on salt
• Limit salt intake to 5 grams (equivalent to a teaspoon) a day.
3. Eat moderate amounts of fats and oils
• Replace butter, ghee and lard with healthier fats like olive, soy, sunflower or corn oil when cooking.
• Choose white meats like poultry and fish which are generally lower in fats than red meat; trim meat of
visible fat and limit the consumption of processed meats.
• Select low-fat or reduced-fat versions of milk and dairy products.
• Avoid processed, baked and fried foods that contain industrially produced trans-fat.
• Try steaming or boiling instead of frying food when cooking.
4. Limit sugar intake
• Limit intake of sweets and sugary drinks such as fizzy drinks, fruit juices and juice drinks, liquid and powder
concentrates, flavoured water, energy and sports drinks, ready-to-drink teaand coffee and flavoured milk
drinks.
• Choose fresh fruits instead of sweet snacks such as cookies, cakes and chocolate. When other dessert
options are chosen, ensure that they are low in sugar and consume small portions.
• Avoid giving sugary foods to children. Salt and sugars should not be added to complementary foods given
to children under 2 years of age, and should be limited beyond that age.
18
5. Stay hydrated: Drink enough water
Good hydration is crucial for optimal
health. Whenever available and safe for
consumption, tap water is the healthiest
and cheapest drink. Drinking water instead
of sugar-sweetened beverages is a simple
way to limit your intake of sugar and excess
calories.
DIETARARY RECOMMENDATIONS
• Eat foods that are wholesome and
nourishing.
• Ensure to eat light foods and are
easy to digest.
• Consume more of fluids
• Favour hot teas and hot soups.
• Favour bitter taste veggies like ash gourd, cucumbers, bitter gourd, and pumpkin.
ADAPTING ACTIVE LIFESTYLE
WHO has recommendations on the amount of physical activity people of all ages should do to benefit their
health and wellbeing.
Infants under 1 year of age
• All infants should be physically active several times a day.
• This includes at least 30 minutes in prone position (tummy time), as floor-based play, spread throughout
the day while awake.
Children and adults
Pranayama and moderate intensity exercises should be done.Few pranayamas are given below:
19
ANOLOM VILOM PRANYAMA KAPALBHATI PRANAYAMA
SURYA NAMASKAR Zumba skipping rope
Muscle strengthening exercising. Jumps
EXERCISE can be done for 30-60minutes daily. Also walk up and down for 30 minutes is a good option fornd
washing. Wash nd water or use anitizers. mouth with napkin oughing. into closed bins e. ell.
nd washing. Wash nd water or use anitizers.

mouth with napkinoughing.
into closed bins
e. ell. • Touch one’s eyes, nose and mouth
• Avoid large gatherings and crowdedplaces. • Spit in public
CONCLUSION
The novel coronavirus spread so rapidly that it has changed the rhythm of the globe. Whether from the
20
perspective of a single country or multilateral levels, the solidity of internationalrelations has been put under
test. The most obvious consequences include economic recession, a crisis of global governance, trade protectionism
and increasing isolationist sentiment. People-to-people, cultural and travel exchanges have all been restricted.
Nonetheless, this is just a tip of theiceberg.
Regular physical activity benefits both the body and mind. It can reduce high blood pressure,help manage
weight and reduce the risk of heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, and various cancers - all conditions that can
increase susceptibility to COVID-19.It also improves bone and muscle strength and increases balance, flexibility
and fitness. For older people, activities that improve balance help to prevent falls and injuries. Regular physical
activity can help give our days a routine and be a way to stay in contact with family and friends. It’s also good for
our mental health - reducing the risk of depression, cognitive decline and delay the onset of dementia and improves
overall feelings. Therefore exercise is highly recommended during this difficult time. We still don’t know if these
recommendations have positive impact on mankind since the disease is fatal, but adopting healthy lifestyle and
habits may reduce the risk of infection by boosting immunity through healthy diet and exercises
REFERENCES
https://www.ayush.gov.in/docs/yoga-guid
https://www.who.int/news-room/campaigns/connecting-the-world-to-combat-coronavirus/healthyathome/
healthyathome---physical-activity
https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
https://www.mohfw.gov.in/pdf/Advisory&ManualonuseofHomemadeProtectiveCoverforFace&Mouth.pd
21
EFFECT OF SIX WEEK CIRCUIT TRAINING ON PHYSICAL

FITNESS AND FOOTBALL PLAYING ABILITY OF
DISTRICT LEVEL PLAYERS
Alamgir Mondal1
Dr. Madhab Chandra Ghosh2
Abstract
Considering the importance the Physical Fitness on Football playing ability of an individual the present study
has planned to observed “Circuit training effect on Physical Fitness and Football Playing Ability of District
Level Players.”
The main purpose of the study was to find out the differences between Experimental group and Control group in
Football Playing Ability and Physical Fitness.
A total of 40 male District level football player were selected from Nadia and Murshidabad districts as the
subject of the present study. To continue the study the subject were selected in two groups Experimental group
and Control group. Each group consist of 20 players. The subject were given six weeks circuit training program
and pre-test and post-test data were collected and following variables were measures. Such as – Age, Height,
and Weight for Personal data,50 mts dash for Speed, 10x4 mt. Shuttle Run for Agility, Chin up for Arm Strength,
Standing broad jump for Explosive Strength and 600 yds. Run for Cardio- respiratory endurance were taken as
a Physical fitness parameters and Accuracy for Goal, Dribbling and Long shot were taken as a Football Playing
ability. To find out differences between Pre-test and Post-test between Experimental group and Control group ‘t’
test was computed and on the basis of result the following Conclusion were drawn-
1. No difference were found between Experimental group and Control group in Pre-test in physical fitness and
football playing ability.
2. In Post-test the difference was observed of Football playing ability and Physical fitness.
3. No difference was observed in Pre-test and Post-test of Control group in all the parameters.
4. In case of Experimental group the difference were observed in pre-test and post-test in physical fitness and
football playing ability.
Key Words: Physical Fitness, Football, Circuit Training.
INTRODUCTION
The proverb “Survival of the Fittest” emphasizes the value of physical health in order to survive. In the field of
games and sports, this general opinion has proven to be equally effective. Fitness is given special attention by those
who work in the fields of physical education and sports. For most people, fitness refers to one’s ability to complete
a mission. Fitness is the yardstick by which athletes measure their ability to compete at a high level.
1
Research Scholar, Dept. of Physical Education, University of Kalyani.
2
Professor, Dept. of Physical Education, University of Kalyani.
22
There is an increasing focus on looking good, feeling good, and living longer in today’s society. Scientific evidence
is increasingly pointing to fitness and exercise as one of the keys to achieving these goals. Physical exercise is becoming
less of a part of our everyday lives, making it difficult to get going. Physical exertion is needed for fewer jobs. We have
evolved into a mechanically mobile culture, dependent on computers to get around rather than muscles. Furthermore,
we have evolved into a nation of observers, with an increasing number of people (including children) devoting their
leisure time to just that – leisure. As a result, statistics show that obesity and obesity-related complications, such as
high blood pressure, diabetes, and cardiac arrest, are on the increase. Statistics, on the other hand, prove that preventive
medicine pays off. As a result, one does not wait for his or her doctor to issue an ultimatum. Everyone must take the
initiative to become more involved right now. The decision to carry out a physical fitness program cannot be taken
lightly. It requires a lifelong commitment of time and effort. Exercise must become one of those things that you do
without question, like bathing and brushing your teeth. Unless you are convinced of the benefits of fitness and succeed.
It has been realized that fitness adds not only years to one’s life, but life to one’s years.
Specific or task-oriented fitness refers to a person’s ability to perform well in a specific activity, such as athletics
or military service. Athletes receive specialized training in order to excel in their respective sports.
Certain fundamental concepts of sports training relate to football fitness training as well.
The number of training sessions in a given period of time, usually a week, is referred to as frequency. A
professional player, for example, would practice twice a day, five days a week.
The Components on which the load of performance depends- Intensity of work, Volume of Work, Recovery in
between sets and density of the work.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
1. To observed the difference between Experimental group and Control group in Pre- test of Physical fitness of
Football players.
2. To observed the difference between Experimental group and Control group in Post- test of Physical fitness of
Football players.
METHOD
40 District level football players from Nadia and Murshidabad district from 18 yrs to 22 yrs were selected
randomly as the subjects of the present study. The subjects were divided into two groups Experimental group, and
Control group. Each group had twenty subjects were selected on the basis of Pair sampling methods.
Among 40 Students 20 were Experimental and they were selected randomly among the District level footballers
and 20 student were selected from the Control group on the basis Pair sampling method.
As it was an experimental work the data were collected in two phases, first One before the treatment and
Last one after the treatment. There were Six weeks training between Pre-test and Post-test. AAHPERD YOUTH
FITNESS Test was conducted before and after six weeks treatment to measure Fitness of the subjects. And Football
Playing ability test was also conducted before and after training to measure football playing ability. Total Football
Playing ability was found from the summeson of four football Skill ability, such as,- Kicking for distance, Dribbling
ability, Administration goal shooting and Playing ability. The training was imparted three days in a week. The
training was for two hour. The training hours was divided in to three parts.
1. Worming-up 15 minutes.
2. Actual Circuit training program for 90 minutes, and
3. Cooling down program for 15 minutes.
23
Training Program
For training of the subjects the Circuit training was adopted. There were eight stations. The main Training
program was for development of Physical fitness and football playing ability. The exercise in all the station was
done separately but continuous, and the ratio of work and rest was 1:1.
No. of station –eight. Exercise was 1) Sit-ups 2) Good morning 3) Squat jump 4) Bench press 5) Half squat
6) Hill raises 7) Pull-ups 8) Stepping up on the box. Work done in 1:1 ratio. Work in each station for one minute.
Total three repetition was done 5 minute recovery in between Circuit. The intensity of work was change after two
week. Intensity was change in progressive manner 10% after two week.
For collection of the following instruments were used Measuring Tape, Weighing machine, Stop watch,
Wooden block and other facilities of the Play field.
RESULT DISCUSSION
The Mean and S.D. of Personal data- Age, Height and Weight were Presented in Table-1
TABLE-1 : The Mean, the S.D of Age, Height and Weight of Experimental group and Control group
Experimental Group Control Group
Age ( in Year ) Mean 20.25 20.38
S.D 1.39 1.36
Height (in C.M ) Mean 165.88 169.69
S.D 6.83 5.68
Weight ( in K.G ) Mean 57.19 58.43
S.D 6.05 9.58
From the table-1 it appears that the Mean age of Experimental group and Control group was 20.25 and 20.38
respectively and S.D were 1.39 and 1.36 respectively. The Mean Height of Experimental group and Control group
were 165.88 and 169.69 respectively and S.D were 6.83 and 5.68 respectively and the mean Weight of Experimental
group, and Control group were 57.19 and 58.43 respectively and S.D were 6.05 and 9.58 respectively. Comparing
the Mean value of Age, Height and Weight of Experimental group and Control group it was observed that a
close proximity were observed Experimental group and Control group in personal data so both the groups were
homogeneous.
The Mean, S.D and ‘t’ values of Experimental group and Control group of Pre- test and Post-test of
Physical Fitness were Presented in Table-2
24
TABLE-2: Mean, S.D and ‘t’ of Experimental group pre-test and Control group of
Pre-test and Post-test of Physical Fitness
Control Group ExperimentalGroup ‘t’ Value
Pre-Test Mean 234.94 236.63 0.16
S.D 33.05 31.16
Mean 238.31 262.06
Post-Test S.D 31.92 37.03 2.17*
‘t’ Value 0.33 2.34*

Df-38 level *Significant at 0.05
Table-2 showed the Mean and S.D of Experimental group Pre-test were 236.63 and 31.16 respectively and the
Control Group Pre-test Mean and S.D were 234.94 and 33.05 respectively. Comparing the Mean value between
Experimental group Pre-test and Control Group Pre-test different of 1.69 was observed. To observed the significant
different ‘t’ value was computed and found to be 0.16 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So, both the groups were equal in Physical fitness before the Treatment.
From the table it was also observed the Mean and S.D of Experimental Group Pre-test were 236.63 and 31.16
respectively and the Experimental Group Post-test Mean and S.D were 262.06 and 37.03 respectively. Comparing
the Mean value between Experimental Group Pre- test and Experimental Group Post-test different of 25.43 was
observed. To observed the significant different ‘t’ value was computed and found was 2.43 which was significant at
0.05 level.
So, Experimental Group post-test batter then Experimental Group pre-test.
From the table it was also represents the Mean and S.D of Experimental group Post-test were 262.06 and 37.03
respectively and the Control Group Post-test Mean and S.D were 238.31 and 31.92 respectively. Comparing the
Mean value between Experimental Group Post-test and Control Group Post-test different of 23.75 was observed. To
observed the significant different ‘t’ value was computed and found 2.16 which was significant at 0.05 level.
So, Non-Experimental Group post test batter then Control group post-test.
The Mean, S.D and ‘t’ values of Experimental group and Control group of Pre-test and Post-test of
Football Playing ability were Presented in Table-3
TABLE- 3 : Mean, S.D, & ‘t’ of Experimental group and Control group Pre-test and Post-test.
Control Group ExperimentalGroup ‘t’ Value
Pre-Test Mean 232.05 231.85 0.62
S.D 9.36 8.79
Mean 233.20 249.75
Post-Test S.D 9.06 7.19 6.99*
‘t’ Value 1.70 8.06*
Df-38 *Significant at 0.05 level
The Mean and S.D of Football Playing ability of Experimental group Pre-test were 231.85 and 8.79 respectively
and the Control Group Pre-test Mean and S.D were 232.05 and 9.36 respectively. Comparing the Mean value
between Experimental group Pre-test and Control Group Pre-test different of 0.20 was observed. To observed the
25
significant different ‘t’ value calculated and was observed 0.62 which was not significant.
So, in Football Playing ability no significant different observe between Experimental group and Control group
in pre-test.
From the table it was also found that the Mean and S.D of Experimental group Post-test were 279.75 and 7.19
respectively and the Control group Post-Test Mean and S.D were 233.20 and 9.06 respectively. Comparing the
Mean value between Experimental group Post-test and Control Group Post-test different of 16.55 was observed. To
observed the significant different ‘t’ value calculated and was observed 6.99 which was significant.
So, in Football Playing ability Experimental group was batter then Control group in post-test. It was also
Observed in Table-3, that the Mean and S.D of Experimental group Pre-test were 231.85 and 8.79 respectively
and the Experimental group Post-Test Mean and S.D were 249.75 and 7.19 respectively. Comparing the Mean
value between Experimental group Pre- test and Experimental Group Post-test different of 17.90 was observed. To
observed the significant different‘t’ value calculated and was observed 8.06 which was significant.
So, Football Playing ability improve significantly due to six weeks Circuit training program.
It was also observed that the Mean and S.D of Control Group Pre-test were 232.05 and 9.36 respectively and
the Control Group Post-test Mean and S.D were 233.20 and 9.06 respectively. Comparing the Mean value between
Pre-test and Post-test different of 1.15 was observed. To observed the significant different “t’ value calculated and
was observed 1.70 which was not significant.
No difference had been observed in football playing ability between pre-test and post-test of Control group.
CONCLUSION
1. Due to six week Circuit training program In Physical Fitness and Football Playing ability difference was
observed between Pre-test and post-test for Experimental group but no difference observed for Control group.
2. No significant differences were observed between Pre-Test and Post-test of the Control group in Total Fitness
and Football Playing ability.
3. Circuit Training helps to improve Physical Fitness and Football Playing ability.
REFERENCES
Garrett. Henry E. (1966) Statistics In Psychology and Education
Best, John. W. (1963), Research in Education. (N.J.1959) Indian Education, New Delhi; Prentiea Hall of India
(Pvt) Ltd.
Borrow, M. Harold and Mc Gee, R. (1979), (3rd edition). A practical Approach to measurement in Physical
Education. Philadelphia: Lee Febiger.
Brooke, J.D. and Whiting H.T.A. (1973), Human Movement: A Field Study. London: Henry Kimpton Publishers.,.
Buald. W.C and Kelly, S.P. (1970), Educational Research by Practitioners: An Elementary case Book. New York;
Herper and Row.
26
CONCEPT OF ADAPTED YOGA
Dr. Biswanath Biswas1
INTRODUCTION
Adapted yogais a sub discipline of yoga; yoga is the part of physical education and physical education part of
the general education.In generally, to improve the immunity for that physical activityis essential for all, mainly in
covid-19 pandemic crucial situation.‘Adapted Yoga’ is new to us.According to J. P. Winnick, ‘The word “adapt”
means “to adjust” or “to fit”. Here the word “adapt” is consistent with these definitions and includes the modification
to meet unique needs for person with disabilities and without disabilities including senior citizen. Adapted yoga is
same as that with some modification according to ability, age, gender, weather, place, disease and disabilitiesof the
persons and intensity will be developed by the decrease difficulties level of asana.
It comprises traditional components associated with adapted physical education, including those designed
to correct, habilitate, or remediate. It is a sub discipline of physical education that provides for safe, personally
satisfying, and successful experiences for students of differing abilities. And adapted sport refers to sport modified
or created to meet the unique needs of individuals with disabilities. Adapted sport may be conducted in integrated
setting (unified sports) in which individuals with disabilities interact with participants without disabilities or in
segregated environments that include only individuals with disabilities.
Purpose of the Study
This study will be helped to improve immunity and maintain health and wellbeing. Adapted yoga is the easiest
way to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
What is Adapted Yoga?
Adapted yoga is a sub-discipline of yoga which is some modification of original yoga for participants. While
participants can not able to perform at peak levels then they will be practiced with some changes (modify). Changes
(modify) means may be the easiest way or reduce the difficulty level.
It may be called rehabilitation yoga, physiotherapy yoga, psychotherapy yoga, social yoga, spiritual yoga, and
unified yoga.
Most people know that Yoga is the discipline of mind and body. It is the right way of living in society. Yogic
exercises keep us away from various diseases and deformities of our body and mind. Yoga is the perfection of
mind, body, and soul. Patanjali’s Yoga Sutra defines Yoga as “Chittavrittinirodhah” (complete control of mental
modifications) [Yogashchittavrottinirodhah //Cessation of mental modifications is Yoga. P.Y.S//1.2]. Yoga gurus
from India later introduced yoga to the West, following the success of Swami Vivekananda in the late 19th and
early 20th century with his adaptation of yoga tradition, excluding asanas. Outside India, it has developed into a
Ph.D. Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Educational and Research Institute, Deara, P.O- Kheadaha, P.S- Narandrapur, Kolkata-700150,
1
West Bengal, India
27
posture-based physical fitness, stress-relief, and relaxation technique. Yoga in Indian traditions, however, is more
than physical exercise; it has a meditative and spiritual core (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga-2012-2020).
Bhagavadgita defines Yoga as ‘equanimity of mind’ and ‘skillfulness in action’ as given: Samatvam yoga
uchyate // Balance/equanimity is called Yoga (Bhagwadgita II.48). Yogahkarmasukaushalam // Yoga is skillfulness
in action. (Bhagwadgita II.50). Mohopanishad defines Yoga as ‘control of mind’:
Manahprashamanopayahyogahityabhidhiyate // Control of the mind is yoga (Mahopanishad // 5.42).
Adapted yoga is a timeless pragmatic science that evolved over thousands of years dealing with physical and
psychological health. It does not only control our emotions but it increases the power of concentration. Yogic
exercises can bring a lot of changes in our lives. Yogic exercises will not only improve our physical health but,
will also help to improve our mental health. Through practices of holding a variety of body positions or asana,
and centering of the mind and breath in a meditative way, the practitioner increases body awareness, posture, and
flexibility of body and mind calmness of spirit. It is a cultural heritage of India.
Nowadays, hard about adapted sports which refer to sport modified or created to meet the unique needs of
individuals with disabilities. Adapted sport may be conducted in an integrated setting in which individuals with
disabilities interact with participants without disabilities or in segregated environments that include only individuals
with disabilities. For example, yoga is a regular sport, and adapted yoga (a paschimottasana created for individuals
with visual impairments in which athletes practiced with help of the towel) is an adapted sport because it was
created to meet unique needs.
Objective of adapted yoga
The primary aims and objectives of the adapted yoga (AY) program are
1. To learn the general concept of adapted yoga
2. To improve the physical development
3. To improve the mental development
4. To improve the social development
5. To improve the neuro-muscular Coordination
6. To improve the social development
7. To improve the emotional development
8. To improve the immunity
9. To maintain the health and wellbeing
10. To maintain the healthy life style
11. To help develop the motor skills by regular participation
12. To better understand the benefits of regular adapted yoga practice
13. To develop the health and performance related components
14. To develop the physical fitness
Advantages of adapted yoga:
Adapted yoga is the arts and science which benefits are given below
Adapted yoga for all: Adapted yoga is the easiest way to practice for all aged persons, childbirth mother, and
genders even all types of disabled (physically, intellectually, socially, emotionally etc.) persons.
28
Benefits of the adapted yoga:
Today’s modern studio environs where adapted yoga teachers are led students through pre-planned
sequences and an individual level, often uncertain of how to adapt classical postures for the modern body
based on the student’s abilities, needs and limitations. It will be led to learners injuring or feeling insecure by
not having adapted postures for their varied abilities. Adapted yoga can physically, mentally, emotionally and
spiritually help to childbirth mothers. It will be taught how to adapt a yoga practice to each stage of pregnancy,
and to modify asanas for the changing body and enriching practice for mother and baby to ensure a safety.
Childbirth mother will be leant adapted yoga in pregnancy and how to modify asanas for the changing body.
It will be assisted special poses, breathing exercises, and relaxation techniques that will be helped to prepare
women for a smooth delivery.
Health benefits by adapted yoga within the body: The health’s benefits can be discovered within the body
are given below.
Adapted yoga practice decreases blood pressure, pulse rate, protects the spine, betters bone health, increases
blood flow, drains lymph’s, respiratory rate, improves blood circulation, cardiovascular endurance, eases pain,
stronger immune system, pain tolerance, prevent diseases, gastrointestinal functions, balance, prevents cartilage
and joint breakdown,
Health benefits by adapted yoga without the body: The health’s benefits can be discovered without the body
is given below.
Adapted yoga practice has been delay aging. It will be improved good posture, overall strength, energy, better
metabolism, sleep, may relieve migraines, balance, founds a healthy lifestyle, and body awareness.
Benefits of emotional health: Adapted yoga can help improve mood, memory, concentration, social skills, self-
acceptance, uses the placebo effect, self-acceptance, calmness, makes happier, reduce stress, anxiety, depression,
hostility, gives peace of mind increases your self-esteem,
Benefits of body chemistry: Adapted yoga can change body chemistry. It can lower cholesterol, blood glucose,
boost immunity system, maintains the nervous system, reduced-sodium, and triglyceride level, control hormone
secretion regulates adrenal glands, increase the level of red blood and promotes healthy eating habits.
Adapted yoga practice will be low risk of injury, stimulated the parasympathetic nervous system, lead to better
muscle tone, help to consume less oxygen, thereby allowing the body to work more efficiently, improve the agility,
endurance, eye-hand coordination, depth perception dexterity, reaction time.
Disease prevention: Doctors and nurses loved yoga (adapted yoga) because studies indicate that it can help
prevent heart diseases, osteoporosis, Alzheimer’s, type II diabetes, symptom reduction or alleviation, carpal tunnel
syndrome, asthma, arthritis, multiple sclerosis, cancer, muscular dystrophy, migraines, scoliosis, lower blood sugar
releases tension in the limbs, chronic bronchitis, epilepsy, sciatica, keeps allergies and viruses at bay, obsessive-
compulsive disorder, constipation, allergies, menopause, helps keep the drug free, helps serve others, encourages
self-care, and back pain.
Disadvantages of adapted yoga: Disadvantages of Yoga
Adapted yoga is a complete science also. The benefits of adapted yoga are numerous and unquestionable. The
dangers of adapted yoga mainly include injuries that are mostly physical and comprehensive. Many causes’ injuries
also contribute to the disadvantages of adapted yoga. The reasons for these disadvantages are either negligence or
lack of proper knowledge of adapted yoga postures. If practiced in moderation, meditation and controlled breathing
(Pranayama) have no side effects or risks whatsoever.
29
1. Adapted yoga poses are unsafe during pregnancy
2. It may induce blood pressure
3. Physical dangers of adapted yoga
4. Risk of stroke
5. Hot yoga is not for everyone
6. Lack of experience or knowledge is risky
7. Injury Risks
8. Osteoporosis
9. Over-doing adapted yoga poses
10. Untrained instructors
11. Wrongmeditation
12. Age considerations
13. Loss of confidence or enthusiasm
14. Social pressure
15. Going to a class can be scary
16. Burns more calories
17. Overstretch
18. Dehydration
19. It is not for everyone
Adapted yoga continues to gain because no pain no gain. However, it doesn’t come without risks. That is why
it’s essential to learn about the disadvantages of adapted yoga in order to prevent any injuries.
Prevention of adapted yoga:
1. Always warm body before practice
2. Awareness of the disadvantage
3. Never push beyond physical limitations
4. Try as hard as possible to be present on the mat
5. Move thebody with control and awareness
6. Awareness of the safety equipment
Essential safety equipment’s for adapted yoga
1. Adapted yoga mat
2. Adapted yoga mat bag and slings
3. Adapted yoga mat wash
4. Adapted yogatowels
5. Adapted yoga knee and wrist pad
30
6. Adapted yoga pants and leggings
7. Adapted yoga straps
8. Adapted yoga wheel
9. Adapted yoga straps
10. Adapted yoga sweaters
11. Adapted yoga tope
12. Adapted yoga socks
13. Adapted yoga bottoms
14. Adapted yoga shorts
15. Adapted yoga cushion ball
16. Adapted yoga chairs (a chair with a straight back and arms)
17. Resistance bands
18. Foam rollers
19. Massage gunsBottom of Form
20. Meditation pillow (two or three cushions)
21. Sandbags
22. Eye pillows
23. Online classes
24. Posters and pictures
25. Wall ropes
26. Aerial swings and hammocks
27. Feet upyoga trainer/Inversion yoga stool
28. Power plate/Vibration plates
29. Hand towels
30. Wheels
31. Bolsters
32. Blocks
33. Clothing
34. Sports bras
35. Hair ties or headbands:
36. Optional equipment
37. Blankets
38. Laughing (laughter yoga)
39. A sturdy table
31
40. A stable, high-speed internet connection
41. Preferably a laptop or tablet (a larger screen is helpful)
42. Water bottles
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33
Elements Influencing Psychology of Sports

Experts Choosing Physical Education and
Sports as Career in India
Dr. Dinesh Eknath Ukirde1
Abstract
Because of mediation of corporates the tremendous financing has been put resources into the space of sports.
The games area has seen blast in India lately. Sports proficiency rate in India is helpless contrast with other idea
thinking about the level of human asset. The motivation behind this paper is to comprehend the upbringing of
the players’ that make the mental effect prompting become proficient in the specific game. The investigation
likewise supports roads of mental perspectives in taking up sports as the vocation. In the cycles of upbringing the
job of the social specialists, society and formative design assumes a critical part. The boundaries, for example,
gender discrimination in sports cooperation, individual mental abilities, monetary help, and financial status of
the family, sports wounds and sports framework are the significant difficulties and openings in the Indian setting.
Around 30 articles were eluded in making a calculated structure and codes has been acquired from the writing
to approve the ideas to make a deductive system.
Key Words: Gender discrimination, mental skill, financial support, socio-economic status, sports injuries,
infrastructure.
INTRODUCTION
A sport is a significant action in once life. Be that as it may, a sport is the one of the dismissed regions. As of
late games began getting the significance. It said that sportspersons are the best envoys of the country. Consequently
significance has given much towards the actual schooling to have best games preparing, actual wellness and mental
development to prepare the games character [1]. A sport has been seen as a significant business and there are various
games business adventures are coming up. Some are organization based and some are gathering based business
ventures. Sports based occasions figuring everything out is one of the creating divisions. The games business
adventures moreover offer various business chances at different levels. The prerequisites of interest as far as creating
sports offices, preparing of the mentors, the help for sports science and improvement in sports medication. First
class sports are just given with much need and advanced in the games strategies. The youngsters with in reverse
financial foundation from town despite the fact that they have shot at becoming high level competitors it is hard for
them in view of neediness. Little youngsters from town are not really admittance to the cutthroat games. It has been
told that solitary 5.6 level of Indian populace are proficient in sports. Out of 121 Billion complete Indian populace
just 57 lakh individuals are locked in straightforwardly or by implication with sports, where as in US 20% of all out
populace is occupied with sports [2]. Sports instruction in the scholastic framework helps in general advancement
like self-inspiration, intelligent devices and shows the fundamental abilities. Despite the fact that actual schooling
1
Director of Physical Education & Sports, Mvp’s Arts, Commerec & Science College, Tryambakeshwar, Dist- Nashik- 422212, Maharashtra.
34
is the piece of educational program it isn’t considered as the critical viewpoint. Overhaul and remake the prospectus
of actual schooling in the setting with the need of society, fair examination and input framework as to be kept on the
consistent root [3]. Sports executions of the players are surveyed by their actual capacity. The mental perspective
is generally critical for which need isn’t given in India. The investigations support the significance of brain science
ideas in sports to improve the players’ exhibition.
Psychological challenges & Opportunities in Indian Sports
Gender Discrimination in Sports
Ladies sports in India have not given a lot of significance. Due to Government Apathy, absence of good
sponsorship, absence of family backing and sex separation in sports are influencing the improvement of sportswomen
in India. Females have been underrepresented in the games. Due to absence of extension and development when
contrasted with men. Due to the expand factors, for example, female interest is less a result of absence of inspiration
and furthermore distinguished that hazard taking likelihood is less among the country ladies’ and less of socialization
[4]. Ladies’ contribution in sports is as yet a creating viewpoint. The different limitations like instructive capability
of the guardians, local area, custom, religion and individual requirements are debilitate the ladies cooperation in
sports [5].
Mental Skill Development
Sports physiology is most critical viewpoint in once singular result. Sports brain research relates to variables like
uneasiness, inspiration, support, character, focus, mental symbolism, certainty and objective setting and so forth to
offer significance to this perspectives sports science and actual instruction is given a lot of significance [6]. Mentors,
well disposed climate and actual instruction educators have the first three positions in quite a while for competitors
to pick their game branches [7]. The critical variables in sports environment is versatile inspiration results including
apparent capability, confidence, target execution, natural types of persuasive guidelines, full of feeling states,
practice and cutthroat systems and good demeanor, and the experience of stream. The self image environment was
decidedly connected with extraneous guidelines and inspirations, adverse consequence, maladaptive system use,
standoffish good perspectives and compulsiveness, however contrarily related to good effect and sensations of self-
rule and relatedness [8].
Financial Support to Develop Skills
The achievement of sports is straightforwardly identified with the monetary asset accessible for those games
[9].Lower pay families utilize their accessible asset and urge their youngsters to take an interest in the games
exercises while the princely families focus on a more coordinated type of chance. Guardians from princely families
or provincial settings detailed that their kids are occupied with proactive tasks for essentially for 5 days a week and
an hour every day, while lower pay families’ kids, invest more energy for proactive tasks [10]. Schools because of
absence of assets for sports exercises cut the spending plan on the on sports which lead to the kids to pay-to-play
expense which the lower pay families think that its hard to pay and the lower pay families youngsters interest have
decreased. Kids’ investment in sports have decline on account of the games charges which likewise incorporates
gear, regalia and extra group expenses [11]. The principle limitations for lower pay families are to support the
necessary measure of cash for their kids to partake in sports. There do exist a few projects for lower pay families
to subsidize their cash. Guardians are unconscious of such projects that exist. The guardians should be instructed
on these issues with the goal that their kids can participate in proactive tasks and carry on with a sound life [12].
The privatization of sports has additionally leaded to a decay of privately run establishments which helps the lower
pay individuals. Individuals leave and join the private preparing organizations leaving in the defeat of the privately
run establishments. The expenses in the private organizations are high, which impacts the lower pay individuals
[13]. There is a fast expansion in cooperation in sports by the higher pay individuals and there is a decrease in the
35
investment of the lower pay individuals. As the support of the richer individuals builds the interest in the lower pay
individuals decline. The assets don’t arrive at the lower pay individuals at the more youthful age which doesn’t hop
that big time salary youngsters get [14].
Socio-Economic Status of the Family
The Socio-Economic Status (SES) of the families likewise massively affects the games they pick. Higher SES
families put their youngsters in costly games while lower SES families put their kids in more affordable games.
In all social orders the higher SES families have a higher investment in sports exercises and they have a higher
participation in games then the lower SES families [15]. Low financial position (SEP), the lesser they take an
interest in the proactive tasks and outside exercises contrasted with the higher SEP. The markers of SEP are parental
instructive level, parental occupation, pay, or composite proportions of SEP. The kids outside play vary with the
SEP pointer. Where the lower pay family with a lesser interest in outside play [16].
Sports Injuries
The impact of energy use during submaximal practice is influenced by mechanical and strong variables. The
competitor’s gear like footwear, track surface, and bike segments on economy and solid productivity additionally
impacts their exhibition. The impact of the positive versus negative work and capacity of versatile energy according
to the subject of economy and strong proficiency [17]. The games injury anticipations system can be planned
were the specialists can recognize different wounds and avoidance can be embraced by sports members’ mentors
and wearing bodies with the goal that the competitor can be without injury. All the data of past wounds should be
gathered and a finished investigation of the wounds and the avoidances methods should be broke down [18]. Game
science is a logical interaction which guides practice of sports and plan to further develop the donning exhibitions
[19].
Role of Social Agents
A family is the most strong of socialization organizations in this way sports contribution is influenced by
relatives. Additionally there are different factors like age, sex, instruction and occupation which partners with sports
inclusion [20]. It is evidential that families’ games culture is a central factor in a person’s donning advantages where
family friendly class and socioeconomics are some sub-factors. ‘Nurturing style’ impacts upon the viability of
nurturing rehearse corresponding to youngsters’ game and active work [21]. The Key to a fruitful games individual
is to satisfy the mental necessities. It tends to be seen that when inspiration and care is given to a game’s individual
the exhibition of his or hers progressions radically. The significance additionally lies in inspecting capability, self-
rule, and relatedness freely [22]. For a tip top competitor the mentors and friends go about as the main part of
inspiration. Guardians on the other go about as were restricted to feelings and good help. A decent connection
between the mentors, peers and the competitor is the main this with regards to inspiration. The social specialists
likewise assume a part in the competitor’s life: guidance and initiative to mentors; enthusiastic help, community or
potentially aggressive practices for peers, and for guardians, a lessened job comparative with when the competitors
were more youthful [23]. In the persuasive environment of people it was discovered that parent and companions
environment has the most compelling influence. The competitor with a more significant standard direction had
more noteworthy game ability, confidence, and greater satisfaction in sports. The continuation in that specific games
relied upon the competitor’s delight and their confidence [24].
Sports Infrastructure
Sports foundation likewise plays a significant effect on sports exhibitions. The districts which have a greater
amount of parks can advance a greater amount of running while municipals having a greater amount of swimming
posts can advance swimming in that spot. Various games have various markers. Mass interest and club investment
36
have made games foundation significant. Regularly the proportions of frameworks fall flat on the grounds that idle
individuals have an off-base insight in supply of offices. The intention is to recognize the effect of framework in
individual and game clubs utilizing geo-coded information [25]. One reason for the ruin of sports in India is because
of the absence of offices. The worry comes to advanced education foundation because of budgetary issues [26].
Individuals who partake in sports carry on with a superior and better life. The schooling and inspiration alone isn’t
sufficient for a games individual yet in addition a grounded foundation [27].
Objectives
1. To explore the challenges & Opportunities in improving psychological skill in India.
2. To identify the emerging trend in sports eco-system.
3. To suggest the policy maker about the significance of developing psychological models in sports.
Methodology Used
The kind of the examination is Descriptive nature. Auxiliary wellspring of information has been utilized.
The significant motivation behind this examination is to give guidance to graphic and convincing exploration. To
examine the degree of work conveyed in the space of sports brain science. To foster this paper research papers, in
presumed diaries, gathering procedures, reports, magazines, papers and articles have been refereed. Codes has been
extricated to make calculated casing work.
Fig 1: Deductive codes on Psychological challenges & Opportunities in Indian Sports
37
Fig 2: Conceptual Frame work on Psychological challenges & Opportunities
Discussion
The codes referenced in the Fig 1 are acquired from writing reinforces the ideas. In fig 2 the connections
between the factors driving towards the mental difficulties and openings in Indian games have been shown. It
has been discovered that sports isn’t only a game yet additionally gives different profession openings. Because
of development in innovation, the ventures have been developed by and large all throughout the planet. Sports
coordinating go under occasion the executive’s area. Since advancement has happened in media and innovation,
game administration has developed generally. Essentially, occasion the board is an assistance industry which
incorporates various degrees of coordination like notice, occasion supports, marking, promoting, finance, sports
culture and overseeing sports assets, overseeing observers, player’s coordination giving the games teachers, sports
coaches, sports chiefs and so forth In India, despite the fact that hockey is the public game/game of the nation,
individuals take an interest more in cricket. Cricket is one of the significant regions where speculation streams to
the most noteworthy. Thus the games are one of the arising patterns in India. The significant effect on the lower
pay families is that the expanding cost of sports exercises as the days passes by. The issue of paying enlisting
charges. The enlistment charges have expanded and is expanding step by step, regardless of whether it is a group
activity or and an individual game. Many think that its hard to pay for the gear, instructing and footwear [28]. The
advantages in sports that children get are higher scholastic exhibitions, lower dropout rates and they foster abilities
like dynamic, correspondence, cooperation and using time effectively. In any case, a few children shockingly don’t
get the chance to play sports in light of the fact that their folks don’t have the cash or sources to finance their kids in
the field of sports. All things considered, higher pay family’s youngsters partake in sports more than that of the low
pay families. Around 1 out of 5 lower pay guardians drop their youngsters from sports as a result of the monetary
viewpoint [20]. Enrollment expenses are perhaps the greatest viewpoint influencing the support of lower pay
families. There are a few establishments or competitions which give a wavier in the measure of enrollment charges
however they require legitimate documentation of their parent’s pay which a couple might not want to unveil. There
has been an increment in cooperation of lower pay individuals participating in the games exercises [21].
Conclusion
One of the factor about which was referenced by every one of them some sort of compromise between
scholastic examinations and taking up sports as vocation. One thing which every one of them concurred is tied
38
in with acquiring an essential graduation degree at any rate, and second thing was about back up plans which
parent and youngster needs to have throughout everyday life. There were such countless vulnerabilities which was
referenced by every one of them was about ability (regardless of whether the kid has that quite a bit of ability that
he will actually want to perform at some level in sports), determination (it is extremely challenging to get chosen
from a little spot with restricted freedoms), absence of framework and expert training offices were among certain
issues which were featured. Some other significant variables were support from family, companions and mentors
and mindfulness about the conceivable outcomes in sports additionally influences in taking up sports as profession.
However guardians and teen both give due significance to scholastics yet their perspectives on elective profession
alternatives differs, where guardians feel that if their child can not make vocation in sports which is extremely unsure
sort of vocation, with no assurance of number of long stretches of business thusly guardians need their children to
zero in at the same time on investigations to acquire at least advanced education so the likelihood of joblessness
can be decreased. However, teen said they can play cricket for various levels then, at that point can do some sort of
guaranteed courses in a similar field and become teacher or umpire like something while mentor recommends that
there are plentiful of chances accessible for capable children and with help and with help and direction they can do
very well in their life.
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40
Mental Health Assessment of Under and Post

Graduate Students
Dr. Lohote P.K.1

Dr. Paneru U.P.2
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to assess positive mental health of under and post graduate students of pimpri
chinchwad. For the present study 260 under graduate and post graduate students from the pimpri chinchwad,
pune were selected with progressive sampling method. The sample includes 117 male and 143 female students.
The sample belongs to the age of 18 to 25 years of age. For the assessment of positive mental health developed
by Agashe and Helode (2007) was used for this study. Results indicate the systematic fact that 2.6% (N=06/260)
under and post graduate students had a lower degree of positive mental health; 73.7% (N=190/260) has moderate
level of positive mental health; 24.6% (N=64/260) has high level of positive mental health. So the percentage
of the under and post graduate student’s mental health had adequate positive mental health. On this basis it may
concluded that the status of positive mental health in under and post graduate students was satisfactory.
Key Words: Mental Health, Under graduate and Post graduate, Students.
INTRODUCTION
Health is fundamental component for development, productivity and growth of the society and passionate for
happy and healthy life everywhere in the world. As per the World Health organization (WHO) health definition,
includes physical, social, spiritual and mental health, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Since
ancient time, India has given preference to the people health and emphasized the need for a physically and mentally
healthy society. “There is no health without mental health” on the basis of proverb it is underline the fact that mental
health is fundamental and essential factor of the health. Some researchers from India and abroad studied a number
of mental health problems. Researcher has been undertaken clinical and population based studies, frequently with
different priorities that are complementary to each other. From a public health perception, the frequency, outline,
individualities and elements of various mental disorders have been examined.
Mental health means the absence of a mental disorder. According to World Health Organization (WHO) “Mental
health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope in with the normal
stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”. The WHO
stress that mental health is “more than just the absence of mental health is about not only avoiding active condition
but also looking after ongoing wellness and happiness. Generally speaking mental health’s refers to the efficient,
satisfactory and the sustained a sustainable state of mind.
1
Director of Physical Education and Sports, Mahatma Phule Mahavidyalaya, Pimpri, Pune
2
Director of Physical Education and Sports, Annasaheb Waghire College, Otur
41
In recent situation, health problems particularly mental health is so complicated. Youth Centers College is an
important location in which to evaluate and address mental health. Most of the mental health problems have first
beginning by young adulthood (Kessler et.al 2005), as per the study in 2004 by Kadison and Digeronimo, College
of the overwhelmed: The Campus Mental Health Crisis and what to do about it confirm that rising number of
the students are coping with the depression, anxiety and major mental health challenges. research shows that many
undergraduate or postgraduate are suffering from anxiety depression; a significant number of them are suffering
from an eating disorder and self-harm. In India, President of India, Ram Nath Kovind Declared that in 2017 India
Was “Facing a possible mental health epidemic”. A study finds that in 2017 14% of India’s population suffered from
mental health disorders, 45.7 million population suffering from depressive disorders and 49 million population
suffering from anxiety disorders.
Habits are developing in early adulthood period; self-image and social relations are characteristics of persons
in grown-up life. Around three fourth of all lifespan mental disorders start by the mid- twenties, and the middle age
for substance disorders fall among 18 and 29 years age (Kessler RC, Amminger GP, et.al. 2007).
The positive concept of mental health has been spread by Strupp and Hadley. In 1997 they formed a model
of positive mental health contains (a) Self-acceptance: suggests person is fully aware of his shortcomings and
points and self-worth in the given community (b) Ego-strength: ability to come to terms with negative emotions
arising from anxiety and fear and philosophy of human life. As well as Rene Descarts was another contributor
of philosophies of human nature and understanding the reason as the attitude of human nature. He believed that
mind and body are two different things and believed true knowledge about anything including human nature comes
through application of pure reason. To get more information on this questionable issue, the present study was
planned to assess mental health of graduate and post graduate students.
The objective of the study:
The purpose of this study is to assess positive mental health of under and post graduate students of pimpri
chinchwad area.
Research Design and Methodology:
Research Area:
The study was carried out on undergraduate and post graduate non-athletes student’s age 18 to 25 year Pune.
Research Design:
The study utilized a descriptive survey method of research. A survey research collects data about variables of
subjects.
Sampling procedure and the sample:
For the present study consisting 261 (117 male and 143 female) under graduate and post graduate students
within the age group 18 to 25 year have been selected. For the selection of sampling purposive sampling method
is used. Well structure Agashe and Helode (1988) The Mental Health Inventory (MHI) use for the collection of
relevant data.
Tools :
The Mental Health Inventory (MHI) by Agashe and Helode (1988) considered self-acceptance, ego-strength
and philosophies of human nature as the major components of positive mental health. This MHI includes 36
statements, 12 each for tapping self-acceptance, assessing ego-strength and for measuring philosophies of human
nature. Since all the subjects participate in this study, were well versed with Marathi language, the MHI of Agashe
& Helode (Hindi Version) has been translated into the Marathi language. While scoring the responses, as obtained
42
from the MHI, it has been kept in mind that there were 36 items, where the Nos. 1, 7, 9, 15, 17, & 18 are negatively
and 6, 8, 14, 16, & 27 are positively worded, which were belonging to ego-strength component of positive mental
health. Similarly, the items 2, 10, 20, 28, 29, & 31 are negatively worded and 4, 11, 22, 24, 26 & 34 are positively
worded, which constitute the self-acceptance component of positive mental health. However, the items 5, 13, 21,
25, & 36 are negatively worded and 3, 12, 19, 23, 30 & 32 are positively worded, which are meant for tapping
the philosophies of human nature component of the positive mental health. Further, assigning a numerical credit
of 1 point to each response given in the keyed direction and a credit of 0 point to each response given in the anti-
keyed direction, the responses of each subject on 36 items of MHI were scored and composite score on the whole
inventory of the subjects was observed. Total score on MHI indicating the magnitude of positive mental health. The
maximum possible score of this inventory is 36 while the minimum possible score is zero. Thus, higher the score
greater the degree of positive mental health, is the direction of the scoring of this inventory.
Statistical Tools: For these studies, Descriptive statistics calculate Mean, Mode, Standard Deviation and
Standard Mean Error used for the data analysis.
Procedure: 260 under graduate and post graduate students were purposively chosen from the study areas which
come under the Pimpri Chinchwad, pune district of Maharashtra. The sample has 117 male and 143 female students
within the age group of 18 to 25 years. The administration of the mental health inventory for data collection was
done following the protocol of survey research with the help of goggle form. Scoring was done with the help of
scoring key in the manual. The classification of subject into low, moderate and high level of positive mental health
was carried out as suggested by the author. The results are presented in tables and figure numbers.
Result and Discussion:
Table 1 : Group Descriptive Statistics of the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) (Male and Female)
N Mean Std. Deviation

Variables
Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic
MHI 260 22.35 .21 3.33
Mental Health Inventory (MHI): Mental Health Inventory (MHI) under graduate and post graduate male and
female students mean is 22.35, Std. Error is 0.21 and Std. Deviation is 3.33.
Table 2 : Descriptive Statistics of Ego-Strength, Self-acceptance, Philosophies Human Nature
N Mean Std. Deviation

Variables
Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic
Ego-strength 260 6.96 .13 2.04
Self-acceptance 260 6.96 .13 2.04
Philosophies human nature 260 8.25 .10 1.61
Ego-strength: Ego-strength undergraduate and post graduate students mean is 6.96 with Std. Error is 0.13 and
Std. Deviation is 2.04.
Self-acceptance: Self-acceptance undergraduate and post graduate students mean is 6.96 with Std. Error is 0.13
and Std. Deviation is 2.04.
Philosophies human nature: Philosophies human nature undergraduate and post graduate students mean is
8.25 with Std. Error is 0.10 and Std. Deviation is 1.61.
43
Table 3 : Frequency table of Mental Health Inventory (MHI)
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 10.00 1 .4 .4 .4
12.00 1 .4 .4 .8
14.00 1 .4 .4 1.2
15.00 1 .4 .4 1.5
16.00 2 .8 .8 2.3
17.00 8 3.1 3.1 5.4
18.00 12 4.6 4.6 10.0
19.00 23 8.8 8.8 18.8
20.00 27 10.4 10.4 29.2
21.00 32 12.3 12.3 41.5
22.00 27 10.4 10.4 51.9
23.00 28 10.8 10.8 62.7
24.00 33 12.7 12.7 75.4
25.00 26 10.0 10.0 85.4
26.00 15 5.8 5.8 91.2
27.00 10 3.8 3.8 95.0
28.00 5 1.9 1.9 96.9
29.00 1 .4 .4 97.3
30.00 3 1.2 1.2 98.5
31.00 1 .4 .4 98.8
32.00 1 .4 .4 99.2
33.00 2 .8 .8 100.0
Total 260 100.0 100.0
Note: N = 260 (Male 117 and Female 143)
Table 3 indicate the frequency of the positive mental health inventory of under graduate and post graduate (male
and female) students
Table 4 : Under graduates and Post graduates student’s category of Mental Health Inventory
Category of positive mental health Frequency Percentage
Low positive mental health 6 2.3%
Moderate positive mental health 190 73.7%
High positive mental health 64 24.6%
A review of frequency distribution indicative of the scientific fact that 2.3% students (n = 260) had a lower
degree of positive mental health; 73.7% students (n = 260) possesses a moderate level of positive mental health
whereas 24.6 % students (n = 260) possesses a high level of positive mental health. So the percentage of under
graduate and post graduate students had moderate positive mental health. The status of the positive mental health in
under graduate and post graduate students’ category is also shown in the figure 1.
44
Figure 1 : Percentage of Mental Health Inventory
Figure shows that mental health of under graduate and Post graduate students were satisfactory.
Conclusion
On the basis of results, it may conclude that mental health of under graduate and post graduate students was
moderate level and also, undergraduate and post graduate students are aware of mental health.
References
Agashe CD, Helode RD. Manual for Positive Mental Health Inventory, Psychoscan, Wardha 1988.
IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.
Kessler R.C., Amminger G.P., Aguilar-Gaxiola S., Alonso J., Lee S., Ustun T.B. (2007). Age of onset of
mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20:359–364. doi: 10.1097/
YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c
Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin,R., Merikangas, K.R., and Walters, E.E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and
age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch. Generl
Psychiatry 62, 593-602. Dio: 10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Khyati S., Mishra, A., Mishra, V., (2021). Status of positive mental health among elderly people of Tehri uttarakhand
IJPESH 2021; 8(2): 25-27
Naik, (2015). A Comparative Study of Mental Health among Rural and Urban Adolescent Students, IJRRSSH Vol.
2, Issue 2, p143-145.
Prasanna. (1984). Made a study of certain mental health variables associated with high and low achieving adolescents.
Recovered form https://www.ideasforindia.in/topics/human-development/understanding-india-s-mental-health-
crisis.html
Strupp HH, Hadley SW. A tripartite model of health and therapeutic outcome. American Psychologists 1977;32(3).
World Health Organization. The Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts-Second Edition 2003.
World health organization. The world health report. Health system: Geneva, Life style for Health, fitness, and
Wellness 2001, P76.
45
Revamping in High Performance Sports
Dr. S. Jayaraman1
Abstract
High Performance sport focuses on achieving excel at the elite level. This term has become wider publicity
amongst the nations due to the priority given by most of the developed countries, merely the elite sporting
countries viz Unites states, China, Germany, Russia, Canada, Australia and so forth However, most of the elite
countries attains their top performances in the international arena, but some countries face disappointment and
are unable to cope up with the elite sporting Nations. In High performance sport, most of the countries highly
stressed on budget/funding, infrastructure, talent identification model, coaching professionals and experts, high
performance management system, and preparation of well-structured training programme and participation in
selected elite competitions. Performance management in sports has been one of the most important and optimistic
growths in the domain of human resource management in modern years. Extensive improvement is a structural
context that counterparts the needs, demands and the requirements of the athlete’s growth and development.
The long term athlete development model is a key for High performance sport. Hence, it’s vary based on the
type of sports and the capacity of the Nation building in sports. Sports policy and policy making plays a key
role in what sport looks like in this increasingly global order. Hence, in order to achieve the podium success,
the sports budget, sports policy, sports infrastructure and facilities, identifying the potential talents scheme,
coaching expertise, implementation of advanced technology, decentralisation of management and structured
planning for selected competition at domestic and international levels.
Key Words: Budget, Infrastructure, sports policy, Talent identification, Elite, Performance.
INTRODUCTION
High performance sports means performing to excel at the International Competitions. The term high performance
came to exist since the 1950s (Houlihan, 2013). The cause for High performance is due to the dominance of
developed counties seeking to spectacle their sovereignty over the other. It is a sign of dominance one over the other.
Hence, the development took place in various aspects of sporting performances. The advances in sports training
and monitoring, implementing of sports science domain and apt information of athletes, technological advances
in equipment, construction of stadiums, terrain of play fields, scoring and much more. However, most of the elite
countries attains their performances in the international arena, but some countries face disappointment and are
unable to cope up with the esteemed sporting countries like United states, England, Canada, Germany, Russia,
Japan, China and the like.
1
Assistant Professor, Sports Authority of India, Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education, Trivandrum, Kerala- 695 581
46
Characteristics of High Performance Sports
Elite teams/sports high thrust deliberations on performances. Despite, the countries that have their own peculiar
strategy, modelling and managing and characteristics of high performance, the features of high performance of elite
countries differ grounded on their sports policies and modelling. It contains budget/funding, infrastructure, talent
identification model, coaching professionals and experts, high performance management system, and preparation
of well-structured training programme and participation in selected competitions.
Participation in Specific Elite Competition
High Performance Management System
Elite Coaching Scheme
Talent Identification Model
Infrastructure
Sports Budget
Fig 1. Characteristics of High Performance in sports
Allocation of budget is the foundation and most important vertical domain in high performance sports. The
funding includes the establishment of infrastructure, sports coaching and facilities and well equipped laboratories.
The reason for the success of china in 2008 Olympics is the massive allotment of sports fund in the country.
According to Tien – Chin Tan and Mick Green (2008), the Chinese government invested 10,745,730,000 Yuan
worth of sports budget approximately USD 1,404,395,252 for elite sports. Hence, the funding plays a significant
role in achieving excellence at the elite levels.
Instituting the play field, construction and maintenance of stadia are highly multifaceted for managing at the
elite levels. Providing suitable facilities to the users- starting from grassroots, intermediate and elites are the factual
challenge for the sports bodies and administrators. However, adequate infrastructure plea to strengthen the mass
participation and thereby finding the real sweat is the sporting success of any country.
Talent identification and selection is the key for high performance sports. Identifying talents in a sport is not
an easy task. However, it takes enormous effort to outfit and imply the scientific application for these practices.
Altogether, the athletes are identified and determined for different sport/event, but some succeeded while others
do not. There are several reasons behind the success or failure of the athlete. Foremost root is due to failure in
identifying the talent in a particular sport at the right time. Each and every county have their own talent identification
model based on the requirement of athletes for various sports and subsequently found talents are identified for the
desirable sports to succeed. Effective functioning and monitoring at grass root level helps the athletes on the board.
Therefore, identifying talents and placing them in the right direction and helps to attain the top level which is always
a challenging task at the high performance sports centres.
The experts of numerous coaching divisions are loud on these issues that play a substantial role in development
of elite sports management system. Merely, 30 experts are greatly involved in producing elite athletes in the Science
of elite sports development. The coaching expertise, sports scientists, Sports Medicine doctor, physiotherapists and
supporting personal have a massive task of bringing up the talents to the podium. Technology and elite coaching
system plays a predominant role in effective functioning of the system. Therefore, advances in technology,
decentralisation of management, operative network from ground to top level and welfare scheme for the athletes
and coaches are insisted.
High Performance Management System
Performance management in sports has been one of the most important and optimistic growths in the domain
47
of human resource management in modern years. Handling the high performance is a multifaceted procedure that
works at end and is predisposed through micro-meso- and macro elements (De Bosscher et al., 2006). Effective
high performance management system begins with the grass root level. It is the foundation and the root cause for
high performance in sports. Hence, the great importance and more responsiveness is required at the grass root
domain. The performance management system is a collective and unique process in order to obtain the top most
results. High Performance team viz director, managers, coaches have a regular discussion on athlete’s profile,
progression, strength and weaknesses, target and goal setting along with the various experts.
Long term Athlete Development
Extensive improvement is a structural context that counterparts the needs demands and the requirements of
the athlete’s growth and development. Wylleman (2004) claimed that the overall personality develops along with
their sporting performances. It is constantly a direct proportionate of sporting performances and overall personality
development of an athlete. Kids must develop their fundamentals at the age of 12 which will lead them to obtain
their maximum innate potential at later stage. It is also revealed that around ten years of training age helps the athlete
to reach their peak performances at the elite level. Many authors and scientist describes the stages of development
and long term development of these athletes are as quite similar. Merely, the transformation between the authors/
text is the quantity of phases.
The athlete development model developed by Balyi and Hamilton (2004) has been recognised and acknowledged
by numerous sporting bodies. Based on Peter J.L. Thomson (2010) phases of athlete development are classified into
five stages starting from Kids stage to Performance stage. Recently, the model which was developed by Lloyd,
R.S., and J.L.Oliver (2012) for the Youth Development would be the common understanding of youth exercise
recommendation.
National Sports Policy
Sports policy and policy making plays key roles in what sport looks like in this increasingly global order. It
is the conception of significant cultural effort on the portion of an entire range of personalities and bodies which
has consequence to administration and control of sport and sports policy (Catherine Palmer, 2013). The growth of
Chinese sports strategy has constantly been moulded by governmental, financial and scholastic necessities. The
country still follows the traditional form of sports system ‘Juguo Tizhi’ for the innate of governmental and patriotic
purposes (Fan Wei, Fan Hong, Lu Zhouxiang-2010).
Conclusion
The success of every country in a high performance sport is primarily due to its encouraging, practical and active
sports policy of it. In order to achieve the podium success, the sports budget, sports policy, sports infrastructure
and facilities, identifying the potential talents scheme, coaching expertise, implementation of advanced technology,
decentralisation of management, structured planning for selected competition at domestic and international levels
and finally the welfare of the athletes and coaches to be focused and highlighted at the elite coaching system.
References
Balyi, I., & Hamilton, A. (2004). Long-term athlete development: Trainability in childhood and adolescence. Olympic
coach, 16(1), 4-9.
De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for analysing sports
policy factors leading to international sporting success. European sport management quarterly, 6(2), 185-215.
Houlihan, B., & Zheng, J. (2013). The Olympics and elite sport policy: Where will it all end?. The international
journal of the history of sport, 30(4), 338-355.
48
Lloyd, R. S., & Oliver, J. L. (2012). The youth physical development model: A new approach to long-term athletic
development. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 34(3), 61-72.
Palmer, C. (2012). Global sports policy. Sage.
Tan, T. C., & Green, M. (2008). Analysing China’s drive for Olympic success in 2008. The international journal of
the history of sport, 25(3), 314-338. DOI: 10.1080/09523360701739804.
Peter J.L.Thompson. (2009). Introduction to Coaching; The Official IAAF Guide to Coaching Athletics.
Wei, F., Hong, F., & Zhouxiang, L. (2010). Chinese state sports policy: Pre-and post-Beijing 2008. The International
Journal of the History of Sport, 27(14-15), 2380-2402. DOI:10.1080/09523367.2010.504583
Wylleman, P,et.al, (2004). Career Transitions in Sport, Psychology of Sport and Exercises, 5 (1), p.7-20.
49
Effects of Bowlers’ Different Heights on Ball

Release Velocity in Cricket Bowling
Mr. Neptune Ghosh1

Dr. Papan Mondal2
Abstract
Introduction:The word ‘Cricket’ itself has become to mean in English language “Good Sportsmanship”. In the
sport of cricket, bowling is the action of propelling the ball towards the wicket defended by a batsman. The aim
of the study was to investigate the effects of standing reach height and ball release height on ball release velocity
in cricket bowling.
Methodology: For the present the study, 12slow medium pace bowlers were selected from various First Division
Club of Kolkata league under C.A.B., age ranging from 20 to 30 years. The bowling actions of medium bowling
technique of the selected cricketers (23.17 ± 4.13year, 172.04 ± 6.14cm, 62.79 ± 7.55kg) were recorded by two
fixed cameras. The video was digitised and analysed by using the Kinovea-0.8.24motion analysis software to
measure the selected kinematic parameters. Mean, standard deviation and Pearson Product Moment Correlation
test were employed to analyze the data statistically.
Results and Discussions:The results of the statistical analysis of the data revealed that standing height (172.04
± 6.14cm), standing reach height (222.25±9.89 cm.) and ball release height (184.39±8.16 cm.) were positively
correlated (r=0.554, 0.602 & 0.369) with the ball release velocity (104.19 ± 7.24 km./h). But among them, only
the coefficient of correlation between standing reach height and ball release velocity is significant at 0.05 level.
Bowlers withhigher standing reach heighthave longer radius of rotation by which greater force is applied to
produce greater linear ball release velocity.
Conclusions: From the study it may be concluded easily thatfor the slow medium bowling in cricket, higher
standing reach heightincreases the ball release velocity.
Key Words: Cricket, bowling, slow medium, standing reach height, ball release height, ball release velocity.
INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players each on a field at the center of which is a
rectangular 22-yard-long pitch.The bowler delivers the ball to the batsman who attempts to hit the ball with his bat
away from the fielders so he can run to the other end of the pitch and score a run. Each batsman continues batting
until he is out. The batting team continues batting until ten batsmen are out, or a specified number of overs of six
balls have been bowled, at which point the teams switch roles and the fielding team comes in to bat. In professional
cricket, the length of a game ranges from 20 overs (T20) per side to Test cricket played over five days.
1
Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education, Jadavpur University, West Bengal, India
50
In the sport of cricket bowling is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman.
Bowling the ball is distinguished from throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition which
restricts the angle of extension of the elbow. A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ball or
a delivery.
There are three distinct means of achieving the aim of successful bowler: by bowling the ball on a good line and
length, by bowling with sufficient pace that the batsman struggles to react to the delivery, or by bowling the ball in
such a way that it has lateral movement as it approaches the batsman, either in the air or off the ground. Other than
the ability to land the ball on a strategically optimum line and length, the main weapons of the bowler are his ability
to move the ball sideways as it approaches the batsman and his ability to deliver the ball at a high velocity.
There are different types of bowlers ranging from fast bowlers, whose primary weapon is pace, through swing
and seam bowlers who try to make the ball deviate in its course through the air or when it bounces, to slow bowlers,
who will attempt to deceive the batsmen with a variety of flight and spin. A spin bowler usually delivers the ball
quite slowly and puts spin on the ball, causing it to turn at an angle while bouncing off the pitch.Fast bowling,
sometimes known as pace bowling, is one of the two main approaches to bowling in the sport of cricket. The other
is spin bowling. The aim of fast bowling is to bowl the hard cricket ball at high speed and to induce it to bounce off
the pitch in an erratic fashion or move sideways through the air, factors which make it difficult for the batsman to
hit the ball cleanly. A typical fast delivery has a speed in the range of 137–153 km/h.
The standing reach height test is a measure of how high someone can reach while standing. This measurement
is commonly used for the calculation of jump height in vertical jump testing, though on its own is a good measure
of the ability to reach high for a ball, irrespective of jumping ability.Ball release height is the vertical height of the
ball from the ground at the moment of release.
Ball-release velocity in fast bowlers is influenced by various anthropometric, morphological, and kinematic
factors. Detailed anthropometric and kinematic data on the proportions of different body compartments is available
for a number of sports, but this information is lacking in cricket. More studies on bowlers of different ages and
levels,with different Anthropometric and kinematic factors are needed to develop specific guidelines for cricket
authorities, coaches, and players.In 2000, Glazier, P.S. et al. have gone through a study on Anthropometric and
kinematic influences on release speed in men’s fast-medium bowling. They concluded that the variance in release
speed of college students may be accounted for by thedifference in radial length between the axis of rotation atthe
glenohumeral joint and the release point. Loram, L. C. et al (2003) have confirmed that the angle of the front knee
at the beginning and end of a delivery is an important correlate of ball release speed in school boy fast-medium
bowlers. Worthington, P.J. et al (2013) have made another study onthe influence of cricket fast bowlers’ front leg
technique on peak ground reaction forces. It was found that a larger plant angle and a heel strike technique were
associated with lower peak forces and longer times to peak force during the front foot contact phase, which may
help reduce the likelihood of lower back injuries. However, there are very few researches has been done on standing
reach height and ball release height in cricket bowling. In this present study, the intention of the researcher is to find
out the effects of standing reach height and ball release height on ball release velocity in cricket bowling.
METHODOLOGY:
Selection of Subjects: For the present study, twelve male slow medium pace bowlershave been selected,who
have played for various First division club of Kolkata league under C.A.B.,ranging the age from 20 to 30 years.
Anthropometric Characteristics of the subjects were: age 23.17 ± 4.13year, height 172.04 ± 6.14cm, weight 62.79
± 7.55kg. All of them were right-handed players and they had no previous injury. They were the active participants
at the time of data collection for the present study.
Instruments and Tools: For collecting and analyzing the data, two cameras with tripod stand- [Canon
51
1200D(50fps: Camera-1) andNikon 5100D (30fps: Camera-2)], Kinovea-0.8.24 motion analysis software, computer
system, Stadiometer, steel tape, weighing machine, standard Cricket balls, well equipped Cricket pitch, measuring
tape, lime dust and nails were used.
Procedure for Data Collection: At first, the standing height and standing reach height of all the subjects were
measured by the researcher using stadiometer and steel tape. Then, the researcher recorded the video of bowling
action by two fixed cameras. For this purpose, Camera-1 was placed at the sagittal right plane of the bowling
approach, perpendicular to the pitch in a distance of 10m from the middle stamp and at a height of 120cm from the
ground. Camera-2 was placed laterally at a distance of 10m from the Camera-1and perpendicular to the run-up path.
A reference scale (a high jump post: 1.5m) was also recorded by boththe cameras for calculating and converting the
recorded distance into original distance.Each subject has bowled three times but the best one (valid) was selected
for analysis. The recorded video was transferred to the computer and it was digitized and analyzed by using Kinovea
0.8.24 motion analysis software. In order to investigate the existence of the effect of bowlers’different heightson the
ball release velocity in cricket, Product Moment Correlation was applied and the level of significance was chosen
at 0.05.
Fig. 1: Filming Environment for Recording the Bowling Action.
Fig. 2: Photographs of taking Measurement of Standing Reach Height and Ball Release Height
52
Fig. 3: Photograph of Calculating Ball Release Velocity
RESULTS& DISCUSSIONS
The descriptive statistical analysis of the selected anthropometric and kinematicdata collected on 12 male first
division slow-medium pace bowlers of Kolkata league has been presented in the table 1. The correlations of ball
release velocity with standing height, standing reach height and ball release heighthave been presented in the further
tables and graphs.
Table 1: Descriptive Statisticsofthe Selected Variables
Sl. No. Variables Mean SD
1. Standing Height (cm.) 172.04 6.14
2. Standing Reach Height (cm.) 222.25 9.89
3. Average Ball Release Height (cm.) 184.39 8.16
4. AverageBall Release Velocity (Km/h) 104.19 7.24
Table 1 shows that the mean and SD of standing height, standing reach height, average ball release height and
average ball release velocity were 172.04 ± 6.14, 222.25 ± 9.89, 184.39 ± 8.16 and 104.19 ± 7.24 respectively.
Table 2: Correlation ofBowlers’ DifferentHeights withBall Release Velocity
Sl. No. Bowlers’ DifferentHeights Coefficient of Correlation (r)
1. Standing Height 0.554
2. Standing Reach Height 0.602*
3. Average Ball Release Height 0.369
*Significant at 0.05 level r0.05(10) = 0.576
From the above table it is observed that, there was a significant relationship of ball release velocity with standing
reach height (r = 0.602). There wereanothertwo parameters, standing height and ball release height, which also had
a positive relation (r = 0.554 &0.369) with ball release velocity, but these were not statistically significant.The
correlation scatter graphs are presented below:
53
Fig. 4: Graphical representation of Correlation between Standing Height and Ball Release Velocity
Table 2 and Fig. 4 represent that, the standing height of the selected subjects were ranged from 164.5 to 182 cm.
The table and graph also represent that there was a positive correlation (r = 0.554) between standing height and ball
release velocity, but this was not statistically significant at 0.05 level.
In case of standing height, it is the addition of subject’s lower limb length and trunk length, which work as radius
of rotation. Greater the radius of rotation results greater centrifugal force.Therefore, there was a strong positive
relation (r = 0.554) between standing reach height and average ball release velocity though it was not significant.
Fig. 5: Graphical representation of Correlation between Standing Reach Height and Ball Release Velocity.
Table 2 and Fig. 5 show that, the standing reach height of the selected subjects was ranged from 211 to 241 cm.
The table and graph also represent that there was a strong and significant (at 0.05 level) positive correlation (r =
0.602) between standing reach height and ball release velocity. This correlation revealed that standing reach height
of a cricketer is strongly responsible for bowling faster.
54
In standing reach height, there is two components- Standing height and Arm length. Many researchers (N.
Ghosh and P. Mondal, 2016) have proved that the arm length is an important determinant for fast bowling speed.
The relationship between standing height and ball release velocity is also established very close to be significant at
0.05 level in this study.As greater the height and longer the arm result in higher standing reach height, the strong
and significant positive relation (r = 0.602)occurred between standing reach height and average ball release velocity.
Fig. 6: Graphical representation of Correlation between Ball release Height and Ball Release Velocity.
Table 2 and Fig. 6represent that ball release height of the selected subjects were from 174.44 to 201.15 cm. and
it had moderate positive correlation (r = 0.369) with average ball release velocity. This finding means that a person
having longer ball release height has a probability to bowl faster than a person with shorter ball release height. But,
as this ‘r’ is statistically not significant at 0.05 level, it cannot be concluded that there is any effect of ball release
height on ball release velocity.
Ball release height always depends on standing reach height and the angles of every joint at the time of ball
release. For this reason, the bowler should maintain the correct angle to achieve the optimum ball release height
and this height should be proportional to the bowler’s height. If the height is greater or lesser than the correct/
optimum height, the bowling speed will be negatively affected. In the present study, few subjects were there who
had extremely high ball release height.Probably this is the valid reason of not being significant correlation (r =
0.369) between ball release height and ball release velocity.
CONCLUSION
From the above result and discussion, it is concluded that, the bowler with greater standing reach height, can
bowl with greaterball release velocity in Cricket.
REFERENCES
Bartlett, R.M. et al. (1996).‘The biomechanics of fast bowling in men’s cricket: a review.’ J Sports Sci, 14(5),
403-24.
Clerke, A. (2005).‘Effects of hand shape on maximal isometric grip strength in teenagers.’ Journal of Hand Therapy,
18 (1), p. 1929.
55
Davis, B. et al. (2000)‘Physical Education and the study of sport.’ 4th ed. Spain: Harcourt p. 123
Ghosh, J. and Chatterjee, S. (2014).‘Relationship of selected anthropometric variables to pace bowling in
cricket.’Unmesh- A journal of Physical Education. 10(1)
Loram, L. C. et al. (2005).‘Determinants of ball release speed in schoolboy fast-medium bowlers in Cricket.’
Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 45(4)
Paul, S. et al. (2000). ‘Anthropometric and kinematic influences on release speed in men’s fast-medium bowling.’
Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 1013-1021.
Pyne, D. B. et al. (2006).‘Anthropometric and strength correlates of fast bowling speed in junior and senior
cricketers.’ Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 20(3). 620-626.
René E.D. (2014).‘Rear leg kinematics and kinetics in cricket fastbowling.’ Sports Technology, 1-10.
56
HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS AND OCCUPATIONAL

HAZARD: AN OVERVIEW
Mursalim Shaikh1
Dr. Kishore Mukhopadhyay2
INTRODUCTION
The strength of a nation rests upon the health of its people and future of the health of the people depends, to a
large extent, on what is done to promote , improve and preserve the health, as health is a fundamental human right.
To be a good man is the first requisite to success in life and to be a nation of healthy citizens is the first condition
for national prosperity.
Recently this definition has been amplified and it has been added ,”attainment of a level of health that will
enable every individual to lead a social and economically productive life.”
International Health Organization (1)

Today, there is a growing emphasis on good looks, good mood, and long life. Increasingly, scientific evidence
tells us that one of the keys to achieving these goals is strenuous physical activity. Physical fitness can be defined
as a set of health-related or skill-related factors. It refers to your ability to perform visual activity as it relates to
specific sports or activities of your day. In addition to physical health, physical fitness helps to improve your mental,
social, and emotional health. Health-related physical fitness is closely linked to disease prevention and functional
health. Participating in general health-related activities helps to control your weight, prevent diseases and illnesses,
improve your mood, improve energy, and promote better sleep. We have become a nation of spectators with many
people (including the elderly) who spend their leisure time in pursuit of that pleasure. As a result, statistics show
that obesity and overweight, complications related to high blood pressure, diabetes, heart attack, etc. They are
increasing. But statistics also show that antidepressants pay off, so one should not wait until his or her Doctor has
ruled out a diagnosis. Everyone must take action now. (2)
Occupational health risks change over time as technology advances and awareness of occupational safety issues
continues to grow. The Introduction to Occupational Health Risks focuses on job-related risks that have changed
with the advent of recent jobs.
Now the trend is towards industry. As industries grow in size and complexity, occupational health is a major
problem. The national government has recognized the need to protect the health of workers. Occupational health is
a field that is responsible for the health and well-being of workers in various fields. Health is very important in the
development of society, yourself and the world (3). Occupational accidents are very common, especially due to the
closure of covid 19 disease and the current epidemic. In this regard an effort has been made to critically evaluate
reduced remedial measures in order to reduce the risk of employee health risks.
1
Research Scholar, Dr. C.V. Raman University
2
Associate Professor in Physical Education, Union Christian Training College, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal.
57
Health-related fitness:
Health-related fitness associated with disease prevention and active health. Participating in general health-
related activities helps you to control your weight, prevent diseases and illnesses, and improve your quality of life.
it is made up of five stages of cardiovascular endurance, muscle strength, muscle endurance, flexibility and body
composition.
“Strength is a condition that determines one’s ability to work. Qualification is a personal matter. It means the
individual’s ability to live within his means. The functional capacity depends on the physical, mental, emotional and
social components of strength, all of which are related and interdependent. ”Kirchner (4).
Dimensions of the health-related fitness

With all the talk about diet and exercise, it is very easy to forget that fitness is a concept with many facets. It
cannot be separated neatly and easily.
In reality, physical fitness has (at least!) five different dimensions that each need attention:
• Muscular Strength Building
• Muscular Endurance
• Flexibility
• Cardiovascular Exercise
• Coordination
Muscle Strength Structure - This covers everything from the ability to handle heavy objects to being able to
stand on your own. It determines the amount of energy your muscles can have before injury. In a tight world, muscle
strength is often associated with muscle size. As we get stronger and able to cope with greater weight, we expand
our muscles and grow in size.
Muscle Strength - This feature is closely related to cardiovascular endurance. It shows how our muscles are
able to withstand ongoing work. Perseverance is what allows us to balance our daily routine while having enough
energy left over for leisure activities, as well as the occasional emergency. Without it, it burns down and we can’t
go any further.
Adaptability - It is a human skill in terms of the range of motion around the joints. The well-being and mobility
of our members have a profound effect on our daily lives. Simple flexibility can improve our balance, posture, and
basic mobility.
Cardiovascular Exercise - Cardio is what happens when we deliberately raise our heart rate over a long period
of time. Anyone with an interest in distance and exercise is exposed to tests such as running, jumping jackets and
cycling. Regular cardio helps to strengthen our hearts, improves the proper functioning of our circulatory system,
burns energy, increases lung capacity and helps keep body changing.
Integration - This is the ability to combine several different movements into a single portable and controlled
movement. Integration allows your body to function as a system, unlike a set of arms for each action independently (5).
Occupational hazard
Occupational hazard accident is an accident at work. Occupational hazards can include many types of hazards,
including chemical hazards, biological hazards (biohazards), mental and physical hazards. In the United States,
the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts workplace research and research that
looks at occupational health and safety risks leading to guidelines. In the EU the same role is taken by EU-OSHA.
58
Occupational hazards as the term implies both the long-term and short-term risks associated with the workplace
and are a field of study within occupational safety and health and public health. Short-term risks can include physical
injuries, and long-term risks increase the risk of cancer or heart disease.
Modern concepts of occupational hazards include all forms of employment, commercial enterprises, commercial
activities, forestry and agriculture etc. with regard to industrial risks, industrial revitalization and psychological
functioning. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Occupational health should aim to promote and
maintain the highest level of physical, mental and social well-being of employees in all occupations; workers’ travel
restrictions are due to their working conditions; protection of employees from their employment from risks posed
by health hazards; the placement and care of the employee in the workplace in accordance with the physical and
psychological resources, and in summary, the individual and individual adaptation of the work to his or her work.
”In today’s working life, people are stressed, the conditions in which they work and live, their hopes and fears and
their attitude toward their work. (6)
Table -1. Occupational Risk Category (7)
The various types of occupational hazards are presented in Table 1. In today’s workplace health, workers
are stressed, their living and working conditions, their hopes and fears and their attitude toward their work, their
colleagues and their employers, the personal relationships between employees and their superiors. Employee status
cannot be taken into account in his or her home environment. Prolonged stress can develop physical or serious
symptoms that do not allow me to function properly. Employee health represents a strong balance or adjustment
between an industrial worker and his or her workplace. (8)
Workplace risk assessment for SARS-CoV-2
The potential for exposure to health workers in SARS-CoV-2 can be determined by the chances of a direct,
indirect or close contact with an infected person. This includes direct or indirect contact, contact with contaminated
areas, with processes that produce aerosol in patients with COVID-19 without adequate human protection, or
working with infected people indoors, in densely populated areas (ventilated) (9). The risk of exposure to work
increases with the rate of public transmission of SARS-CoV-2 (10).
59
Employers, in consultation with health care workers and their representatives, and with professional support
for infection control and control (IPC) and occupational health, should regularly perform and renew SARS-CoV-2
occupational risk assessments. The purpose is to determine the level of risk of exposure to work related to different
occupations, occupational activities and job settings; and to plan and implement appropriate risk mitigation and
mitigation measures and to assess the suitability of the work, and return to work, of individual health workers (11).
Steps to reduce occupational hazards
Security management is the most important factor in the smooth operation of any organization. If you work in
the workplace, you should make sure that your employees are safe from all kinds of workplace hazards at all times.
An employee can be exposed to many types of workplace accidents on a daily basis. Therefore, as an organization,
you need to ensure that your workplace is safe by following a set of standard rules and regulations. Here are a few
ways to keep your workplace safe.
• Identify hazards in your workplace
The first thing you need to do is check your workplace for potential hazards. This includes a thorough and
careful inspection of all electrical equipment, cables and equipment within the organization. See if any equipment
needs repair and repair it as soon as possible. If the equipment is too old and has the potential to cause harm, you
should replace it.
• Reduce Noise in Your Workplace
In many industries, workers are exposed to high decibels of mechanical noise. Prolonged exposure to such
sounds can cause hearing impairment in many employees. So be sure to try and minimize noise in your workplace.
You should also provide your employees with protective equipment to combat this problem and train all your
employees to use protective gear effectively. This is important because if not used properly, these gears will not help
protect workers from potential danger.
• Try to reduce environmental stress
The working environment plays an important role in the overall production of any work. If workers are exposed
to difficult working conditions, then their physical and emotional well-being is adversely affected. If the nature of
your work requires your employees to work under changing temperatures and if they are often exposed to toxic
chemicals, then you too (12).
Mental health and occupational hazard

• Work is good for mental health but a negative working environment can lead to physical and mental health
problems.
• Depression and anxiety have a significant economic impact; the estimated cost to the global economy.
• Harassment and bullying at work are commonly reported problems, and can have a substantial adverse impact
on mental health.
• There are many effective actions that organizations can take to promote mental health in the workplace; such
actions may also benefit productivity.
Occupational health-related risk factors

There are many risk factors for mental health that can occur in the workplace. Many of the risks are related to
the interaction between the type of work, the organizational and administrative environment, the skills and abilities
of employees, and the support that employees receive to do their job. For example, a person may have the skills
to complete tasks, but they may have very few resources to do what is required, or there may be administrative or
60
organizational practices.
Risks to mental health include:
• Inadequate health and safety policies;
• Poor communication and management practices;
• Limited participation in decision-making or low control in one’s workplace;
• Low levels of staff support;
• Flexible working conditions; and
• Unclear activities or organizational goals.
• Creating a healthy workplace
The key to finding a healthy workplace is the development of government policies, strategies and policies as
highlighted by the work of the European Union Compass in this area. A healthy workplace can be defined as a
place where employees and managers actively contribute to the workplace by promoting and protecting the health,
safety and well-being of all employees. A study report from 2014 suggests that interventions should take a three-
pronged approach:
• Protect mental health by reducing work-related hazards.
• Improve mental health by improving the quality of work and staffing.
• Face mental health problems for no reason.
Building on this, a guide from the World Economic Forum outlines steps that organizations can take to create
a healthy workplace, including:
• Workplace awareness and how it can be changed to promote better mental health for different employees.
• Learning is a motivation for organizational leaders and workers to take action.
• Not updating the wheels by knowing what other companies have done.
• Understand the opportunities and needs of individual employees, in helping to develop better occupational
mental health policies.
• Awareness of sources of support and where people can get help (13).
International recommendations for dealing with violence and occupation in the health sector (14-15)
• Develop, implement and monitor policy in the workplace to prevent and combat violence, harassment,
discrimination and participatory discrimination against employees and their representatives, and ensure that
all employees, including management, are aware of and adhere to it.
• Establishing mechanisms to prevent discrimination and harassment and promote fair labor practices.
• Provide safety forums and personnel in high-risk areas.
• Efforts to raise awareness and provide training on violence and abuse.
• Provide timely and accurate information to hospital staff to reduce uncertainty and grief.
• Facilitate patient flow and avoid congestion and waiting times.
• Ensuring safe access to and from work and easily identified emergency exits.
• Provide alarms (eg emergency keys, telephone, beeper, short-wave radio) where danger is expected.
61
• Have proper procedures for reporting, investigating and responding to incidents of violence, discrimination
and discrimination in the open.
• Introduce measures to protect complainants, victims, witnesses and whistleblowers from harassment or
retaliation and to ensure confidentiality.
• Provide confidential assistance, counseling and support to victims, victims of discrimination.
• Regularly assessing the risk of violence and harassment in consultation with staff and representatives.
• Avoid wearing uniforms or other clinical clothing when going to work and when visiting public places, homes
or community for non-work reasons.
Determining occupational health quality aspects in terms of occupational health and safety
The process of studying the relationship between the determinants of quality of working life associated with
occupational health and safety resulted in the grouping of items from a worker and employer perspective. From the
worker’s standpoint, these factors include: ergonomics, commitment to safety, sense of belonging to the organization,
participation in prevention, responsibility toward work, autonomy, job satisfaction, good interpersonal relations,
growth and promotion, decision-making wellbeing, worker needs and obligations, working hours and salaries, type
and duration of contract, rewards, benefits, recognition, work environment, social integration, cultural diversity,
performance, work overload, occupational diseases, chronic stress, job insecurity, culture, industrial hygiene, and
environmental protection .
From the employer’s perspective, the determinants are: autonomy and decision-making, job satisfaction,
commitment and sense of belonging to the organization, skills development, freedom of association, interpersonal
relations, physical environment, communication, occupational risks, technology, organization of work, remuneration,
workload, job stability, role ambiguity and conflict, incentive, opportunity for progress, performance evaluation,
working hours, stress, freedom of expression, work-family-social life balance.(16)
Conclusion
At a global policy level, WHO’s Global Plan of Action on Workers Health (2008-2017) and Mental Health
Action Plan (2013-2030) outline relevant principles, objectives and implementation strategies to promote good
mental health in the workplace. These include: addressing social determinants of mental health, such as living
standards and working conditions; activities for prevention and promotion of health and mental health, including
activities to reduce stigmatization and discrimination; and increasing access to evidence-based care through health
service development, including access to occupational health services.
To assist organizations and workers, WHO has produced the “Protecting Workers’ Health” series which
provides guidance on common issues such as harassment and stress that can affect the health of workers. As part of
the Mental health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP), which provides tools for evidence-based health care, WHO’s
technical instruments for early identification and management of alcohol and drug use disorders and for suicide
prevention can also be relevant for mental health in the workplace. WHO is developing and testing IT-supported
self-help tools to address common mental disorders, harmful use of alcohol and psychological distress in low-and
middle-income countries.
In preview of the different context of the occupational hazards in work place has discussed with probable
corrective measures specially in context with the pandemic scenario.
REFERENCES
A.Sing,J.Bain,J.S.Gill,R.S.Brar,N.K.Rathee(2006) “Essentials of physical education”Kalyani publishers,New
Delhi”.(P.207)
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https://study.com/academy/lesson/health-related-skill-related-physical-fitness.html#:~:text=Participating%20
in%20regular%20health%2Drelated,%2C%20flexibility%2C%20and%20body%20composition
3.https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Introduction_to_Occupational_Health_Haza.
html?id=yLenDwAAQBAJ&shttps://study.com/academy/lesson/health-related-skill-related-physical-fitness.
html#:~:text=Participating%20in%20regular%20health%2Drelated,%2C%20flexibility%2C%20and%20
body%20compositionource=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y
https://the-exercist.tumblr.com/post/51258733494/the-five-dimensions-of-fitness
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_hazard
https://www.facebook.com/oilandgashse/photos/a.862799410427821/2408127295895017
A.Sing,J.Bain,J.S.Gill,R.S.Brar,N.K.Rathee(2006) “Essentials of physical education”Kalyani publishers,New
Delhi”.(P.237)
Mask use in the context of COVID-19. Interim guidance, 1 December 2020. Geneva: World Health Organization
(https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/337199, accessed 20 December 2020).
Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19. Interim guidance, 4 November 2020. Geneva:
World Health Organization (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/critical-preparedness-readiness-and-
response-actions-for-covid-19, accessed 20 November 2020).
Considerations for public health and social measures in the workplace in the context of COVID-19. Annex to:
Considerations in adjusting public health and social measures in the context of COVID-19. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 10 May 2020 (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/considerations-for-public-health-
and-social-measures-in-the-workplace-in-the-context-of-covid-19, accessed 20 November 2020).
https://www.youblawg.com/law/how-to-prevent-occupational-hazards
https://www.who.int/teams/mental-health-and-substance-use/mental-health-in-the-workplace - :~:text=Work%20
is%20good%20for%20mental,per%20year%20in%20lost%20productivity
Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva: International Labour Office,
International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, Public Services International; 2002 (https://www.
ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_160908.pdf,
accessed 20 November 2020).
C190 – Violence and Harassment Convention, 2019 (No.190). In: ILO Normlex [website]. Geneva: International
Labour Organization (https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_
CODE:C190, accessed 20 December 2020).
Drobnic S, Beham B, Prag P,(2010 nov.) :Good Job, Good Life? Working Condition and quality of life in Europe.
Soc Indic Res.,99(2):205-25
63
Introduce 7 runs- 8 runs -9 runs -10 runs -11 runs- 12

runs In All Cricket formats
Mr. Madhu Babu Kodela1

Dr. P. P. S. Paul Kumar2
Abstract
The famous game of cricket is played on a ground which is huge in size and is covered with grass. The shape of
the ground is usually oval but one can find various shaped fields which may be perfectly circular, slightly longer
but oval, and of irregular shapes. Modern day cricket has many new additions to its rule set such as power plays
and free hits for foot-fault no-balls. All these are more in favour of the batsman. A batsman can thus take more
risks with reduced failure rates. The cricket played in earlier days needed the batsman to time the ball properly
in order to score runs. These days, with just brute force, a batsman can clear the fence even if he hasn’t timed
the ball well or the ball hasn’t come off the middle of the bat. There are many reasons for this problem which
is resulting in falling interest in cricket all over the world. They are in no particular order, Now a days most
of the grounds have boundaries less than 70 meters, earlier they were up to 85 meters, technology of the bats
has significantly improved, faster outfields, poor field restrictions by the ICC, power plays, Post T-20 era, after
the popularity of T-20s the style of game has changed, test cricket has degraded and limited over’s cricket for
batsman has improved. The rules have changed largely in favour of the batsmen, the boundaries are shorter with
introduction of ODIs, T20s and Test Matches.
Key Words: Size of the ground, Runs, Batting, Fielding, Measure the length of six, Technology, Formula,
Introduce (7 to 12) runs
INTRODUCTION
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which
is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps.
The batting side scores runs by striking the ball bowled at the wicket with the bat and running between the wickets.
In this paper I would like to propose my idea of calculating the strength of the player and implementing extra runs
(7 to 12 runs) in the cricket score card.
Ground Measurement:-Although the size of a cricket ground is not fixed, usually the diameter of the ground
changes between 70 yards (64.00Mt) to 90 yards (82.29 Mt) in length. The ground is encircled by a rope which is
called the boundary. A square shaped area is prepared close to the centre of the field, where the cricket pitches are
usually made. There are a few laws set by the International Cricket Council to standardize the playing conditions
on any cricket field. The gap between the boundary and boundary square of the playing area has to be a minimum
1
Research Scholar Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
2
Associate Professor, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
64
2.74 meters .The minimum distance of straight boundaries has to be 64 meters in length with the pitch as the centre.
The main objective of the laws is to provide the largest playing area possible, however, it should not exceed 82.29
meters from the centre of the pitch to the boundary.
Runs:-The batsman tries to keep the bowler from hitting the wicket, while also trying to hit the ball sufficiently
hard to score a run, i.e., enable him to run to the other end of the pitch before any fieldsman can pick up the
ball and throw it to either wicket to knock off the bails. If the wicket is broken, either by a thrown ball or by the
wicketkeeper or bowler with ball in hand, before either batsman is in his ground, the batsman is dismissed. The
striker does not have to run after he has hit the ball, nor does it count in any way if he misses the ball or if his
body is struck by it. But if he gets a good hit and thinks he can score a run, he races for the opposite wicket and his
partner runs toward him. When each has made good his ground by touching his bat beyond the popping crease at
the opposite end, one run is recorded to the striker; if there is time, each will run back for a second or more runs,
crossing again. If an even number of runs is scored, the striker will receive the next ball; if an odd number, then
the non striker will be at the wicket opposite the bowler and will face the next ball. Any runs thus made count to
the batsman, otherwise they are extras. When a ball from a hit or any of the extras mentioned below goes as far as
the boundary, the runners stop and four runs are scored. If the batsman hits the ball full pitch over the boundary
(on the fly), he scores six runs.
Batting:-A batsman may hit right-handed or left-handed. Good batting is based on a straight bat with its full
face presented to the ball, although a cross bat can be used effectively to deal with short bowling. The chief strokes
are: forward stroke, in which the batsman advances his front leg to the pitch of the ball and plays it in front of the
wicket , if played with aggressive intent, this stroke becomes the drive, back stroke, in which the batsman moves
his rear leg back before playing the ball; leg glance , in which the ball is deflected behind the wicket on the leg
side; cut, in which the batsman hits a ball on the up rise after it has hit the ground on the off side, square with or
behind the wicket; and pull or hook, in which the batsman hits a ball on the up rise through the leg side.
Fielding:- The ideal fieldsman is a fast runner with quick reactions and the ability to throw quickly and
accurately. He should be able to anticipate the batsman’s strokes, to move quickly to cut off the ball in its path, and
to judge the flight of the ball in the air to make a safe catch.
The pitch:-Most of the action takes place in the centre of this ground, on a rectangular clay strip usually with
short grass called the pitch. The pitch measures 22 yards (20 m) long. At each end of the pitch three upright wooden
stakes, called the stumps, are hammered into the ground. Two wooden crosspieces, known as the bails, sit in grooves
atop the stumps, linking each to its neighbour. Each set of three stumps and two bails is collectively known as
a wicket. One end of the pitch is designated the batting end where the batsman stands and the other is designated
the bowling end where the bowler runs in to bowl. The area of the field on the side of the line joining the
wickets where the batsman holds his bat (the right-hand side for a right-handed batsman, the left for a
left-hander) is known as the off side, the other as the leg side or on side. Lines drawn or painted on the pitch
are known as creases. Creases are used to adjudicate the dismissals of batsmen, by indicating where the batsmen’s
grounds are, and to determine whether a delivery is fair.
Parts of the field:- For limited over’s cricket matches, there are two additional field markings to define areas
relating to fielding restrictions. The “circle” or “fielding circle” is an oval described by drawing a semicircle of
30 yards (27.4 m) radius from the centre of each wicket with respect to the breadth of the pitch and joining them
with lines parallel, 30 yards (27.4 m) to the length of the pitch. This divides the field into an infield and outfield
and can be marked by a painted line or evenly spaced discs. The close-infield is defined by a circle of radius
15 yards (13.7 m), centred at middle stump guard on the popping crease at end of the wicket, and is often marked
by dots.
65
METHODOLOGY
The floor and ceiling functions give us the nearest integer up or down.
Example: What is the floor and ceiling of 2.31?
The Floor of 2.31 is 2

The Ceiling of 2.31 is 3
Floor and Ceiling of Integers
What if we want the floor or ceiling of a number that is already an integer?
That’s easy: no change!
Example: What is the floor and ceiling of 5?
The Floor of 5 is 5
The Ceiling of 5 is 5
Here are some example values for you:
x Floor Ceiling
−1.1 −2 −1
0 0 0
1.01 1 2
2.9 2 3
3 3 3
Symbols
The symbols for floor and ceiling are like the square brackets [ ] with the top or bottom part missing:
Definitions
How do we give this a formal definition?
Example: How do we define the floor of 2.31?
66
Well, it has to be an integer ...
... and it has to be less than (or maybe equal to) 2.31, right?
• 2 is less than 2.31 ...
• but 1 is also less than 2.31,
• and so is 0, and -1, -2, -3, etc.
There are lots of integers less than 2.31.
So which one do we choose?
Choose the greatest one (which is 2 in this case)
So we get:
The greatest integer that is less than (or equal to) 2.31 is 2
Which leads to our definition:
Floor Function: the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x
Likewise for Ceiling:
Ceiling Function: the least integer that is greater than or equal to x
No.of runs to a batsmen if he hits longer six
d= distance travelled by ball

x= distance to be covered for getting six runs
Example-1.
Batsmen hit the ball 110 meters, boundary distance is 82.29 meters (90 Yards)
Distance travelled by ball -d=110 meters
Distance to be covered for getting six-x=82.29 meters
Now here batsmen getting 8 runs

Like that we will give to the extra runs to the batsmen up to 12 runs. (if the boundary is 82.29 meters (90 Yards)
67
Example- 2
the above picture boundary length is 77 meters and batsmen hit the ball 98 meters
Distance to be careered for getting six runs - x= 77
Distance travelled by ball - d= 98
Now here batsmen getting 7 runs

DISCUSSION
How is the length of the six measured instantly?
RADAR GUN METHOD:-Radar gun is the current or present technology to calculate the speed of bowl.
Radar gun has both radio transmitter and the receiver. This device works on the principle of “Doppler effect.” It
sends the radio waves to the receiver. They emit a radio signal in a narrow beam and receive the same signal after
it bounces from the target particle.
Another method is
HAWK EYE METHOD
Hawk eye method It uses six specially placed cameras around the ground to track the path of the ball, from when
it was released from the bowler’s hand right up until when it’s dead. with the combined effect of these six camera’s a
68
3-D image is formed and is used to measure the speed of the ball bowled.This same technology is used to calculate
the distance of the six hit by the batsman.
First they calculate the speed of the ball after hitting the bat taking distance as 22 yards (changing it into meters)
and then record the time till the ball crossed the pitch by d=s/t then they record the time till the ball has stopped
outside the playing area then again they calculate the distance by d=s/t . this is how it is calculated(all calculations
are based on the assumptions that speed of the ball remains the same )
CONCLUSON
So by the end I would like to conclude the paper with idea that, I have discussed so far that the players strength
should be calculated by the meters that he have hitted the ball to calculate the measurement we do have some
formula which I have mentioned before by using that method we can provide a fair result to the player hard work
(strength).
REFERENCE
https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/02/24/f217ce20-b395-4940-bf44-37349fc75c9f/ICC-
Standard-Test-Match-Playing-Condition
http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283664.htmlAccess date: 24/2/2020.
https://www.mathsisfun.com/sets/function-floor-ceiling.html
Akhtar, S., Scarf, P.A. and Rasool, Z. (2015). Rating players in test match cricket. Journal of the Operational
Research Society, 66, 684-695.
Allsopp, P.E. and Clarke, S.R. (2004). Rating teams and analysing outcomes in one-day and test cricket. Journal of
the Royal Statistical Society, Series A, 167, 657-667.
Beaudoin, D. and Swartz, T.B. (2003). The best batsmen and bowlers in one-day cricket. South African Statistical
Journal, 37, 203-222.
Borooah, V.K. and Mangan, J.E. (2010). The “Bradman Class”: an exploration of some issues in the evaluation of
batsmen for test matches, 1877-2006. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 6, Article 14.
69
A STUDY ON SPEED AMONG TRIPLE JUMPERS AND HIGH

JUMPERS OF KERALA STATE
Dr. Ajeesh P. T.1

Dr. Pradeep C. S.2
Abstract
Speed is one of the main fitness components, whether one plays sports or not, everybody needsspeed because
movements in everyday situations have to be performed at the appropriate speed in order to be successful.
Speed also has a very important role in many sports. For some athletes such as Track and Field sprinters, sprint
swimmers, cyclists and speed skaters, speed is the most important aspect of fitness. In many other sports,
including team field sports, good speed is also very important as part of the overall fitness profile The aim of
the present study to compare the speed among Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers of Kerala state. 20 Men Triple
Jumpers and 20 Men High Jumpers those who have participated in the M K Joseph Memorial 16th Kerala
State Inter Club Athletics Championship held at Chandrasekharan Nair stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
from 7 to 9 august 2019 were taken for the study. The 50 Meters Run Test is used to measure the speed among
Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers. This study shows that the Triple Jumpers are having good speed compare
to High Jumpers. This study shows that the speed is good in Triple jumpers because there approach run is 30
to 40 Meters compare to High Jumpers approach Run is 15 to 20 Meters. Speed Training is essential for Triple
Jumpers and High Jumpers. The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance travelled by the
object divided by the duration of the interval; the instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the
duration of the time interval approaches zero.
Key Words: Triple Jump, High Jump, Speed.
INTRODUCTION
Speed is the ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs rapidly to grab or throw. Speed is not just
how fast someone can run, but is dependent on their acceleration (how quickly they can accelerate from a stationary
position), maximal speed of movement, and also speed maintenance (minimizing deceleration). Movement speed
requires good strength and power, but also too much body weight and air resistance can act to slow the person down.
In addition to a high proportion of fast twitch muscle fibers, it is vital to have efficient mechanics of movement to
optimize the muscle power for the most economical movement technique.
Speed is one of the main fitness components, important for success in many sports. For some athletes such as
Track and Field sprinters, sprint swimmers, cyclists and speed skaters, speed is the most important aspect of fitness.
In many other sports, including team field sports, good speed is also very important as part of the overall fitness
profile.
1
Research Officer, SCERT Kerala
2
Principal, Govt.G.V Raja Sports School, Thiruvananthapuram
70
TRIPPLEJUMP
Competitors sprint along a runway before taking off from a wooden board. The take-off foot absorbs the first
landing, the hop. The next phase, the step, is finished on the opposite foot and then followed by a jump into a sandpit.
The distance travelled, from the edge of the board to the closest indentation in the sand to it, is then measured.Most
championship competitions involve six jumps per competitor, although usually a number of them, those with the
shorter marks, are often eliminated after three jumps. If competitors are tied, the athlete with the next best distance
is declared the winner.
At the inaugural modern Olympic Games in 1896, the event consisted of two hops and a jump but the format of
a hop, a skip, a jump – hence its alternative name which was still in common usage until recently – was standardised
in 1908.When Great Britain’s Jonathan Edwards set the current world record of 18.29m to win at the 1995 IAAF
World Championships, he jumped a distance in excess of the width of a football penalty box. Soviet jumper Viktor
Saneyev from Georgia won three consecutive Olympic titles from 1968 to 1976. The only men to win more than
once at the IAAF World Championships is Jonathan Edwards, who was victorious in 1995 and 2001, and Christian
Taylor, who won in 2011 and 2015.The best ever women’s competition came at the 2008 Olympic Games when
Cameroon’s Francoise Mbango successfully defended her title from four years before with 15.39m, the second best
distance ever, and six women jumped beyond 15 meters.
The Triple jump is divided into the following phases
1. Approach 2. Hop
3. Step 4. Jump.
https://www.tdk.com/en/tech-mag/athletic/003 Retrieved on 18.08.2021

HIGH JUMP
Competitors jump unaided and take off from one foot over a four-meter long horizontal bar. They seek to clear
the greatest height without knocking the bar to the ground. All competitors have three attempts per height, although
they can elect to ‘pass’, i.e. advance to a greater height despite not having cleared the current one. Three consecutive
failures at the same height, or combination of heights, cause a competitor’s elimination. If competitors are tied on
the same height, the winner will have had the fewest failures at that height. If competitors are still tied, the winner
will have had the fewest failures across the entire competition. Thereafter, a jump-off will decide the winner.
High jump contests were popular in Scotland in the early 19th century, and the event was incorporated into the
first modern Olympics Games in 1896.Of the field events, the high jump has perhaps undergone the most radical
changes of technique. The Eastern Cut-off, Western Roll and Straddle are methods that have been previously used
by the world’s elite. However, the Fosbury Flop, which involves going over with the jumper’s back to the bar and
became possible with the introduction of foam landing beds in the early 1960s and popularised by the 1968 Olympic
71
champion Dick Fosbury, is now pre-eminent. Built up shoes were used by many top jumpers in 1956 and 1957, with
soles of up to five centimeters. Yuriy Stepanov from the Soviet Union cleared what was then a world record height
of 2.16m in 1957 using such footwear but the IAAF banned these shoes the following year. Ruth Beitia became
Spain’s first women’s Olympic athletics gold medalist, and the oldest event winner, when she won at the Rio 2016
Olympic Games.
The High Jump is divided into the following phases.
1. Approach Run 2. Takeoff
3. Flight 4. Landing
Styles in High Jump
a. Fosbury Technique in High Jump
https://www.quora.com/high-jump-technique Retrieved on 18.08.2021

b. Straddle Technique in High Jump
https://carloselopez.com/2011/12/28/high-jump Retrieved on 18.08.2021

The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at
measured heights without the aid of certain devices. In its modern most practiced format, auxiliary weights and
mounds have been used for assistance; rules have changed over the years. Over the centuries since, competitors
have introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form.
The standing high jump was an Olympic Track and Field event held between 1900 and 1912. Unlike the
conventional high jump event which is part of the current track and field program, the standing version does not allow
any run up. The technique is performed from a position with both feet together. A champion in this discipline, Ray
Ewry won the standing high jump (and also the standing long jump) in 1900, 1904, 1906, and 1908. He set the world
record for the standing high jump of 1.65 m on July 16, 1900.
The high jump event in track and field athletics has evolved as the technique and equipment have improved
over the years. Significant changes occurred when the landing pit of sand or sawdust was replaced with foam mats,
and the ‘fosbury flop’ back over technique was able to be utilized. Here are the progressions for the men’s high
jump world record. The High Jump World Record is 2.45 meters, by Javier Sotomayor of Cuba, who achieved this
height on the 27th of July 1993 in Salamanca. Sotomayor also holds the indoor and world record of 2.43 meters. His
outdoor world record was set in 1993 is the longest standing in the history of the men’s high jump.
Speed training and jumping performance
When analyzing the velocity of the jumper, we must separate it into a horizontal and vertical component
72
and consider each with their own magnitude and direction, (Allen et al., 2016). Approaching the speed run
sounds fairly simple, but it actually is a challenge for jumpers to make sure they haven’t hit their maximum speed
but the optimal one during the take-off moment. While running, the jumper must be aware, that the optimal speed is
not always the maximal speed, when reaching the take-off board. In that moment he must keep a very good balance
between those two levels of running speed, (Bridgett & Linthorne, 2006; Graham-Smith & Lees, 2005). It will
also play a role in the creation of vertical velocity. The vertical velocity is a combination of the speed carried
in from the run, as well as the height gained from the push off the ground, (Wu, 2016; Knudson, 2007). A
properly relationship between horizontal and vertical vectors will generate a third important factor - the resulted
vector - inducing the optimal launching angle, thus the jumper reaching a high level of velocity, (Rebutini et
al., 2016).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is to find out the differences on Speed among men Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers
of Kerala state.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Find out the Speed among men Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers of Kerala state.
HYPOTHESIS
It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference in the speed among Men Triple Jumpers and High
Jumpers of Kerala state.
METHODOLOGY
SAMPLE
The sample for present study consists of 20 Men Triple Jumpers and20 Men High Jumpersbetween the age
group of 19 to 26 years of Kerala state who hastaken part in the M K Joseph Memorial 16th Kerala State Inter Club
Athletics Championship held at Chandrasekharan Nair stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala from 7 to 9 august
2019.
TOOLS
50 Meter Run is used to collect the data for speed.
PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION
The Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers are made to run 50Meters in each batch of two members. The timing
is taken by the qualified National technical official inAthletics at M K Joseph Memorial 16th Kerala State Inter
Club Athletics Championship held at Chandrasekharan Nair stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala from 7 to 9
august 2019.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table.1 is showing the speed among the Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers
50 Meters Run N Mean SD t P-value
Triple Jumpers 20 6.6379 0.0793 19.204 0.0000
High Jumpers 20 6.8240 0.1227
The table revels 50 M run meanspeed value of Triple Jumpers is 6.6379 (SD 0.0793) zand High Jumpers speed
is 6.8240 (SD 0.1227). It can also be seen that the value of t- statistic in case of speed is 19.204 and it is significant
as the p-value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the hypothesis accepted.
73
Conclusions
After sprinting down a runway to a takeoff board, the triple jump begins with a hop. Olympic triple jumpers are
incredibly fast and tend to hit the takeoff board at speeds of 9.5-10.5 m/s. At this pace, it is difficult to make sure
that speed is carefully balanced when starting their jump. The take-off takes between 120 and 160 m/s which is the
same for both sexes although men demonstrate a considerably longer acceleration path (averages of the finalists at
the world championships in Tokyo, 1991; men: 53 cm , women: just under 46 cm) which indicates greater strength
capabilities. A high enough jump is important for the takeoff because it will help kick start that push that will
carry one over a prolonged distance. On the other hand, the triple jump has identical traits to the long jump but the
difference is that of a hop step followed by a long jump.
It is concluded that Triple Jumpers are having good speed compare to the High Jumpers. Speed training must
be given to all High Jumpers and Triple Jumpers to enhance the performance becausethe jumping ability is mostly
depending upon speed. Speed training must be given to Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers.
References
Allen SJ, Yeadon MR, King MA, 2016, The effect of increasing strength and approach velocity on triple jump
performance, Elsevier Journal of Biomechanics, 49(16):3796-3802
Bridgett LA, Linthorne NP, 2006, Changes in long jump take-off technique with increasing runup speed, Journal of
Sports Sciences, 24(8):889-897
Graham-Smith P, Lees A, 2005, A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the long jump take-off, Journal of Sport
Sciences, 23(9):891-903
Hardayal Singh (1984) Sports Training: General Theory and Methods. NIS, Patiala,
Hardayal Singh (1991 Science of Sports Training. DVS Publication, New Delhi.
Michel Kent (1994) The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Sciences and Medicine. Oxford University Press Inc. New
York.
Rebutini VZ, Pereira G, Bohrer RCD, Ugrinowitsch C, Rodacki ALF, 2016, Plyometric long jump training
with progressive loading improves kinetic and kinematic swimming start parameters, Journal of Strenght and
Conditioning Research, 30(9):2392-2398
Tudor O. Bompa (1990) Theory and Methodology of Sports Training: The Key to Athletic Performance.
Wu L, 2016, Asian long jump athlete performance influence factors analysis, Journal of Computational and
Theoretical Nanoscience, 13(12):10111-10115
WEB SITES
www.fivb.org/EN/Triple Jump
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High Jump
www.topendsports.com/sport/athletics
74
Social media based teaching - learning for the

Undergraduate Physical Education Students of
Kalyani University during Covid19 Pandemic Scenario
Biswajit Sharma1
Kishore Mukhopadhyay2
Abstract
Асrоss the world, eduсаtiоn has been drаstiсаllyаffeсted by the СОVID-19 раndemiс. During the lосkdоwn
рeriоd of СОVID-19 раndemiсeduсаtiоnаl institutions around the world were forced tо shut down their
саmрuses indefinitely and move their eduсаtiоnаl асtivities onto online рlаtfоrms. Most instruction has
moved online. During the same раndemiс in India the State of West Bengal also forced to shut down
their higher eduсаtiоnаl institutions. All the соlleges were instructed by their university to аdарt online
method of teасhing learning during the lосkdоwn рeriоd. The аffiliаted соlleges under the universities
were not рreраred for such а transition and their online teасhing-leаrning рrосess evolved gradually due
to no аlternаtive орtiоns are there. Some of theрорulаrsосiаl media рlаtfоrms like GооgleMeet, ZооmАрр,
WhаtsАррetc are used in this time by various соlleges for соntinuing online teасhing learning. An online
survey was соnduсted form 11 July 2021 to 05 August 2021 to соlleсt the infоrmаtiоn of undergraduate
students of Рhysiсаl eduсаtiоn subjeсt of University of Kаlyаni and their resроnses on different аsрeсts
of online teасhing leаrning thrоugh vаriоus sосiаl media рlаtfоrms in the lосkdоwn рeriоd. Total number
of 591 resроnses gathered form undergraduate Рhysiсаl eduсаtiоn students of different соlleges affiliated
under University ofKаlyаni. Аmоng the 591 student’s 89% of them wereattended their online сlаsses
thrоugh Gооgle Meet, while 10% thrоugh WhаtsАрр end 1% thrоugh Zооm Арр during the lосkdоwn
рeriоd of соvid19 раndemiс. Resроndents also reроrted аbоut getting their study materialsthroughVideos,
E-learning, РоwerРоints, etс. This study рrороses that teсhnоlоgy enhancesocial media based learning is
helpful for imparting physical education undergraduate courses along with offline mode.
Key Words: Covid 19 pandemic, online teaching learning and social media platforms.
INTRODUCTION
The global spread of coronavirus has affected all sectors. According to the World Health Organization,
42,512,186 people have been infected worldwide including 1,147,301 people who died on October 25, 2020, while
India ranks second only to the United States and people. -7,864,811 have been convicted and have a death toll of
118,534 (Rahman, 2021). Many countries have put in place measures such as curbing the spread of the virus. Offices,
educational institutions, shopping malls, theaters, community parks, etc. were closed for a long time. In India, Prime
Minister Narendra Modi has announced that the first 21-day nationwide closing date of March 25, 2020, will be
1
State Aided College Teacher, Rani Dhanya Kumari College, Jiaganj, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.
2
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expanded by a number of phases. shopping malls, hotels, restaurants, tourists, sports leagues (NBA, FIFA, IPL,
WWE, formulas 1, golf) and public events, airbus, service sectors (amazon, flip kart, i -Eckart), education and so
on (Fernandes, 2020) Due to the closure of all educational institutions are closed and the learning process is taught.
Determined to continue the study process at the time of the closure, education authorities in India, UGC and AICTE,
have advised universities and colleges to start studying online. visual learning mode. Those teachers were suddenly
caught red-handed and began wandering into digital social media to complete their studies. As a result of all of this,
video and online conference platforms merging with Zoom, Cisco WebEx, and Google Meet saw a huge spike in
usage. Some teachers have used other forms of educational delivery during the closure including LMS and social
media platforms such as YouTube, WhatsApp, Facebook (Sreehari, 2020). Social media has emerged as a powerful
platform for tertiary educators to continue their students’ learning to read. Everyone, whether teachers or students,
was friendly and skilled at using the social media app viz. WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, which has
become easier with the use of online teaching platforms like ZOOM, Cisco WebEx, Google Meet etc. as a sign of
good learning transfer. Also, there are some educational apps such as Office 365, Google Classroom and an easy-to-
download and easy-to-use videoconferencing app According to Wikipedia, the use of platforms Communication can
provide students with unlimited resources and texts from reliable sources that they can use to benefit from essays,
projects, and presentations. They can also be used as a way to give and receive feedback at any time.
During the closure of the educational institutions disrupted the education system and learning process. Understanding
the learning and teaching process at this critical time is essential to design effective interventions to effectively teach
and learn. At that time teachers of Indian higher education institutions were instructed to use online teaching through
various platforms such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Google to meet etc. for the further education of their students. In India,
the higher education system is currently in its infancy. The system of higher education in any nation today wants to be
seen. Institutional higher education and students have to deal with online teaching resources remains a major question
in the context of COVID-19 (Bao, 2020) According to (R.Radha1, 2020) Student expectations today are very different.
ne-digital and mobile paced. Students were looking for online learning materials on mobile phones and computers. The
main reason for e-learning is that students can learn in their own comfort and need.In India from 25 March 2020, the
national closure began and continued until the end of 2020, without emergency services. Educational Institutions are
completely closed from April 2020 and continue. During these times many Undergraduate colleges are used in social
media-based teaching through various platforms such as WhatsApp, Google Meet, Facebooketc. On 30th Nov, 2020
the West Bengal Department of Education has announced that campus classes will not be rescheduled for colleges and
universities from December 1 and classes for the first semester of the undergraduate session will be conducted online
(Basu, 2020). In December the West Bengal State Minister of Education 1,2020 announced a meeting with Vice-
Chancellors to familiarize themselves with teaching and learning integrated mode in teaching and learning for a new
academic session. In West Bengal, especially in the Murshidabad and Nadia region, many undergraduate students who
study in urban centers and live in hostels or paid accommodation have returned to their local villages since the closure.
In the villages, they face the challenge of accessing online courses offered by their organizations mainly due to poor
data connection, unavailability of laptops and smartphones, and power issues. There are cases of students traveling to
random places from their villages in search of an impossible wireless signal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The study undertaken was survey method, data was collected using Google Form. Since the present study was
carried out to understand the undergraduate Physical Education subject students’ responses to their online teaching
learning given by their teachers during lockdown periods. The study was conducted covering 12 undergraduate
colleges having Physical Education course under CBCS system of University of Kalyani, West Bengal. Considering
the COVID-19 protocol, the questionnaire was structured in Google Form, which contains a total of 12 questions.
Percentage was applied for the statistical purpose.
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Subjects and data collection procedure:
This is an online survey-based study of the 591 undergraduate andstudents studying Physical Education subjects
in various colleges ofuniversity ofKalyani. An online survey was conducted from 11 July to 5August 2021 to collect
the information. A structural questionnaire link using ‘Google form’ was sent through WhatsApp to the teachers
of various undergraduate colleges for circulating their students’ through WhatsApp. All teachers and participants
were provided full consent before participation in the online survey. A total of 591 students provided complete
information regarding the survey.
The following Pie Chart presents an overview of use of online social media platforms on which online teaching
learningofundergraduate Physical Education subject in various colleges under University of Kalyani during the
lockdown period of Covid-19 Pandemic. Out of 591 students, major portion that is 522 (89%) students were attending
online class through Google Meet, while 59(10%) students attendingthrough WhatsApp and 06(1%) students told
ZoomApp.The above data revealed the significance ofsocial media platform for online teaching learning during
the period of lockdown. It can be understood from the above Pie Chart that the PE students are conscious users of
various social media platform. The statement which is preferred at the highest level is related with friends, which
shows that college students use various social media platform to realize communication and share among other
college students. At the same time statement which is preferred at related with Physical Education students it shows
that they use social media platform properly. The most important thing is that the one which is preferred least is the
statement “I think I spare my time effectively” and it indicates that they do not have the sense of belonging, and
that it is not the social media platform that make them feel peaceful or happy and get rid of loneliness during the
lockdown period.
The following Pie Chart (Fig-1)shows that the use of various online tools of sharing study materials during
online teaching learning period.
Fig. 1. Represent the social Medias used by the students in percentage

The learners also used many social media tools for getting study materials from their teachers during the lockdown
period. In this study it is observed that students were more likely to study through shared study materials (Fig-1).
Out of 591 students the majority of the respondents 217 (37%) videos, 190(32%) All of these, 85(14%) E-learning,
71(12%) None of these and 28(5%) PowerPoint are used for getting the study materials from their teacher. It should
be mentioned that the online teaching learning process through social media is often discriminatory.
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The study also found that many teachers and students face enormous challenges in e-learning and a substantial
proportion of students could not attend online classes. Especiallystudents from remote areas and marginalized sections
mainly denied online learning due to the lack of electricity and internet connectivity, having not a smartphone of
their own etc. Poverty further exacerbates the problem of the digital learning process in this unwanted crisis period.
CONCLUSIONS
The lockdown amidst COVID-19 has made significant disruptions in academic activities of undergraduate
students of Physical Education subject. The present study assessed the online teaching learning status of undergraduate
Physical Education students during this pandemic. It has seen that various social media platform like Google meet,
WhatsApp and Zoom App are gaining more popular and important medium of sharing knowledge. Although a
maximum proportion of students are using their social media platforms nicely for online teaching learning, few
of them face huge challenges in online study. The study reveals that during any pandemic like situation social
media platforms will be easy and effective alternative platform to continuing online teaching learning in any higher
educational institution. This analysis also finds that the Physical Education subject is practical based subject and it
is difficult take online practical classes through various platform, so in online classes less face-to-face interaction
between teacher and students, absence of classmates, network problems, new structure of classes cause irritation,
frustration and anxiety among studied students. Here, a dramatic decrease in the presence of students in online
classrooms was reported. On the basis of student’s response and understanding what teachers experienced during
the COVID-19 pandemic is important and helps to inform our thoughts around the future of Physical Education
teaching learning and specifically online class moving forward.So, there should be made a uniform academic plan
for the colleges and also initiate a proper Education Continuity Plan (ECP) to continue the learning process during
any emergency situation like pandemic or any other natural calamities. As we move into a post pandemic world, it is
important to keep in mind the successes and struggles of teachers and students in the online environment. Having a
plan and policy in place for online Physical Education teaching learning infrastructure should be prepared at both the
state and local levels is important as it will be helpful for higher educational institution in any emergency situation.
Currently the Essential Components of Physical Education do not address policies in the online environment and
not accepted by many of rural area students, but from this analysis now that we know more about how teachers
rolled out curricula online, maybe it is time to think about what the best policies and procedures should be for online
teaching learning through social media both now and in the future.
REFERENCES
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#cite_note-SMDefinition-
Bao, W. ( 2020). COVID-19 and online teaching in higher education: A case study of Peking University.
Basu, S. (2020). West Bengal: No on-campus university class now, admissions t .. Times of India.
Fernandes, N. (2020). Economic Effects of Coronavirus Outbreak (COVID-19) on the World Economy. SSRN, 33.
doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3557504
R.Radha1. (2020). E-Learning during Lockdown of Covid-19 Pandemic: A Global Perspective . International
Journal of Control and Automation, 1088-1099.
Rahman, A. (2021). Using Students’ Experience to Derive Effectiveness of COVID-19-Lockdown-Induced
Emergency Online Learning at Undergraduate Level: Evidence from Assam, India. SAGE Journal. doi:https://
doi.org/10.1177/2347631120980549
Sreehari, P. (2020). ONLINE LEARNING DURING THE COVID-19. JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS.
The best resources for online teaching during coronavirus. . (n.d.). Retrieved from www.futurulearn.com.
78
Effect of Spectatorship in Sports with the

consequence of Pandemic Scenario
Abdul Sarjen Shaikh1

Dr Kishore Mukhopadhyay2
INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 epidemic, also known as the coronavirus epidemic, is a progressive global epidemic of
coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), caused by acute coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The virus first appeared in December
2019 in Wuhan, China. The World Health Organization declared the Public Health Emergency of International
Concern on 30 January 2020, and then declared the epidemic on March 11, 2020 (1). Coron respiratory disease 2
(SARS CoV 2) (2) is the old COVID virus. -19 (coronavirus 2019), a respiratory disease against the COVID-19
epidemic. (3) Also commonly known as coronavirus, it was formerly known by its temporary name, 2019 novel
coronavirus (2019-nCoV), (4-7) and also called human coronavirus 2019 (HCoV-19 or hCoV-19 ). (8-11) The
World Health Organization has announced the outbreak of the Public Health Emergency of International Concern
on 30 January 2020, and the epidemic 11 March 2020. (12-13) SARS CoV 2 is a single (14) sensible RNA virus one
contagious in humans. (15) As described by the US National Institutes of Health, it is a follower of SARS-CoV-1,
the virus that caused the SARS outbreak in 2002-2004. (16) Globally, from 10:12 a.m. CEST, as at 30 June 2021,
there have been 181,344,224 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 3,934,252 deaths, reported by WHO. As of
June 27, 2021, 2,660,756,547 vaccine doses (17-18) have been compiled.
The impact of Covid-19 on spectator games this year was obvious. The question is what the impact will be
because the epidemic continues, and whether the impact can last once the epidemic ends.
Following the square measure some ideas on how and how far those changes can be, from technical, skilled,
tourism and Olympic professionals, continue as e-sports, a growing area where electronic competitions are broadcast
to online audiences . Their comments are altered in length and length (19).
Although the suspension of the sports program has been resolved by now, we often do not attend the game
but were opposed and watched Pre-Covid. In the months when the games have landed on the stadiums and on our
screens, we often measure the square and see the impact of epidemic restrictions on negotiations but, this can be
effectively amended by the rules, regulations and technology of watching the game.
To restore sport to a temporary standstill taken from the rise of the virus, a natural event, sports governing bodies
need to put in place the structures that provide appropriate agreements for community mobilization measures.
Throughout the game, we have seen changes in how to make training times, how to enter and use dynamic rooms,
how to interact with a player or opposing team, and how to celebrate points scored. However, on the far side of these
measures of social exclusion, some sports have taken this as an opportunity to change the old rules of sport (20).
1
Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Vinaya Bhavana, Visva-Bharati
2
79
To protect the health of athletes et al. events involved in international, regional and national sports are canceled
or postponed - from marathon to soccer tournaments, athletics to basketball, handball to hockey, rugby, cricket,
sailing, ice skating, bodybuilding to fight for. The Olympiad and Paralympics, for the first time in the history of
the elite sport, have been postponed, and can be controlled by 2021. (21) The global value of the sports business is
estimated at US $ 756 billion per year (22). Within the face of the COVID-19, the various square-foot operations
are thus at stake worldwide, not just for sports professionals, but in partnership with those in the leagues and sports
services linked to leagues and events, including travel, tourism, infrastructure, transportation, broadcasting and
media, among others. . Skilled athletes fail to organize their training, and in an effort to stay in the job market, they
risk losing out on talented sponsors who may be supported by the UN agency as originally agreed.
In addition to the economic consequences, the cancellation of the sport collectively affects the many social
effects of international and regional sporting events, which can strengthen social cohesion, contribute to the social
and emotional enjoyment of fans, and their athletic identification leading to greater physical activity. Sport has long
been regarded as an important tool for promoting communication and building bridges between communities and
generations. Through sports, many social groups can play a major role in social change and development, especially
in different communities. Within this context, sport is used as a tool to create opportunities for learning and access
to illegal or endangered human resources.
The sports fan base is defined as “each UN agency is interested in and follows the sport, team and / or athlete”
(23). A growing variety of researchers suggest that loyal sports fans can interact with a wide range of behaviors
associated with sports teams (24-25). Sports fans’ involvement in following their favorite teams includes hosting
sports events, watching sports on TV, purchasing a variety of team products, reading sports magazines and
newspapers, and talking to others about sports (24-25). Sports enthusiasts who are heavily involved in the scale
are undoubtedly focusing not only on recreational activities (e.g. attending, watching, reading, and shopping) but
also on participating in activities that benefit their favorite sports teams (e.g., ongoing sports shows, viva-voce, and
co-hosted events; (27-28) with different followers (e.g., small group data sharing with different fans, collaborative
communication within the stands, and commercial consumer behavior behaviors in fan communities (29-30).
SPORTS
The exact definition of what distinguishes sports from other recreational activities varies between sources.
Closest to the international agreement by definition is provided by Sport Accord, which is the organization of all
major international sports teams (including soccer, track, cycling, tennis, equestrian, and more), and is therefore de
facto representing international sports.
The Sport Accord uses the following criteria, determining that the game must be competitive
• No harm to any living creature
• Do not rely on a single service provider (other than sports related games such as soccer)
• Do not rely on any “luck” thing made specifically for the game.
They also recognize that sports can be physical (such as rugby or sports), especially mental (such as chess or
Go), multi-vehicle (like Formula 1 or power boat), combination (such as billiard games), or especially animal-
supported (like horse racing). ). (33)
Games within the Sport Accord can be divided into the following categories:
• Mainly physical
• Mainly the mind
• Large engine
80
• Primary communication
• Highly supported by animals
Source : https://www.topendsports.com/sport/categories.htm
The sроrts Sрeсtаtоrs

The sрeсtаtоr sроrt is such а sроrt which is organized in the рresenсe of audiance, or watchers, at its соmрetitiоns.
Sрeсtаtоr sроrts mаy be of рrоfessiоnаl оr аmаteur sроrts. They оften аre distinguished frоm reсreаtiоnаl sports.
All рорulаr sроrts аre bоth sрeсtаtоr аnd раrtiсiраnt, fоr exаmрle fооtbаll, bаsketbаll, сriсket, tennis, rugby,
gоlf, аthletiсs аnd vоlleybаll. Less рорulаr sроrts аre mаinly раrtiсiраnt sроrts, fоr exаmрle hunting.
The inсreаsing brоаdсаsting оf sроrts events, аlоng with mediа reроrting саn аffeсt the number оf рeорle
аttending sроrts due tо the аbility tо exрerienсe the sроrt withоut the need tо рhysiсаlly аttend аnd sоmetimes аn
inсreаsingly enhаnсed exрerienсe inсluding highlights, reрlаys, соmmentаry, stаtistiсs аnd аnаlysis. Some sроrts аre
раrtiсulаrly knоwn аs “аrmсhаir sроrts” оr “lоunge rооm sроrts” due tо the quаlity оf the brоаdсаsting exрerienсe
in соmраrisоn tо the live exрerienсe.
Sрeсtаtоr sроrts hаve built their оwn set оf сulture аnd trаditiоns inсluding, in the United Stаtes, сheerleаding аnd
рre-gаme аnd hаlf time entertаinment suсh аs fireworks, раrtiсulаrly fоr big games suсh аs соmрetitiоn deсider events
аnd internаtiоnаl tests. The раssiоn оf sоme sроrts fаns аlsо meаns thаt there аre оссаsiоnаlly sрeсtаtоr inсident.
The Nоrth Аmeriсаn Sосiety fоr Sроrt Mаnаgement (NАSSM) devоtes muсh оf their аnnuаl соnferenсe tо
reseаrсh аddressing the рsyсhоlоgy behind а desire tо view sрeсtаtоr sроrts, аnd hоw it might be leverаged tо
inсreаse demаnd. Muсh оf the reseаrсh fосuses оn exрlоiting а need fоr viсаriоus асhievement, аnd а desire within
the sрeсtаtоr tо рrоjeсt а рubliс imаge thrоugh а deсlаrаtiоn оf teаm аllegiаnсe.
Seраrаtiоn оf the асtive аnd the раssive, the line between sроrt аnd sрeсtаtоr, gives rise tо the раrаdоx оf
the sрeсtаtоr—desсribed by Frenсh рhilоsорher Jасques Rаnсière; whiсh is tо seek аn орроrtunity tо раssively
соntemрlаte engаging in аn асtivity, аnd in dоing sо, fоrfeit thаt life mоment оne might hаve used tо асtuаlly engаge
in the асtivity (34).
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Tyрes оf Sрeсtаtоr
There аre different tyрes оf sрeсtаtоrs in sроrts, whiсh аre listed belоw (35),
1. Аvid fаn : The fаn whо is а sоurсe оf gооd knоwledge оf the gаme аnd sрent lоt оf time tо disсussed the
vаriоus рrоs аnd соrns оf а tоurnаments.
2. The stаtistiсiаn: They рurist оf the sроrt in mаny wаys, the stаtistiсiаn sees the gаme аs а sсriрt just wаiting
fоr the рlаyers tо асt оut. Fоr them, it’s the knоwing thаt mаtters аnd nоt reаlly the result in the end.
3. The gаmbler: The sроrts tоurnаments аre unрrediсtаble nаture, sоme sрeсtаtоr just enjоy the gаme fоr the
рurроse оf gаmbling.
4. The fасe раinted sрeсtаtоr: Sоme sрeсtаtоr соlоur their fасe , weаr соlоurful dress with silly hаts, teаm
letters сrudely drаwn оn their bоdies, in оrder tо саtсh the eye оf the саmerа.
5. The раrt-time рrоgnоstiсаtоr: these аre thоse whо hаve оnly the mоst саsuаl аssосiаtiоn with the sроrt but
will never асknоwledge the fасt.
6. The unаffiliаted: Hаving nо reаl interest in the sроrt, just there fоr the ride, the unаffiliаted tаgs аlоng fоr
the sосiаl оссаsiоn.
7. The sаbоteur: Unfаmiliаr with the sроrt оf fооtbаll in аny meаningful sense, the sаbоteur is there tо оbserve
this fоreign gаme, аnаlyze аnd disаssemble it, аnd соmраre it tо their (suрeriоr) sроrt оf сhоiсe.
8. The аrm сhаir соасh: With nо exрerienсe оf the gаme раst the аge оf 12 оr 13, they shоut роinters аnd
сritiсism аt рrоfessiоnаl аthletes аnd асtuаl соасhes, miming stаggering disbelief аt the сhоiсes mаde by these
giаnts оf the sроrt.
9. Sрeсtаtоr Tyрe Рeорle sрend their time wаtсhing the event аnd derive enjоyment frоm it. Раrtiсiраnt Tyрe
Рeорle dо nоt gаin enjоyment merely by wаtсhing; they dо sо by jоining the асtivity. Асtive type , Раssive Tyрe
Рeорle hаve nо exсessive mоvement in рerfоrming the tаsk оr асtiоn. physiсаl аnd mental.
Fасtоrs оf sрeсtаtоrshiр
Different vаriаbles hаve tаken intо effeсt when lооking intо the аttendаnсe figures. These fасtоrs inсlude:
seаsоn, dаy оf the week the mаtсh is рlаyed, time оf the mаtсh, temрerаture аt mаtсh time, weаther соnditiоns,
lосаtiоn (stаdium), reсоrd (win/lоss), if there wаs а рrоmоtiоn, аnd the tiсket рriсe thаt seаsоn.
Аsрeсts thаt mаy influenсe the deсisiоn оf аttending а sроrting event аre:
(1) The рriсe оf аn individuаl tiсket,
(2) Free tiсkets,
(3) Disсоunted tiсkets,
(4) Аvаilаbility оf tiсkets оnline оr рhоne аррliсаtiоns, аnd
(5) The рriсe оf items аt the соnсessiоn.
Uninformed audience reveals the lack of information about the sport attended, the reason for coming to
the stadium is mainly curiosity. Under certain circumstances, the uninformed audience consists of individuals
who are summoned to that particular manifestation (such as military recruits, pupils), or they accompany a
friend. There are premises for the transformation of this type of audience into an informed one if what it sees
will turn into positive, constructive opportunities to spend leisure time, and if the impulse that brought it there
will turn into a competition. If any violence occurs in the stands, the uninformed audience can be lost to that
particular sport.
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The hostile audience displays the manifestations of extremist supporters, but not only, as there are factors that
can alter the behavior of such supporters: adverse decisions of the referees regarding the favorite team, instigation to
violence by the club leader of the favorite team, from the cheerleader, from the wild crowd. The fans, described as
potentially frustrated attendees on the stadia, are part of the cheering group; they are the Such fans can have radical
reactions: they now applaud and support the team, now boycott it; they are prone to
primitivistic vandalism, or they can be paid to attend and to take up activities that are specific to the cheering
group. They act violently, shout abusive cheers, attend under the influence of alcohol, display banners with aggressive
messages, their behavior is generated by their lack of education and general information regarding sports. They can
move from verbal violence to physical violence: the clashes between opposing cheer groups, clashes between cheer
groups and guards, shootings (36-37)
Audience and crowd effects in sports:

Audience participation is powerful in athletic performance. Perhaps no social psychological
the effect is more important to athletic performance and outcome than the audience, or spectators, effect.
While many variables may help create the home court or home-field advantage, none seem to be as important
as the presence of a supportive audience. Determining how and why an audience
presence affects Athletic Performance is the focus of this section.
Topics to be discussed include:
1. Social facilitation
2. Effect of an interactive audience on performance
3. Audience characteristics (size, intimacy, density, and hostility)
4. Team quality
5. Players’ perceptions
A consequence of Pandemic:
This massive impact of spectators on all leagues other than football can be explained by a closer look at the
total revenue mix. The different shares can be summarized as ‘media revenue’, which means money mainly from
TV contracts or other media-related revenues; ‘match revenue’, such as ticketing and revenues directly related to
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the game-day; and ‘sponsoring’, such as revenues from sponsors and promotion. While football and the DFL obtain
more than 66% of total revenue through media, and with that, TV spectators, all other leagues like hockey (14%),
basketball (14%), and particularly handball (with just 2%) have an essential need for spectators and game-days.
Since sponsorship contracts are based on the individual attention of spectators during game days, without big TV
money or audience range, they cannot get money by sponsorships or promotions either. These numbers explain on
the one hand the massive dependency of all sports other than football on live public sports in front of spectators.
On the other hand, football and, with that, the DFL can even benefit from games without spectators organized for
broadcasting, due to possible live sports viewing and with that ongoing money from TV contracts (38).
Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectator_sport#/media/File%3AYankee_Stadium_II.JPG
Conclusion
Sport is a major contributor to economic and social development. Its role is well recognized by Governments,
including in the Political Declaration of the 2030 Agenda, which reflects on “the contribution sports make to the
empowerment of women and young people, individuals, and communities, as well as to health, education, and
social inclusion objectives.”
Since its onset, the COVID-19 pandemic has spread to almost all countries of the world. Social and physical
distancing measures, lockdowns of businesses, schools, and overall social life, which have become commonplace
to curtail the spread of the disease, have also disrupted many regular aspects of life, including sport and physical
activity. This policy brief highlights the challenges COVID-19 has posed to both the sporting world and to physical
activity and well-being, including for marginalized or vulnerable groups. It further provides recommendations for
Governments and other stakeholders, as well as for the UN system, to support the safe reopening of sporting events,
as well as to support physical activity during the pandemic and beyond.
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Sports Nutrition
Gauri Shanker Sahu1
Abstract
Nutrition is very important for peak athletic performance and good health of a sportsperson. Good nutrition
is need to properly fuel the body and to supply the nutrientsneeded to rebuild and repair the body. This article
focuses on importance of nutrition in sports and physical activity in wellbeing ness of a sportsperson. The goal
of this article is to develop an understanding of the appropriate nutrition practices in relation to exercise or sport
training to promote health, energy and adaptations. In this paper main focus is emphasised on Role of nutrition
in sports activity and advised for dietary plan for different sports activity. As we know that from December
2019 we are facing big crisis of COVID-19. It has affected sports field very badly and all major tournaments
have been postpone due to COVID-19. In this crisis nutrition has the major role for sportsperson to maintain
their fitness level. The health and nutritional status may be compromised in sports area due to lack of proper
nutritional counselling. Also misinformation about healthy and nutritious foods for sportsperson by the social
media and other sources of communication can be quite hazardous.Nutrition is the most perfect health and
wellness module as it is comprehensive and holistic in nature. Nutrition is a dynamic process to maintain fitness
level. All type of sportsperson promotes proper care of diets for optimal health and body function. Overall
body wellness encourages the balance of physical activity, nutrition and mental well-being to keep our body in
healthy or fit condition. As you become conscious of your physical health, mental health you are able to identify
elements of successful life.Every day routine with regards to nutrition expands peacefulness, affectability,
instinct, mindfulness, body wellness and increasing of immunity in present condition of COVID-19.It also
Develop knowledge of the macronutrient principles of sports nutrition for different types of athletes based on
their goals, specifically related to energy and recovery.
Key Words: Nutrition, Health, Physical Fitness, Wellness,Sports.
MEANING OF SPORTS NUTRITION

Sports nutrition is the study and practice of nutrition and diet as it relates to athletic performance. Itconcerned
with the type and quantity of fluid and food taken by an athlete, and deals with nutrition such as vitamins, minerals,
supplements and organic substances such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats. In other words Sports nutrition is the
practical science of hydrating and fuelling before, during, and after sports activity or exercises. Sports nutrition can
help promote training and performance. The psychological dimension of sports nutrition is concerned with eating
disorders and other psychiatric conditions related to nutrition among athletes. The total amount composition and
timing of food intake can profoundly affect sports performance of athletes.
1
Research Scholar, University College of Physical Education, Guru Kashi University, Talwandi Sabo-Punjab, India
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HISTORYOFSPORTS NUTRITION
Greek Olympians in 300BC used specific mushrooms to enhance performance. In 1800’s Dutch swimmers used
caffeine before races, Belgian swimmers dipped sugar cubes in ether before racing. Evolution of Gatorade in 1960’s
by 4 physicians at the University of Florida to help the football team. Initially met with skepticism that taking in
sugar and salt could be beneficial… it caught on fast. Late 1980’s; some colleges, university and professional teams
began hiring and consulting with RD. Well-known athletes started crediting nutrition with their success.Lab-Based
Sports Nutrition research started in 1960’s at Ball State University under direction of Dr. David Costill in the field
of Effects of nutrition on performance, muscle biopsies, gastric emptying studies
OBJECTIVES OF SPORTS NUTRITION
At the basic level, nutrition is important for all type of athletes because it provides a source of energy required to
perform the respective activity. The food athletes eat impacts on their strength, training, performance and recovery.
Not only is the type of food important for sports nutrition but the times athletes eat throughout the day also has an
impact on their performance levels and their bodies ability to recover after exercising. Some major objectives and
importance of sports nutrition are given below-
yy Optimal gains from the training program
yy Enhanced recovery between workouts and events
yy Achievement and maintenance of an ideal body weight and physique
yy A reduced risk of injury and illness
yy Consistency in achieving high level competition performances
yy Sportsman will learn to identify the sign/symptoms and remedies of exercise induced fatigue and glycogen
depletion.
yy Sportsman will learn to identify the sign/symptoms and remedies of exercise induced staleness and overtraining.
Sportsman will learn the benefits and pitfalls of nutritional timing associated with athletic performance.
yy Sportsman will learn the definition of Glycaemic Index and how to use the glycaemic index chart in order to
choose the appropriate food before, during and after competition.
yy Sportsman will learn what foods are “optimum recovery foods” and how those foods enhance recovery.
yy Sportsman will learn the different nutritional demands of resistance athletes and endurance athletes.
yy Sportsman will also take into account the training requirements for different sports.
yy Sportsman will be identifying the benefits and dangers of Ergogenic Aids associated with athletic performance.
NEED OF SPORTS NUTRITION
Sports nutrition can be defined as the conversion of nutrition knowledge into a practical daily eating plan
focused on providing the fuel for physical activity, facilitating the repair and rebuilding process hard physical work,
and optimizing athletic performance in competitive events, while alsopromoting overall health and wellness.Sports
nutrition has recently emerged as a recognized specialty area within the field of nutrition. Athletes challenge their
bodies on a regular basis throughphysical training and competitions. To keep up with the physical demands of
their activity or sport, athletes need to fuel their bodies adequately on a dailybasis. This fuelling process requires a
specialized approach; therefore, athletes who want to make dietary changes should seek out professionals who are
expertsin sports nutrition and experienced in developing individualized plans. Because of its relative infancy, sports
nutritionresearch is providing new and exciting information on a regular basis. It is critical that sports nutrition
professionals stay current so they can be evidencebased practitioners. Gone arethe days of suggesting dietary
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practices based on anecdotal observations or experiences. Becoming an evidence-based practitioner requires use
ofnutrition guidelines and dietary practices that have been documented as being effective through peer-reviewed
research. Professionals who have studied sports nutrition, have experience in the field, and continue to stay abreast
of thelatest nutrition research can prescribe individualized dietary plans that meet basic nutritional needs, enhance
performance, and speed recovery in athletes ofall sports. Becoming an evidence-based sport nutrition practitioner
can lead to an exciting and fulfilling career.
Table 1 : Consequences of poor Nutrition
Weight loss Strength loss Lethargy Chronic Fatigue Soreness
Micronutrient Respiratory Diminished Overtraining Joint pain
Deficit Infections Performance Syndrome
NUTRIENTS
Nutrients are energy source for the body. In order for our physical and mental health to remain strong, active,
fit and healthy, we need to use a balanced diet of nutrients that can carry you through everyday life. Not only whilst
performing sports activity, but before and afterwards. People participating in different sports may have different
nutritional needs and have different eating patterns.Important nutrients are given below:
Carbohydrates
Main Source Bread, wheat, potatoes of all kinds, maize, rice, cassava, pasta, macaroni, banana, sweets, sugar
cane, sweet fruits, and honey.
Functions Carbohydrates provide energy in the form of calories that the body needs to be able to work, and
to support other functions. Carbohydrates are needed in large amounts by the body. Indeed, up to
65% of our energy comes from carbohydrates. They are the body’s main source of fuel because
they are easily converted into energy. This energy is usually in the form of glucose, which all
tissues and cells in our bodies readily use for the brain, kidneys, central nervous system and
muscles to function properly, they need carbohydrates. These carbohydrates are usually stored in
the muscles and the liver, where they are later used for energy.
Protein
Main Source • Fish, Poultry, Meat, Cottage Cheese, Soybeans, Greek Yogurt, Eggs, Cheese, Pumping
Seeds, Quinoa etc.
Functions It contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen. About 10–35% of calories should come from
protein. Proteins are very large molecules, so they cannot be directly absorbed into our blood. So
they are turned into amino acids by our digestive system. Protein form new tissues and muscle,
repair the broken muscle, regulate balance of water and acids, Body required only 1.2 to 2.0
grams of protein per kilogram of the ideal body weight.
Fats
Main Source • Meat, chicken, milk products, butters, creams, avocado, cooking oils and fats, cheese, fish
and ground nuts.
Functions It is concentrated sources of energy and so is an important nutrient for young children who need
a lot of energy-rich food.Fats contain carbon, oxygen and hydrogen in the percentage of 76, 12
and 12 respectively. A gram of Fats contains 9 caloriesFats are necessary for many body func-
tion. Fats keep us warm and protect organs. Fats also help in the production of hormones.
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Water
Main Source • Drinking water from any purified source.
Functions It is a compound which is made up of hydrogen and oxygen elements in the ratio 2:1. Our
blood also contains 90% of water. Water helps in the transportation of nutrients to the cells of
the body. It is also important for the excretion of waste products. Is also regulates the body
temperature. It is also essential for various chemical reactions taking place in our body.
MINERALS
Main Source • Calcium -Cheese, milk, orange juice, eggs, yogurt, and green vegetables
• Potassium - Banana, tomatoes, green leafy vegetables, peanuts, beans, etc.
• Sodium - Table salt. Pickles, butter, etc.
• Magnesium - Meat, brown rice, beans, whole grains.
• Phosphorus - Egg, fish, cod liver, milk unpolished rice.
• Iodine - Iodised salt, fish or sea food.
• Iron - Meat, egg, dry fruits, spinach, banana, and green leafy vegetable.
• Chromium - Soybean, black gram, carrot, tomato, groundnuts, and bajra.
• Copper - Egg, pulses and green leafy vegetables.
• Cobalt - Green leafy vegetable, milk and meat.
Functions These are very essential in our diet. Our 4 per cent of the body weight is made up of mineral.
Minerals are required for healthy teeth, bones and muscles. Minerals are also used by body for
various activities such as transmission of nerve impulses, formation of hormones, and mainte-
nance of heartbeat.
VITAMINS
Vitamin A -Animal liver, egg yolk, milk, milk products, and mango, papaya and yellow vegetables.
Vitamin D - Sunrays, milk, butter and fish
Vitamin E- Green leafy vegetables, pulses, egg.
Vitamin K -Tomato, potato, soybean, cauliflower, wheat, egg and meat.
Vitamin B1 -Fortified breakfast cereals, Pork, Fish, Beans, lentils, Green peas, Enriched cereals,
breads, noodles, rice, Sunflower seeds, Yogurt.
Vitamin B2 -Milk, breads, fortified cereals, almonds, asparagus, dark meat chicken and cooked beef.
Vitamin B3-Poultry, fish, meat, whole grains, and fortified cereals.
VitaminB5–Broccoli, white,sweet, potatoes, whole-grain, cereals, mushrooms, nuts, beans, peas, len-
tils, meats, poultry, dairy products, eggs
Vitamin B6-Fortified cereals, fortified soy-based meat substitutes, baked potatoes with skin, bananas,
Main light-meat chicken and turkey, eggs, peas, and spinach.
Source Vitamin B12 -Beef, clams, mussels, crabs, salmon, poultry, and fortified foods.
VitaminB9 –Dark green, leafy vegetables (turnip greens, spinach, lettuce, asparagus, Brussels
sprouts, and broccoli) Beans. Peanuts.
Vitamin B7–Vegetables; cereals; nuts such as almonds, walnuts, peanuts; yeast; and soybeans.
Vitamin C-Lemons, pineapples, guava, amla, ber, orange, etc.
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Func- These are the chemicals which are required in very small amount to keep our body healthy. If particular
tions vitamin is not present in diet, it may causes deficiency disease. Main functions are given below-
Vitamin A -Needed for vision, healthy skin and mucous membranes, bone and tooth growth, immune
system health.
Vitamin D - Needed for proper absorption of calcium, stored in bones.
Vitamin E- Antioxidant; protects cell walls.
Vitamin K - Needed for proper blood clotting.
Vitamin B1 - Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important to nerve function.
Vitamin B2 -Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for normal vision and skin
health.
Vitamin B3 -Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism; important for nervous system, digestive
system, and skin health.
VitaminB5 – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism.
Vitamin B6- Part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; helps make red blood cells.
Vitamin B12 - Part of an enzyme needed for making new cells; important to nerve function
Vitamin B9 – Part of an enzyme needed for making DNA and new cells, especially red blood cells.
Vitamin B7 – Part of an enzyme needed for energy metabolism.
Vitamin C - Antioxidant; part of an enzyme needed for protein metabolism; important for immune
system health; aids in iron absorption.
Table-2 : Classification of Sports and Games According to Energy Expenditure
Category Event
Group-I Power events of higher weight category (80 kg. and above) weight lifting, boxing, wrestling,
judo and throwing events.
Group-II Endurance events: Marathon, long distance running, walking, road cycling, rowing, middle
and long distance swimming.
Group-III Team events, athletics and power event of middle weight category (65 kg.), Hockey, Foot-
ball, Volleyball, basketball, handball, cricket, Kabbadi, kho-kho, tennis, sprints, jumpers,
boxing, wrestling, weight lifting, judo and swimming.
Group-IV Events of Light weight category: Gymnastics, Table Tennis, yatching, boxing, judo, wres-
tling and weight lifting.
Group-V Skill games, shooting, archery, fencing, equestrian.
Source: National Institute of Nutrition(Institute-India, 2007)
Table-3 : Amount of Calories per Gram Nutrients
Nutrients Carbohydrates Protein Fat
Calorie per gram 4 calories 4 calories 9 calories
91
Table-4 : Average Body Weight and Energy Expenditure Levels Assumed and Allowance Suggested
Category Body weight Energy Allowances Calories Ratio
of event (Kg.) Kcal/kg/per day Kcal/per day CHO PROT FAT
Group-I 85 70 6000 55 15 30
Group-II 65 80 5200 60 15 25*
Group-III 65 70 4500 60 15 25
64 15 21*
Group-IV 60 60 3600 65 15 20
Group-V 60 50 3000 55 15 30
*= GLYCOGEN LOADING Source: National Institute of Nutrition(Institute-India, 2007)
Recommendations of Nutrition for Sportsperson

yy Nutrientsshould be prescribed for different categories of sportsperson depending upon the body weight and
energy needs. This is 3000 calories for skill games to 7000 calories for power events of super heavy category.
yy Weekly menu should be prepared as per category of sports requirements.
yy Nutrition requirements of junior sportsperson are different. In particular, they require more protein.
yy Variations in diets have to be made depending upon the training phase and work load.
yy Diet should be balanced in respect of macro nutrients and micronutrients. With balanced diet there is no need
for food supplements.
yy The pre-event meal should have definite focus on carbohydrate intake to maximize glycogen stores.
yy When the event is in the morning session the food at night should be a high carbohydrate and the breakfast
should be light.
yy When the event is in the evening breakfast and lunch should be high carbohydrate followed by light food or
snacks.
yy In heavy sports activity and events there is considerable loss of water in the body. Fluid balance is maintained
from sports drinks which contain sodium chloride and potassium chloride.
CONCLUSION
Knowing the current sports nutrition research, established dietary guidelines, and performance-enhancing
recommendations is not enough. Sports nutrition professionals and coaches must be skilled in helping sportsperson
convert the sports nutrition knowledge into practical, daily guidelines for food and beverage intake.
The body derives its energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which are collectively known as the energy
nutrients. Their breakdown within the cells of the body provides the energy to make ATP, which is the body’s direct
source of energy for not only sport performance, but also all biological work.Sports nutrition professionals should
listen closely to the goals, questions, and concerns of sportsperson and then build an individualized nutrition plan
that is mutually acceptable and productive. Sportsperson should be active participants in their diet planning and
goal setting. Each of the six nutrientshas a role in the health and proper functioning of the human body. Physical
activity places extra demands on the body, increasing the importance of the nutrients’ presence in the diet. Many of
the nutrients are so critical to optimal athletic performance that the total daily requirements are increased to meet
the demands placed on the body. The six basic nutrients each have distinct, but also intertwining, roles, making it
critical to consume adequateamounts of each nutrient on a daily basis.
92
REFRENCES
Ashley Andrewset al (2016) ‘Sports Nutrition Knowledge among Mid-Major Division IUniversity Student-Athletes’
Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 2016, Article ID 3172460, 5 pages
Beck K, Thomson JS, Swift RJ, Von Hurst PR (2015)‘Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and post
exercise recovery, Open Access J Sports Med.; 6:259-267
Chloé Lavouéet al (2020) ‘Analysis of food and fluid intake in eliteultra-endurance runners during a 24-hworld
championship,’ Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 17 (36), pp. 1-12
Gurpinderjeet Kaur et al (2019) ‘Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Supplements & its
Use AmongState & National Level Players’, International Journal of Current Advanced Research, 08(04), pp.
18238-18240.
Indoria A, Singh N (2016)‘Role of Nutrition in Sports: A Review,‘Indian Journal ofNutrition, 3(2): 147
Louise M. Burkeet al (2019) ‘International Association of Athletics Federations ConsensusStatement 2019: Nutrition
for Athletics’, International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 29(2), pp. 73-84
Nutrition and HydrationGuidelines for Excellencein Sports Performance (2007) By International Life Sciences
Institute –India-file:///E:/Sports%20Nutrition/Nutrition_&_Hyd_Guidelines_for_Athletes_Final_report.pdf
93
A STUDY ON BMI OF UPPER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

SCHOOL CHILDREN OF DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIVE
DIVISIONS IN WEST BENGAL
Suman Panda1
Dr. Sandip Sankar Ghosh2
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the BMI among different administrative region
of West Bengal for upper primary and secondary school boys children
Methodology: A total of 320 hundred two (N = 320) school boys children were selected as subjects for this
study. They were selected from five different administrative divisions –Jalpigiri, Malda, Burdwan, Presidency
and Midnapore. The age of the subjects for the present study were ranged from 12-16 years. Firstly all the
subjects were divided in two groups according to their Age i.e : upper primary (Age-12-14 ) (UP=160)and
secondary (Age-14-16 ) (SE=160). Secondly both groups are sub divided into five groups depending on their
administrative regions. Each groups were consisted of thirty two (N=32) boys. The groups were (1) Jalpigiri
Division (2) Malda Division, (3) Burdwan Division, (4) Presidency Division and (5) Midnapore Division
according to administrative of children. In the present study Body Mass Index (BMI) is considered as only one
dependent variable. It was measured by using a standardized tools and technique( BMI= (Weight in Kg)/(Hight
in meter)2). Mean, standard deviation (SD) and Two way ANOVA were used for the inter group comparison of
BMI. Significance was tested at p< 0.05 level. LSD comparison was done by Tukeys’ test for row and column
analysis of different groups.
Results: On the basis of the result, in BMI significant differences was observed among different administrative
regions and two different age group.
Conclusion: From the finding of the study it can be concluded that there were , significant difference existed
between two age groups (Row), among the students of different Administrative Regions of West Bengal
(Column), and Interaction (Age Group × Administrative Regions).
Key Words: BMI, Mean, SD, Height, Weight.
INTRODUCTION
In modern age health hazards has assumed the dimension of major social problem. In the age of science and
technology man is very much dependent on machine. As a result, various kinds of problems related to health has
been issued out on account of the decrease of physical labour which hinders the making of well-being society.
1
Department of Physical Education, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India
2
Associate Professors, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India
94
Body Mass Index (BMI) is the one of the main process through which we can easily know the appropriate weight
of a person according to his height. By means of BMI we can determine the different categories of a person such
as underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese and we can take the necessary preventive measures. Adolf
Quetilet, a scientist of Belgium, invented the index of BMI. For this reason, it is called Quetilet Index. This index
can be calculated by following formula:
BMI= (Persons Body Weight in Kilogram / Persons Height square in Meter)
The BMI of a person depends upon the ingredients of the composition of body muscle, fat, bone, blood and
serum etc. The weight of a person may mainly increase or decrease either with muscle and bone or fat. The weight
of a person does not increase so much only with muscle or bone and this is under control. But it is well to remember
that the increase of the weight of a person due to fat cannot be controlled. Under such circumstances the obesity is
found.
A researcher himself being a tribal has realised these problems in the school going Santal boys. For this reason,
he has made a humble attempt on a study of Santal boys entitled as “A study on BMI and Selected Anthropometric
Measures of Santal Boys”.
The social impact of the study helps the entire learners along with the society of teenagers to lead their life in a
satisfactory manner both physically and mentally. They will be vibrant with the vitality of life. This study will give
fillip to their habit of taking balance diet and regular physical exercise. It will make the all-round development of
the learners. Ultimately, they will emerge as true citizen of a country. Only then this attempt will be a success.
To achieve the purpose, present study was planned to initiate research work in the following way- Subject:
A total of 320 hundred two (N = 320) school boys children were selected as subjects for this study. They were
selected from five different administrative divisions –Jalpigiri, Malda, Burdwan, Presidency and Midnapore. Group
Divisions : The age of the subjects for the present study were ranged from 12-16 years. Firstly all the subjects were
divided in two groups according to their Age i.e : upper primary (Age-12-14 ) (UP=160)and secondary (Age-14-16)
(SE=160). Secondly both groups are sub divided into five groups depending on their administrative regions. Each
groups were consisted of thirty two (N=32) boys. The groups were
(1) Jalpigiri Division
(2) Malda Division,
(3) Burdwan Division,
(4) Presidency Division and
(5) Midnapore
Division according to administrative of children. In the present study Body Mass Index (BMI) is considered as
only one dependent variable. It was measured by using a standardized tools and technique ( BMI= (Weight in Kg)/
(Hight in meter)2). Measurement of Height : Height was measured by anthropometry rod. It was the perpendicular
distance between the transverse plane of vertex and inferior aspects of feet. The measurement was taken in centimeter
was up to 0.1 cm. Measurement of Weight: The weight was measured by digital weighing machine. Actually the
weight of the body is the quantity of matter within the body.
The measurement was taken in Kg. The accuracy of measurement was up to 0.01 kg.
Measurement of BMI: BMI was measured by using the formula –
BMI= (Person’s Weight in Kg)/( Person’s Hight in meter)2
95
RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS
In the following table the descriptive statistics of the subjects has been presented
Table - 1 : Descriptive Statistics of the Subjects from Different Administrative Divisions of West Bengal
both for Upper Primary and Secondary Students
Sl. Name No. of dif- Upper Primary(UP) Secondary(SE)
No. of the different ferent Age
Administrative Group Height Weight Age Height Weight
Group Age (years) (cm.) (kg.) (years) (cm.) (kg.)
Mean ± Mean ± Mean ±
UP SE Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
SD SD SD
12.81 ± 145.06 ± 33.40 ± 15.57 ± 147.69 ± 37.86 ±
1. Medinipore 32 32
0.54 10.15 7.61 0.61 7.76 5.93
12.61 ± 142.16 ± 37.87 ± 15.33 ± 144.22 ± 43.25 ±
2. Presidency 32 32
0.53 11.19 11.02 0.59 11.31 7.75
12.54 ± 143.41 ± 34.59 ± 15.08 ± 145.56 ± 40.63 ±
3. Burdwan 32 32
0.54 10.11 8.29 0.59 10.19 6.19
12.75 ± 141.50 32.98 ± 14.96 ± 146.03 ± 38.75 ±
4. Malda 32 32
0.56 ±7.42 4.99 0.59 8.30 7.44
12.63 ± 139.94 ± 31.74 ± 15.28 ± 144.53 ± 35.78 ±
5. Jalpaiguri 32 32
0.59 7.62 5.65 0.57 7.85 5.08
Total no. of Subjects 160 160
Grand Total (N) = 320
96
Table-1 showed that for each category of group no. of male students was thirty two (n=32) , the total number of
subjects for all administrative divisions for Upper Primary students were one hundred sixty and for the Secondary
Students were also one hundred sixty. Thus the total number of subjects for both age groups were three hundred and
twenty (N= 320). In this table age in year, heights in cm, weight in kg for all the five groups have been presented
and in Fig-1 it was depicted graphically as well.
Table- 2 : Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the data on BMI (Kg.m-2)
Source of Varience df Sum of Mean F -value Table At

squares squares Value
(SS) (MS) of F
Age Group (Row) 1 258.38 258.38 18.63 * 3.88 F0.05(1,310)
Administrative Regions (Column) 4 274.51 68.63 4.95 * 2.41 F0.05(4,310)
Interaction (age × Administrative Regions) 4 156.22 39.06 2.82 * 2.41 F0.05(4,310)
Error (Residual) 310 4300.08 13.87
Total 319 4989.19
* Sign indicates Significant at 0.05 level of significance.

In Table-2 the two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data on BMI (Kg.m-2) were presented. It was
observed from the table that the computed F-value for Row, Column and Interaction were 18.63, 4.95 and 2.82
respectively which were greater than their corresponding Tabulated value of F at 0.05 level i.e. F0.05 (1, 310) = 3.88,
F0.05 (4, 310) = 2.41 and F0.05 (4, 310) = 2.41 respectively, therefore, significant difference existed between
two age groups (Row), among the students of different Administrative Regions of West Bengal (Column), and
Interaction (Age Group × Administrative Regions). To get the exact location of differences pair wise comparison
analysis were done for Row, Column and Interaction separately by using Tukey’s LSD test as post hoc test.
Tukey’s LSD test for Row Analysis
Table-3 : Mean Value of BMI (Kg.m-2) Mean diff and Critical Diff for Upper Primary & Secondary
School Students (All Administrative Divisions Combined)
Mean Scores of Rows

Mean Difference CD at 0.05 level
Upper Primary Secondary
16.87 18.67 1.80 0.82

In Table – 3 the mean value of BMI (Kg.m-2) for combined Administrative Regions of West Bengal both for
Upper Primary and Secondary were presented which were 16.87 Kg.m-2 and 18.67 Kg.m-2 respectively. The value
of mean difference between UP and SE were 1.80 which was greater than the value of critical difference 1.01 at
0.05 level of significance. Thus it may be concluded that the BMI of Secondary school students of West Bengal is
higher than the Upper Primary school students of West Bengal when all Administrative Regions of West Bengal
are combined. These mean values were depicted graphically in Fig-2.
97
Tukey’s LSD test for Column Analysis
Table-4 : Mean Values of BMI (Kg.m-2) Mean diff and Critical Diff for Different Administrative
Divisions of West Bengal (Both Age Groups Combined)
Mean Scores of Column Mean CD at

Medinipore Presidency Burdwan Malda Jalpaiguri Difference 0.05 level
16.74 19.28 2.54* 1.29
16.74 18.16 1.41* 1.29
16.74 17.79 1.04 1.29
16.74 16.88 0.14 1.29
19.28 18.16 1.13 1.29
19.28 17.79 1.50* 1.29
19.28 16.88 2.40* 1.29
18.16 17.79 0.37 1.29
18.16 16.88 1.27 1.29
17.79 16.88 0.91 1.29
98
In Table - 4 the mean values of BMI (Kg.m-2), when two age groups (Upper Primary and Secondary) were
combined, for different Administrative Divisions of West Bengal i.e. Medinipore, Presidency, Burdwan, Malda
and Jalpaiguri were presented which were 16.74, 19.28, 18.16, 17.79 and 16.88 respectively. These mean values
were depicted graphically in Fig-3. It was evident from the above table that the value of mean difference between
Medinipore vs. Presidency, Medinipore vs. Burdwan, Presidency vs. Malda and Presidency vs. Jalpaiguri were
2.54, 1.41, 1.50 and 2.40 respectively which were greater than the value critical difference 1.29 at 0.05 level of
significance. Thus it may be concluded that 1) The BMI of the students of Presidency region is significantly greater
than Medinipore region, 2) The BMI of the students of Burdwan region is significantly greater than Medinipore
region, 3) The BMI of the students of Presidency region is significantly greater than Malda region and 4) The BMI
of the students of Presidency region is significantly greater than Jalpaiguri region when both age groups i.e. Upper
Primary and Secondary groups were combined. In rest of the pair of groups the value of mean difference were not
found significant, at 0.05 level of significance, when both age groups i.e. Upper Primary and Secondary groups were
combined.
Tukey’s LSD test for interaction analysis
Table-5 : Mean value of BMI (Kg.m-2) for Two Age Groups in Each Administrative Divisions of West Bengal
Interaction Mean Scores of Row

Row Vs. Column Upper Primary Secondary
Medinipore 16.56 16.92 0.36 1.83

Mean Scores of Column
Presidency 17.26 21.31 4.06 * 1.83
Burdwan 16.79 19.52 2.74 * 1.83
Malda 17.19 18.38 1.19 1.83
Jalpaiguri 16.56 17.20 0.65 1.83

Table – 5 showed that there was no significant difference in BMI between Upper Primary and
Secondary school students of Medinipore, Malda and Jalpaiguri regions of West Bengal. Whereas the difference is
significant for Presidency and Burdwan Region at 0.05 level when compared between the Upper Primary and
Secondary school students as the corresponding mean difference was 4.06 and 2.74 respectively and which was
greater than the table value 1.83. Thus it may be concluded that 1) The BMI of the students of Secondary group
is significantly greater than upper primary group for Presedency region and Burdwan region. 2) But in rest of
the regions of West Bengsl i.e. Medinipore, Malda and Jalpaiguri regions the BMI of the students of Secondary
group is not significantly differed with upper primary group The mean values of static balanceBMI (Kg.m-2) of
Upper Primary and Secondary school students belonging to different Administrative Divisions of West Bengal were
depicted graphically in Fig-4.
99
Table-6 : Mean Value of BMI (Kg.m-2) for different Administrative Divisions of West Bengal in Upper
Primary and Secondary Students
Interaction Mean Scores of Column
Mean CD at 0.05
Column
Medinipore Presidency Burdwan Malda Jalpaiguri Difference level
Vs. Row
16.56 17.26 0.69 1.83
16.56 16.79 0.22 1.83
16.56 17.19 0.63 1.83
16.56 16.56 0.01 1.83
Upper Pri- 17.26 16.79 0.47 1.83
mary 17.26 17.19 0.06 1.83
17.26 16.56 0.70 1.83
16.79 17.19 0.41 1.83
Mean Scores of Rows
16.79 16.56 0.23 1.83

17.19 16.56 0.64 1.83
16.92 21.31 4.39* 1.83
16.92 19.52 2.60* 1.83
16.92 18.38 1.46 1.83
16.92 17.20 0.28 1.83
21.31 19.52 1.79 1.83
Secondary
21.31 18.38 2.93* 1.83
21.31 17.20 4.11* 1.83
19.52 18.38 1.14 1.83
19.52 17.20 2.32* 1.83
18.38 17.20 1.18 1.83
In Table - 6 it was observed that for the Upper Primary section the mean difference of BMI of the students
between any pair of regions were not found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Thus it may be concluded that
the BMI for the upper primary students of west Bengal for different regions were almost same.
In Table - 6 it was observed that for the Secondary section that the mean difference of BMI between Medinipore
vs. Presidency, Medinipore vs. Burdwan, Presidency vs. Malda, Presidency vs. Jalpaiguri and Burdwan vs.
Jalpaiguri group were 4.39, 2.60, 2.93, 4.11 and 2.32 respectively which were greater than the value critical
difference 1.83 at 0.05 level of significance. In rest of the pair of groups for the secondary section the value of
mean difference were not found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Thus it may be concluded for the secondary
students of different administrative regions of West Bengal that the BMI of 1) Presidency region is significantly
greater than the Medinipore region, 2) Burdwan region is significantly greater than the Medinipore region, 3)
Presidency region is significantly greater than the Malda region, 4) Presidency region is significantly greater than
the Jalpaiguri region 5) Burdwan region is significantly greater than the Jalpaigui region.The mean values of BMI
(Kg.m-2) as illustrated in Table-7 were depicted graphically in Fig-4.
100
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion: From the finding of the study it can be concluded that there were , significant difference existed
between two age groups (Row), among the students of different Administrative Regions of West Bengal (Column),
and Interaction (Age Group × Administrative Regions).
Further investing Tucky’s LSD Test, it may be concluded that the BMI of Secondary school students of West
Bengal is higher than the Upper Primary school students of West Bengal when all Administrative Regions of West
Bengal are combined.
It may be also concluded that 1) The BMI of the students of Presidency region is significantly greater than
Medinipore region, 2) The BMI of the students of Burdwan region is significantly greater than Medinipore region,
3) The BMI of the students of Presidency region is significantly greater than Malda region and 4) The BMI of
the students of Presidency region is significantly greater than Jalpaiguri region when both age groups i.e. Upper
Primary and Secondary groups were combined. In rest of the pair of groups the value of mean difference were not
found significant, at 0.05 level of significance, when both age groups i.e. Upper Primary and Secondary groups were
combined.
In interaction study, it was seen that, the BMI of the students of Secondary group is significantly greater than
upper primary group for Presedency region and Burdwan region. 2) But in rest of the regions of West Bengsl i.e.
Medinipore, Malda and Jalpaiguri regions the BMI of the students of Secondary group is not significantly differed
with upper primary group.
It may be also concluded for the secondary students of different administrative regions of West Bengal that the
BMI of 1) Presidency region is significantly greater than the Medinipore region, 2) Burdwan region is significantly
greater than the Medinipore region, 3) Presidency region is significantly greater than the Malda region, 4) Presidency
region is significantly greater than the Jalpaiguri region 5) Burdwan region is significantly greater than the Jalpaigui
region.
REFERENCES
Bhadra M, Mukhopadhyay A, Bose K. Sex differences in Anthropometric Characteristics among 11-14 year old
Urban Bengalees of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. Anthropologie. 2004; 42(2):137-140.
Chakraborty S, Bharati P. Physical Growth and Nutritional Status of the Shabar Tribal Adolescents of Orissa, India:
a cross-sectional Study. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition. 2008; 14(1):101-112.
Jones MM, Olds T, Stewart A, Carter L. International Standard for Anthropometric Assessment. South Africa:
ISAK, 2006.
Oyewale AA, Ojo SA, Adebisi SS, Danborno SB. The Study of Anthropometric Variables on Growth and
development of School Children in Zaria, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010; 2(4):185-189.
Paul PK. Comparative Study on Leg and Leg Explosive Strength of 14 and 15 years Boys. Online Interdisciplinary
Research Journal. 2014; 4:386-391.
Roy Sarkar S, Sil SK. Body Physique in Bengali Adolescent Boys from West Tripura District, Tripura, India.
International Journal of Bioassays. 2015; 4(03):3684-3688.
Tripathi S, Chakravarty A. Assessment of height, weight and BMI of school going children. Asian Journal of Home
Science. 2013; 8(2):496-498.
101
The Philosophy of Yoga
Ms. Laimwn Brahma1
Abstract
The human society might have been tried in different directions in order to find the real meaning of life from
quite long period of time. This way, philosophy originated out of curiosity and wonder. The English term
“Philosophy” derived from the two Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia.” The Philos means “Love” and Sophia
means “Wisdom.” Therefore, Philosophy is called - Love of Wisdom.
Indian Philosophy on the other hand has been intensely spiritual and always emphasised the need of practical
realisation of truth. The Vedas are the basis or original source of Indian Philosophy. The Philosophers of India
have classified the school of Indian philosophy into two classes - Astika and Nastika.
The Yoga philosophy has existed in India since ancient times. Literally, the Yoga means spiritual union of
the individual soul with universal soul. It means bringing body and mental discipline. The Yoga philosophy
adopts logic and lays more emphasised on yoga to attain emancipation. Thus, yoga philosophy is considered as
practical philosophy. This is now being propagated throughout the world.
The importance of yoga cannot be ignored in present context of world to control the Chitta i.e. Mind, Ego and
Intellect for every section of people in every stages of life. The human being of 21st Century have become more
restless in the midst of materialistic and globalised world, and therefore realised the necessity of yoga. Because,
it brings together physical and mental disciplines to achieve a peaceful body and mind, helps to manage stress
and anxiety, and keeps relaxing.
Key Words: Philosophy and Yoga.
INTRODUCTION
Human being is considered as the highest form of living being in this earth because of their reasoning capacity of
brain. This is believed since the time immemorial that earliest human being might have been extremely astonished and
amazed at the miraculous universe surrounding to them. Therefore, for a quite long period of time the human society
might have been tried in different directions in order to find the real meaning of life. Thus, they might have applied
their own reason and thought to unveil the mysterious. This way, philosophy originated out of curiosity and wonder.
The English term “Philosophy” derived from the two Greek words “Philos” and “Sophia.” The Philos means
“Love” and Sophia means “Wisdom.” Therefore, Philosophy is called “Love of Wisdom.” According to Brightman
“Philosophy is defined as the attempt to think truly about human experience or a whole or to make our whole
1
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Education, Kokrajhar Govt. College, Kokrajhar, BTC, Assam
102
experience intelligible.” Aristotle define - “Philosophy is the Science which investigates the nature of being as it is
in itself.”
Indian Philosophy
Indian Philosophy has been intensely spiritual and always emphasised the need of practical realisation of truth.
The actual perception of truth leads to this realisation. The aim of Indian philosophy is to eradicate suffering or
attainment of ultimate bliss. Indian philosophy is varied. Its different schools support different ideologies. But, still
there are certain principles on which all Indian schools of thought have uniform views. These general principles can
be called the general characteristics of Indian philosophy.
General features or characteristics that are significant in Indian philosophy are:
1. Spiritual Restlessness as source of Indian philosophy.
2. Outlook of Indian philosophy is practical.
3. Aim of Indian philosophy is not satisfaction of intellectual curiosity only.
4. Indian philosophy believes in the existence of soul.
5. Indian philosophy believes in Karmavada (action).
6. Indian philosophy believes in rebirth.
7. Goal of Indian philosophy is emancipation.
8. Practice and yoga are needed for Emancipation.
9. Emphasis on self-control and concentration.
10. Evidence is chief component of Indian philosophy.
11. Belief of Indian philosophy is righteousness.
12. Synthesis of religion and philosophy in Indian philosophy
13. Indian philosophy is intellectual.
14. Indian philosophies are integrative.
15. Indian philosophy is progressive.
The ancient Indian thinker studied the facts of mind or consciousness with as much care and attention as the
facts of the physical world are studied by our modern scientists. Their mind has been traditionally exercise over
such question as the nature of God, the nature of reality, the meaning and end of life, the relations of the individual
soul (Jivatma) with the universal soul Paramatama and the life. In such kind of thinking, logical reason was always
subordinate to intuition. Intuitive attempts saints and sages over thousands of years to comprehend the nature and
problems of the universe gave rise to several system of thought or Darsanas. The word “Darsana” is derive from
Sanskrit root “Dris”which means vision or system of thoughts. The development of thought in Indian philosophy
can be seen in the form of different schools.
Types of Indian Philosophy
The Vedas are the basis or original source of Indian Philosophy. The Philosophers of India have classified
the school of Indian philosophy into two classes -Astika and Nastika. All these six system of thought admit the
authority of the Vedas and as such they are called the Orthodox school (Astika). These are: -i) The Sankhya System
of Kapila,ii) The Nyaya System of Gautama, iii) The Vaisesika System of Kanda, iv) The PurvaMimansa of Jaimini,
v) The UttaraMimansa or Bedanta of Badarayana and vi) The Yoga System of Patanjali. On the other hand, the
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three philosophy which do not recognised the authority of Vedas are called Heterodox school (Nastika). These three
philosophy are: - i) The Karvaka Philosophy, ii) The Bauddha Philosophy and iii) The Jain Philosophy.
ThePhilosophy of Yoga
Indian philosophy realised the values of concentration and looked upon it as the best means for perception of
the truth. It recognised the close connection of mind and body. According to Indian psychology that is no range
of life or mind which could not be reached by a methodical training of will and knowledge. Indian psychology
believes that under carefully ascertained conditions, the human mind an exhibit tremendous powers. The psychic
experiences, such as telepathy (communication between mind and mind not through the known channels of the
senses) and clairvoyance (the alleged power of seeing things not present to the senses) are neither abnormal nor
miraculous, they are the workings of the super conscious mind. The yoga system of philosophy deals with such kind
of experiences, it gives us directions how to refine our mind and keep our mind in perfect order. The yoga system
requires us to go through a course of mental and spiritual discipline.
The Yoga philosophy has existed in India since ancient times. Not only in Vedas and Upanishads, Yoga has
been in practice even in Pre-Vedic times. Hiranyagarbha has been described as the founder of Yoga philosophy, but
the credit for presenting yoga as a subject goes to MaharshiPatanjali. Therefore, he is considered to be its father,
and after his name, Yoga philosophy is also called Patanjali Philosophy.Popularly it is called as the Yoga system
of Patanjali. Due to its excessive emphasised on Yoga, it has been called Yoga philosophy. The first book of Yoga
philosophy is “Yoga Sutra” by Patanjali in which the form characteristics and aims of Yoga have been analyse.The
word yoga has a variety of meaning.Literally, it means spiritual union of the individual soul with universal soul. It
means bringing body and mental discipline. All philosophies recognise its importance. The Gita defines yoga as that
state which is nothing higher or worth realizing and firmly noted in which a person is never is shaken even by the
greatest pain. According to Patanjali, yoga does not mean union but spiritual effort to attain perfection through the
control of the body sense and mind and thought right, discrimination between Purusa and Prakrit.
The theoretical basis of the yoga philosophy is the Sankhya system. As we know the Sankhya System admits
the existence of two fundamental entitles in the universe Purusa and Prakriti. Purusa means the innumerable souls
of all living beings, while Prakriti means the immense complexity of matter consisting of diverse elements.Purusa
and Prakriti are entirely different from each other because they have opposite while Purusais conscious in inactive.
Prakriti is productive and subject to modification which Purusa is non-productive and not subject to modification.
Prakriti is blind, while with the guidance of Purusaproduces the manifold world.
Purusa is eternal,pure, conscious and liberated. It is devoid of any quality. Prakriti is active but Unconscious,
Purusa is inactive but conscious.Prakriti is the source of all existence and Purusa is the disinterested spectator of the
evolution of Prakriti. Prakriti is in a state of equilibrium of Sattva, Rajas and Tamas. The equilibrium of the guans
is disturbed by the proximity of Purusa. Prakriti is one but Purusas are many. The bondage with Purusa to Prakriti
is due to ignorance (avidya). Yoga attempts to dispel this ignorance and thereby free the Purusa from the bondage
of Prakriti is ultimate goal of Sankhya philosophy. Thus we can say that Sankhya is the theoretical side of yoga and
yoga is the practical side of Sankhya. Sankhya tells us what is the goal? And yoga tells us how to arrive that goal.
The Yoga philosophy is practical in nature. The following are some of the nature, which reflects the practical
form of Yoga philosophy. These are: -
1. Yoga philosophy aim to realised emancipation which is the ultimate aim of human life.
2. Yoga philosophy considered the world as place of sufferings due to Physical, Psycho - physical and Psycho–
spiritual desires. All these three types of sufferings are possible to eradicate with realising the value of life.
3. This philosophy considered ignorance as the cause of binding. Out of ignorance, a person consider himself as
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inseparable from Prakriti and its defects. By logic or true knowledge only he can be freed from the binding.
4. Yoga philosophy accept three means of real knowledge. These are - Pratyaksha, Anuman and Shabda.
5. This philosophy accepts the theory of evolution, accepts the three qualities of Prakriti. These are Sat, Raj and
Tam, and also accepts that the universe has evolved from Prakriti.
6. Yoga philosophy accepts Satkaryabada. According to this the action in the form of universe reside in the cause
called Prakriti in the seed form.
7. The Yoga philosophy considers twenty six steps as necessary for the process of development. These are –
Purusha, Prakriti, Ten External Senses, Three Internal Senses, Five Organs, Five Elements and The God. Yoga
philosophy has complete faith in the existence of God. Logic is being used in yoga philosophy to prove the
existence of God.
The Eight Components of Yoga Philosophyor TheAstanga: -
The aim of yoga is to control ones desires and aspirations. Yoga strives to understand the real nature of soul. That
can be best understand by controlling ones desires and aspiration. The state of yoga can be achieved only by controlling
ones desires and lusts. Just as we cannot see the true image of a thing in disturbed water, similarly when the mind is
instable and out of control. We cannot perceive God. Yoga meditation is necessary to get a glimpse of God.
The Yoga has 8 (eight) components, which is called Ashtanga.These components can be described follows:
The Eight Components of Yoga or TheAshtanga
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1) Yama:- Yama means control of body mind and speech. The process of control of external and internal senses
is called Yama. What frees from undesirable actions called Yam. Yama is of five types, which can be described
as follows.
a) Non-violence (Ahimsa): - By non-violence is meant to do no violence against any creature at any time by
speech, action or mind. Yoga Philosophy considers violence as the basis of all evils, so much emphasis is laid
on non-violence.
b) Truth (Satya): - By truth it is meant to give up falsehood fully and to consider the welfare of creature by mind
and by speech, no such speech should be uttered which harms anybody.
c) Non- stealing (Asteya): - By non- stealing is mean not to take possession of some body’s objects improperly.
We must be free from jealousy and not be callous to the suffering of others. While hating sin we must be gentle
to sinner.
d) Celibacy Continence (Brahmacharya): - By celibacy is meant to keep away from desires of sex. We must restrain
our sense organs with regard to sex-gratification. Memory of sex, its discussion, copulation with a women,
speaking to women in loneliness, watching her organs, thinking of sex, making mind for sex and doing sex are
the eight types of sexual desires. It is necessary to keep away from all these for celibacy or Brahmacharya.
e) Non – acceptance of gifts (Aparigraha): - Non – acceptance of gifts from other and be greedy for others things
and not storing things more than necessary, that is not to accumulate things beyond need. Non-hoarding for bids
taking and preserving such things.
2) Niyama:- Niyamameansto encourage good conduct. What inclines towards good actions is Niyama. Niya is
said to be of five types. These can be explain as follows.
a) Cleanliness:- Cleanliness means both internal and external cleanliness. External or physical cleanliness
comprises of bathing, pure and clean food. Cleanliness of residence and internal or mental cleanliness comprises
of friendliness, mercy, love, sympathy, happiness etc. A yogi should practice both types of cleanliness.
b) Contentment (Santosha): - By contentment is meant to be satisfied by an object received after due effort.
Not desiring for anything not necessary for life is contentment. In this a Yogi remains contented under all
circumstances.
c) Austerity (Tapas): - Austerity means habit of enduring hunger and thirst, heat and cold, sitting and standing,
non-speaking, non-communication of desires even through body language.
d) Self-study (Svadhyaya): -By self-study is meant to study the scriptures and to follow the statements of the
learned people. A yogi should meditate God and should study the religious scriptures regularly.
e) Meditation: - Meditation means fix attention in God with trust and loyalty and to make oneself fully dependent
on him.
3) Asana: - Asana means posture. The Yoga realises that our body has a dignity of its own as much as the mind.
Before we begin to meditate we must settle ourselves dawn in convenient posture. This provides a physical help
to concentrate. Patanjali maintains that the posture for different purposes must be firm, pleasant and easy. The
following are a few common postures such as – a) Padmasan, b) Bhadrasana, c) Virasana, d) Mayurasana, e)
Shirshasana, f) Bhujangasana, g) Sabasana, h) Chakrasana and i) Garudasana.
These postures can be learnt from experts. The various postures keep our bodily organs in perfect order, keep
our mind in a state of happiness over a long time, cure us of our diseases and increase our longevity.
4) Pranayama: - Pranayama is meant to control the breathing process and to bring a certain regularity or harmony
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in it.According to Patanjali, by pranayama is meant to stop the natural rate of respiration. It consists in controlling
natural breathing and subjecting it to certain laws. The three important aspects of Pranayama are:
a) Puruka: - In Puruka a deep breath is taken.
b) Kumbhak: - In Kumbhak, the air is stopped in the lungs for some time and
c) Rachaka: - In Rachaka the air is breathed out slowly. These three functions should be performed for definite
periods of time. Pranayama brings stability in the mind and control it and strengthens the body.
5) Pratyahara: - Pratyahara means withdrawing the senses from their respective external objects keeping them
under the control of the mind is not disturbed by sights sound etc. Coming through the eye, the ear and the
other sense, but keeps all of Pratyahara. The senses do not follow their desires rather they follow the mind. The
controls of senses depends on the mind. Difficult and continuous practice, determination and sensual control can
help to realise Pratyahara. This discipline requires us to drive away the vagrant impulses and insistent thoughts
from our mind.
6) Dhyana:- Dhyana means concentrate the mind on the inner self or fixed attention. According to Patanjali
the constancy of the mind in aim is Dhyana. The mind sees only its aim and does not know any other thing
in Dhyana. The flow of desires becomes uniform. The yoga says that the truth can be known by a persistent
withdrawal of consciousness from outward acts as well as inward changes.
7) Dharana:-To engage the mind on some internal subject is Dharana.Dharana means contemplation, steadfastness
of mind. In the life of a normal man ideas come and go, but do not stay long. Concentration is sustained only
from a short period of time. Through practice concentration can be long lasting. In deep meditation body and
mind become dead to all external impressions and only the object of meditation remains shining out.
8) Samadhi:- When Dhyan becomes the end in itself Samadhi is achieved. Samadhi means absorptive concentration
or trance. It is the ecstatic condition in which the connection with the outer world is broken.In Samadhi, self
and the act of meditation are not manifested. If such a Samadhi continues for a long time it is called conscious
Samadhi. When there is no manifestation of even the object of mediation it is called super conscious Samadhi.
The purusa is completely separated from Prakriti and regains its eternal status. Samadhi is given much importance
in yoga philosophy and generally it is called yoga.
Samadhi can be classified in two types. Samprajnat (Savikalpa) Samadhi and Asamprajnat Samadhi.
a) Samprajnat Samadhi:- This is the initial stage of Samadhi. In this the knowledge of the desired topic is clear.
This is called Sajeeb Samadhi because the mind is concentrated on any one topic with which it establishes
its harmony. Samprajnat Samadhi is of four types. These are - Savitark Samadhi, Savichara Samadhi,
SaAnanda Samadhi and SaAsmit Samadhi.
b) Asamprajanat Samadhi: - This is the final stage of Samadhi.Asamprajnat Samadhi is that supra conscious
concentration where in the mediators and object of mediation are completely fused together and there is
not even consciousness of the object of meditations. The soul becomes pure consciousness. In this stage
all types of desires are controlled. Asamprajnat Samadhi is also called Nirbeej Samadhi because it has no
sufferings and desires. This stage is the stage of emancipation of the soul.
Conclusion
The Yoga philosophy adopts logic and lays more emphasised on yoga to attain emancipation. Thus, yoga
philosophy is considered as practical philosophy. This is now being propagated throughout the world. Apart from
other philosophy, it is both theoretical and practical. Healthy body and a strong soul or mind both are the subjects
of its study.
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The importance of yoga cannot be ignored in present context of world to control the Chitta i.e. Mind, Ego and
Intellect for every section of people in every stages of life. The human being of 21st Century have become more
restless in the midst ofmaterialistic and globalised world, and therefore realised the necessity of yoga. Because, it
brings together physical and mental disciplines to achieve a peaceful body and mind, helps to manage stress and
anxiety, and keeps relaxing.
At last conclusion can be drawn by quote of Bhagavad Gita – “A person is said to have achieved Yoga, the union
with the self, when the perfectly disciplined minds get freedom from all desires and becomes absorbed in the self alone.”
References
Chaube, S. P. &AkhileshChaube (1997), Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education. Agra:
VinodPustakMandir.
Dash, B. N. (2007), Encyclopaedia of Education. New Delhi: Dominant Publishers and Distributors.
Dash, B. N. (2004), Principles of Education and Education in the Emerging Indian Society. Delhi: Ajanta Prakashan.
Hospers, John (2002), An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Private Limited.
Pachauri, Girish (2010), Philosophy of Education. Meerut: VinayRakheja.
Pandey, Ram Shakal (2004), Major Philosophies of Education. Agra: VinodPustakMandir.
Ruhela, S. P. & R. K. Nayak (2015), Philosophical and Sociological Foundations of Education. Agra: Agrawal
Publications.
Sachdeva, M. S. & K. K. Sharma (2013), Philosophical & Sociological Bases of Education. Ludhiana: Tandon
Publications.
Sarma, Mukul Kumar (2007), Principles of Education. Dibrugarh: PradyutHazarika.
Vallikkat, Santhosh (2015), Philosophy of Education. New Delhi: APH Publishing Corporation.
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SMART STADIUM AND MODERN SPORTING WORLD
Ms. Desdimona Pramanik1

Dr. Biswajit Bala2
Dr. K. Mukhopadhyay3
Abstract
The importance of smart stadium for better fun experience, safety, profitability and lesser use of energy cannot
be ignored. Smart stadium have all the modern facilities and well equipped for spectators point of view. A smart
platform includes a host of sensors, cameras, and digital signals that connect to wireless and wireless networks, as
well as servers. Smart Stadium provides fans and staff with more information on parking availability, bathroom
and permit lines, seating arrangements, special offers and more. Fans enjoy a comfortable and customized
experience with short lines and quick directions to the crowded stadiums and parking lots . Employees also
receive updated information about the facility every minute to maximize efficiency and ability to keep their
promise. The present article deals with the various aspects of smart stadium for the betterment of sports.
Key Words: Smart stadium, Sports and modern world.
INTRODUCTION
A stadium, a fenced-in space that encompasses a wide range of sports fields and other powerful exhibitions that
accommodate spectators. The name is derived from the Greek unit of measure, the stade, the distance covered in
the first Greek races (about 180 meters).The course of the ancient Olympic Games was a long stage, and the name
of the unit of measurement was first transferred to the foot race and then to the place where the race was held. As a
form of architecture, the arena played a major role in 20th-century (1) architecture.
It is a venue or venue (mostly) for outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a stade or stage in
part or entirely surrounded by a building with stairs designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and watch the event.
This stadium is a man-made structure, which is a stadium demolished from four sides. Which players play and the
spectators sit down and enjoy the game. There is a seating area or stand where there is usually a ten-year seat that
reflects the view of the whole camp, no matter where they sit (2).
Pausanias noted that for almost half a century the only event in the ancient Greek festival was a long-distance
stage race at Olympia, where the term “stadium” came from (3).
Stadium officials play a trick between the exciting and luxurious experience that Fan and the owners of the
Stadium and the homes are held to demand the highest profits from their sophisticated investment in sports. Today’s
home entertainment system is becoming more sophisticated and comfortable with the latest technology available on
1
AMed 4th Semester Student, Department of Teacher Education, WBUTTEPA, Kolkata.
2
Head of the Department & Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, WBUTTEPA, Kolkata.
3
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, Union Christian Training College, Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal.
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mobile devices. So stadium managers need to think more carefully to make the stadiums more attractive, comfortable
and keep everyone safe so that Fans can force more time.
A smart platform includes a host of sensors, cameras, and digital signals that connect to wireless and
wireless networks, as well as servers. Smart Stadium provides fans and staff with more information on parking
availability, bathroom and permit lines, seating arrangements, special offers and more. Fans enjoy a comfortable
and customized experience with short lines and quick directions to the crowded stadiums and parking lots (4).
Employees also receive updated information about the facility every minute to maximize efficiency and ability
to keep their promise.
BACKGROUND
Greeks and Romans, these two traditions gave us the construction of the first arena, the Greek known for horse
style and the Romans for all those high seats.By giving a look at the ancient days, the word Stadium comes from a
Greek word meaning “unit of measure”, where stadiums look like U-shaped tracks. Some of these floors were built
on hills, while others used all kinds of stone and even marble, to give viewers a spectacular view of the steps.
Sports were well described a few centuries later in the second half of the nineteenth century, which also saw
the establishment of the first clubs and sports organizations. Enthusiasm for new sports, soccer, rugby, was growing
rapidly in Britain, and in cities where the population had grown dramatically due to the urbanization process due to
industrial change, people quickly saw the need to build new buildings and embrace a large number of fans.
In the same year the revival of the Olympic Games, promoted in 1894 by the French Baron Pierre de Coubertin,
allowed for the final significance of the sport in the present and foreshadowed the beginning of a new Stadia era.
Today’s Olympic Games were promoted by Greece and the stadium model. The model of Greek and Roman sports
centers that were rediscovered during the Neoclassical period became examples of early modern stadiums that
began the evolutionary process that began in Great Britain in the late 19th century and continues, spreading across
continents with new technological innovations and often linked to the Olympics.
The oldest known stadium is the Olympia Stadium in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held
from 776 BC.”Stadium” is the Latin word for the Greek word “stadion” (στάδιον), the average length of which is
600 meters (6). Since the feet have a variable length the exact length of the stadium depends on the exact distance
received by 1 foot in a given area and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 ft (180 m), in a given
historical context it can actually show a height of up to 15% greater or lesser (5)
The equivalent size of the Roman, the stadium, was the same height - about 185 meters (607 ft) - but instead of
a footpath it was used to use a typical Roman corridor at a distance of 125 passūs (two paces).
The use of the English stadium comes from the paved infrastructure around the Roman track of such length.
The oldest known stadium is the Olympia Stadium in Greece, where the ancient Olympic Games were held
from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of one event, a long-distance race. Greek and Roman theaters were the
site of numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous of these, Domitian’s Areas, located in Rome.
The ancient Panathenaic Stadium, excavated and rebuilt, attempted to revive the Olympic Games in 1870
(6) and 1875 before hosting the first modern Olympics in 1896, the 1906 Intercalated Games, and other Summer
Olympic events -2004. The excavation and excavation of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek diplomat
Evangelos Zappas, and was the first ancient site to be used in modern times (7-8).
The Colosseum stands today as a symbol of the strength, wisdom, and cruelty of the Roman Empire. It is best
known as the Flavian Amphitheater, named after the emperors who supervised its construction. Some of the outer
streets and the inner bones of the Colosseum remain intact today (9).
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Fig-1 & 2. The ancient Panathenaic Stadium (10) and The Colosseum (11).
WHAT IS SMART STADIUM?
According to Intel, smart stadiums are the answer for stadium staff hoping to give their fans an attractive
experience while earning a high profit on their stadiums. Smart Forums provide fans and staff with a wealth of
information on parking availability, bathroom and permit lines, seating arrangements, special offers, and more. Fans
get a great experience, tailored to you with short lines and quick navigation directions in a crowded stadium. This
is all provided to attendees immediately using IoT technology (12).
Smart games use a host of sensors, cameras and digital signals that connect to wireless and wireless networks.
This allows for up-to-date information on available parking, queues at licensed venues and in-game purchase prices.
The IBM stadium system allows staff to quickly redirect fans to free parking spaces and close full parking
spaces. But the stadium would one day have sensors to track each car entering, rather than put someone on the roof
to count traffic using telescopes, Howard said.
Solutions such as the big screen monitors, the unpopularity of the taxpayers we see and the interactive
seats, go head-to-head with home consumers such as the big screen, high-resolution TVs and surround sound
systems (12).
Figure3. Typical smart stadium (12)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SMART STADIUM
1. A modern stadium must provide Wi-Fi, Bluetooth coverage and zero latency connectivity.
2. Smart stadium should provide environmental safety and security.
3. Smart Stadium a smooth fan experience.
4. Smart Stadium enhance conform and security.
5. Smart Stadium helps show organizers attract more foot traffic.
6. The infrastructure of a smart stadium can also be used to modernize the building management systems that
control the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) and lighting systems (13).
IMPORTANCE OF SMART STADIUM IN MODERN SPORTS SCENARIO
Upgrading to a better fan experience- Involving fans in channels may require many steps that can bring conflict
and tarnish the mood of the stadium (14). Deloitte’s 2018 Fan Engagement survey shows that a good fan experience
for most people starts with four key elements (15) The venues should be more clean, comfortable and safe so the
seating of the seats should meet the expectations of fans. Technology-based companies are redesigning stadiums to
meet the expected expectations of fans related to digital connectivity, ease of use and customer engagement. Wi-Fi
and LTE networks within the platform give the fan access to the information they want. The stadium app can guide
fans to park in the best places they approach. Once inside the stadium the app leads the fans to their seat, in their
seats they can order food.
Optimized Power Usage - The construction manager will monitor the safety and security of the fans with the
mobile app. They can control the temperature of the entire stadium with a mobile app. Use smart lights to change
lighting conditions based on certain pre-defined residential levels. All construction plans can be monitored from a
single unit that monitors all activity by buildings.
Stadium safety - Stadium staff should be ready for any action and have eyes and ears everywhere and at all
times should be prepared with clear exit strategies and mitigation strategies in any situation. Smart screens are
covered with surveillance cameras to constantly monitor the behavior of the crowd and quickly detect unruly fans.
Also add face recognition to the existing ID badge process to better block access to sensitive areas.
Making a profit - Stadiums are like a place for taxpayers to invest in the realization that they will generate
significant economic benefits in the host cities. This puts pressure on the stadium operator to focus on profits,
higher fan revenue, sponsorship and lower operating costs. In the area of revenue generation, smart stadiums can
help operators make ticketing, food, and sales easier, faster, and customized, for example fans can order their food
from their seat. Smart Stadium can customize the fan experience with loyalty programs that reward them with their
previous and new purchase history and inform employees of the changing situation so that they can respond more
quickly to the needs of fans. All of this is done with cloud analysis software. The infrastructure of the smart stadium
has made the old system of managing construction and keeping operating costs low, systems can be machined to
save energy and reduce the number of people needed to use them.
At present depending upon the most comprehensive stadium database on the net, which currently contains 4
864 stadiums in over 224 countries are listed below (16).
• Stadiums in Africa (403 stadiums)
• Stadiums in Asia (1 283 stadiums)
• Stadiums in Central America (86 stadiums)
• Stadiums in Europe (1 248 stadiums)
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• Stadiums in the Middle East (316 stadiums)
• Stadiums in North America (929 stadiums)
• Stadiums in Oceania (121 stadiums)
• Stadiums in South America (479 stadiums)
TOP 3 SMART STADIUMS IN THE WORLD
1. WEMBLEY STADIUM ,UNITED KINGDOM
Wembley Stadium is the most iconic stadium in the world. It is a Foot Ball Stadium with capacity 90,000
spectators (17). {Fig-4}
2. THE ALLIANZ ARENA, GERMANY

The new Allianz Arena surely make a name for itself as one of the greatest stadium in the world of football with
the capacity increased from 69,000 to 71,000 spectators (18),{fig. 5}
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3. THE MARACANÃ, RIO DE JANEIRO
The Maracanã is one of the notable stadium in the Football world with capacity 199,854 spectators (19). {Fig-6}
TECHNOLOGIES USED IN SMART STADIUM

Smart Forum is a combination of computer hardware, software, wireless communication, establishing
connections between platform operators, fans and social networks. They quickly collect data and analyze data using
cloud computing and allow stadium operators to make data-driven decisions to control any situations and this can
have an impact on many aspects of the business. So new trends are powered by digital technology with new fast
cycles.
• Sensor: A sensor used for parking, noise, temperature control etc. to detect and measure what is happening
inside and near the whole stadium. The stadium operator by using this sensor mode can quickly resolve any
uncontrolled event that occurs in the arena.
• Cameras: Infrared cameras and videos used to monitor crowd performance, take a game session so fans can
enjoy every minute of the game, point their phone at the test line and watch it back in a clear 360-degree replays,
get movement in parking garages, ensure access to restricted areas, monitor accommodation arrangements, and
make sure many activities are well done.
• IoT Gateways is used to connect sensors and other devices to the field via Network and Cloud via Cloud
Analytics.
• Network and Cloud: Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Mobile Network sends platform data over network channels to Cloud to
collect and process a large number of senor data and videos generated during a live event.
• Cloud Analytics: Cloud analytics includes scalable computer deployment with powerful analytics software to
identify patterns in data and extract new information. Many businesses rely on data analysis to gain competitive
advantage, improve scientific discovery, or improve health in every way possible. [1] Cloud Analytic software
helps stadium staff to visualize all the issues perfectly and efficiently and to carry out strategies and long-term
planning.
• Data Security: Data security is the practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access,
corruption, or theft throughout its lifetime. Data Security Technologies protects personal data, communications
made through network channels. Smart Stadiums use robust physical security measures, such as secure access
to servers and data centers, as well as strict policy management to prevent unauthorized access to devices and
applications.
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• Ecosystem: The stadium operator can create an ecosystem around the offering by creating a local market place
and a range of benefits for partners and users. It will range from fan experience and ease of use to team and
player expertise, media, advertising sponsors, stadium performance and more on-field experience. It is one
thing to have a modern arena with all the resources and resources available to it and technology creates pay-
per-view games and the presence of an audience that is an attractive spirit that keeps in mind for a long time.
Benefit of Smart Stadium (Fig-7), (20).
Fig-8. Typical smart stadium (21)

CONCLUSION :
From the study it comes to a conclusion that the rapid evolution of the designs of the stadiums takes place from
Ancient age to Modern age, from Greek-Romans culture to high technological innovations.
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Stadiums become a sport complex investment of high returns for the host cities. The hosts want to bring the
fans to the actual sport grounds from their sophisticated home entertainment system by providing the same comfort
zone, safety and security. This happens only with the use of high technologies. Today world of technology converts
the Stadion into Smart Stadium. Although there is nothing like a live sports or entertainment event, stadium operator
are still challenged to the live fans away from the comfort of their home. As high –tech consumer devices have
raised the bar considerably, it is increasingly important to offer technologically sophisticated area. Because many
fans are staying home to watch games, state-of-the-art stadiums are being designed to dramatically improve the
fan experience. Significantly increasing fan interactivity with Intel technology, new capabilities such as augmented
reality, interactive seats, and big screens go well beyond what’s possible at home. With literally thousands of state-
of-the-art monitors installed throughout the venue, fans won’t miss a play regardless of whether they are in their
seats. Fans can also have realtime access to player profiles, statistical data, and fantasy performances of teams and
players on their smart phones, tablets, and stadium kiosks.
This is only the beginning. There are dozens of Smart Stadium use cases targeting fan experience and
convenience, brand and sponsor value generation, team and player intelligence and stadium operations
REFERENCES
https://www.britannica.com/technology/stadium/Design-innovations
A stadium is the Latin plural form, but both are used in English. Dictionary.com
A Brief History of the Olympic Games by David C. Young, p. 20
https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/IoT/iot-smart- stadiums-brief.pdf.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium#Types
A Brief History of the Olympic Games by David C. Young, p. 20
Στάδιον, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus
The Modern Olympic Games, A Struggle for Revival by David C. Young, Chapters 4 & 13
https://colors-newyork.com/why-is-the-colosseum-important-today/
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium#/media/File:Kallimarmaron_stadium.JPG
https://enterpriseiotinsights.com/20160822/5g/smart-stadium-tag31-tag99.
https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/IoT/iot-smart-stadiums-brief.pdf
https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/insights/industry/telecommunications/in-stadium-fan-experience.html
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/de/Documents/human-capital/Deloitte_Review_26_
Redesigning_Stadiums_for_a_better_fan_experience.pdf
http://www.worldstadiums.com/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allianz_Arena
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracan%C3%A3_Stadium
https://blog.accubits.com/smart-stadiums-the-future-of-live-sports-experience/
https://www.deltapartnersgroup.com/smart-stadiums-reshaping-stadium-experience-digital-age
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A STUDY ON MUSCULAR STRENGTH OF SCHOOL STUDENTS

FOR THREE DIFFERENT ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
OF WEST BENGAL
Suman Panda1
Dr. Sandip Sankar Ghosh2
Abstract
Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the Muscular Strength among three different
administrative divisions of West Bengal for upper primary and secondary schoolchildren.
Methodology: A total of one hundred and ninety two school boys (N = 192) were selected as subjects for the
present study. They were selected from three different administrative divisions of West Bengal viz. Jalpaiguri,
Malda and Burdwan. Equal numbers of subjects (n=32) were selected for each age group i.e. upper primary
group, age ranged from 12-14 years and secondary group age ranged from 14+ -16years from each division.
Thus a total of (32 x 2 =64) sixty four subjects were chosen for each age group. Muscular Strength was
considered as only dependent variable for the present study. It was measured by Grip dynamometre. For data
interpretation two way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were performed, followed by Tukey’s LSD test as post
hoc test for finding the exact location of the differences separately in Age Group (row), Division (column) and
interaction for different age groups and administrative divisions simultaneously. The level of significance was
set at p< 0.05.
Results: In muscular strength significant differences was observed among different administrative regions for
the two age groups. But no significant difference was observed in interactions of age groups and administrative
divisions.
Conclusions: From the findings of the study, conclusions can be drawn by following ways–
Conclusions from Row Analysis: The Muscular Strength of Secondary school students is higher than Upper
Primary school students of West Bengal.
Conclusions from Column Analysis: The muscular strength of the students of Jalpaiguri division was
significantly greater than the students of Burdwan division.
Conclusions from Interaction Analysis: There are no interaction between age groups and administrative
divisions in muscular strength.
Key Words: Muscular Strength, Physical Fitness Components, Health Related Fitness Components.
INTRODUCTION
Muscular strength relates to one’s ability to exert force against resistance. In practical terms Muscular Strength,
muscle strength is how strong the child is. In this context, muscle strength is one of the most relevant components
of physical fitness, with enormous positive influence on health status (Galaviz KI, Colley R, Jάuregui E, Taylor
1
Research Scholar, Department of Physical Education, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India
2
Associate Professors, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia-741235, West Bengal, India
117
JL, Janssen I., 2010)and on athletic-sports development in the medium and long term (Gutin B, Yin Z, Humphries
MC, et al, 2005). Similarly, Smith et al. found a strong inverse association of strength with body fat and cardio
metabolic diseases, and a positive relationship with bone health and psychological aspects such as self-perceived
competition. In a psychological overview (Padilla-Moledo et al. He QQ, Wong TW, Du L, et al. 2011) found a
positive association related to academic achievement. There is also evidence of a negative relationship between
strength at early ages and variables such as Body Mass Index (BMI) or insulin resistance in adulthood (Hurtig-
Wennlöf A, Ruiz JR, Harro M, et al., 2007).
Muscular strength is important to enable children to perform everyday functions such as fine motor skills (e.g.
holding a pencil appropriately, carrying heavy school bag, walking, running, playground skill such as catching,
throwing, jumping, kicking etc.).
Apart from the performance based contribution of strength, muscular strength plays an important role
in protecting students from injury. Strong muscles enable an athlete to move quickly and avoid accidents
especially to the joint stability, it maintains proper posture, it contribute greater metabolism which reduce
the risk of obesity it is necessary that muscular strength is adequately developed in students. Sports scientist
and coaches are of the opinion that to increase strength rapidly, muscles must be contracted against heavy
resistance and that the resistance must be increased as the muscles become stronger (Bryan, 2013) like lifting
weights, working with resistance band, climbing stairs, hill walking, ,pushups, sit ups, squat etc. In the present
study the researchers were interested to assess Muscular Strength with a view to compare the growing children
of different Administrative divisions in West Bengal. Thus, the purpose of the study was to investigate the
Muscular Strength among three different administrative region of West Bengal for upper primary and secondary
school children.
To achieve the purpose, present study was planned to initiate research work in the following way- Subject:
A total of 192 hundred two (N = 192) school boys children were selected as subjects for this study. They were
selected from three different administrative division’s viz. Jalpaiguri, Malda, and Burdwan of West Bengal. Group
Divisions: The age of the subjects for the present study were ranged from 12-16 years. Firstly all the subjects were
divided in two groups according to their Age i.e. upper primary (Age-12-14) (UP=96) and secondary (Age-14+ -16)
(SE=96). Secondly both groups are sub divided into three groups depending on their administrative regions. Each
groups were consisted of thirty two (N=32) boys.
The groups were (1) Jalpaiguri Division (2) Malda Division, (3) Burdwan Division according to administrative
residence of children. In the present study Muscular Strength is considered as only one dependent variable. It was
measured through Grip strength test by Grip Dynamometer. To fulfill the study following hypotheses were set up.
• H1: There would be significant difference in muscular strengthamong different age groups.
• H2: There would be significant difference in muscular strengthamong different divisions of W.B.
• H3: There would be exists significant difference in interaction effect ofmuscular strength between the two
variables, age groups, different divisions.
For data interpretation two way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were performed, followed by Tukey’s LSD
test as post hoc test for finding the exact location of the differences separately in row, column and interaction for
different age groups and administrative divisions simultaneously. The level of significance was set at p< 0.05.
RESULTS&DISCUSSIONS
In the following table the descriptive statistics of the subjects has been presented
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Table –1 : Mean & SD of Muscular Strength (kg) for Different Divisions and Age Groups
Name of The Name of Different Divisions of West Bengal
Group Age in Jalpaiguri Malda Burdwan
Years
Mean ± SD Mean ± SD Mean ± SD
UP 33.74 ± 8.06 32.16 ± 8.84 27.58 ± 8.36
SE 37.21 ± 6.52 35.83 ± 7.33 34.91 ± 6.35
Table-1 showed that for each category of group no. of male students was thirty two (n=32), the total number
of subjects for all administrative divisions for Upper Primary students were 96 (Ninety six)and for the Secondary
Students were also 96. Thus the total number of subjects for both age groups were one hundred ninety two (N=192).
In this table grip strength were presented in kilogram is given. Fig-1 it was depicted graphically as well.
Table- 2 : Two Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for the data on Muscular Strength
Source of Variations df Sum of Mean of SS F -value Table At
squares (Muscular Value
(SS) Strength) of F
Age Group (Row) 1 1115.78 1115.78 19.16* 3.896 F0.05(1,186)
Administrative Regions (Column) 2 589.98 294.99 5.06* 3.043 F0.05(2,186)
Interaction (age × Administrative
2
Regions) 150.73 75.37 1.29 3.043 F0.05(2,186)
Error (Residual) 186 10833.73 58.25
Total 191 12690.22
* Sign indicates Significant at 0.05 level of confidence.
In Table-2 the two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data on muscular strengthwere presented.
It was observed from the table that the computed F-value for Row, Column and Interaction were19.16, 5.06and
1.29respectivelyand then their corresponding Tabulated value of F at 0.05 level i.e. F0.05 (1,186) =3.896, F0.05 (2,186)
=3.043and F0.05 (2,186) =3.043respectively, therefore, significant difference existed the students of different Age
119
groups (Row) as well as Administrative Regions of West Bengal (Column). To get the exact location of differences
pair wise comparison analysis were done for Rowand Column separately by using Tukey’s LSD test as post hoc test.
Tukey’s LSD test for Row Analysis: The Mean difference and Critical difference of muscular strength of
Upper Primary and Secondary Age group are presented in Table-3 when all administrative regions are combined.
Table-3 : Mean Value of Muscular Strength Mean diff and Critical Diff for Upper Primary & Secondary
School Students (All Administrative Divisions Combined)
Mean Scores of Rows
Upper Primary Secondary
18.70 21.59 2.89* 1.67
In Table –3 the mean value of muscular strengthfor combined Administrative Regions of West Bengal both
for Upper Primary and Secondary were presented which were 18.70and 21.59respectively. The value of mean
difference between UP and SE were 2.89which was greater than the value of critical difference 1.67at 0.05 level of
significance. Thus it may be concluded that the muscular strengthof Secondary school students were higher than
Upper Primary school students -when all Administrative divisions of West Bengal are combined. These mean
values were depicted graphically in Fig-2.
Tukey’s LSD test for Column Analysis: The Mean difference and Critical difference of muscular strength of
all administrative regions are presented in Table-4 when Upper Primary and Secondary Age group are combined.
Table-4 : Mean Values of muscular strength Mean diff and Critical Diff for Different Administrative
Divisions of West Bengal(Both Age Groups Combined)
Mean Scores of Column
Jalpaiguri Malda Burdwan
23.65 22.66 0.99 2.16
23.65 20.83 2.82* 2.16
22.66 20.83 1.83 2.16
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In Table –4, the mean values of muscular strength, when two age groups (Upper Primary and Secondary)
were combined, for different Administrative Divisions of West Bengal i.e. Jalpaiguri, Burdwan, and Malda were
presented which were 23.65, 22.66and20.83respectively. These mean values were depicted graphically in Fig-3.
It was evident from the above table that the value of mean difference between Jalpaiguri vs. Burdwan, was 2.82
which was greater than the value critical difference2.16at 0.05 level of significance. Thus it may be concluded that,
the muscular strength of the students of Jalpaiguri region is significantly greater than Burdwan region, when both
age groups i.e. Upper Primary and Secondary groups were combined.
CONCLUSIONS
From the finding of the study it can be concluded that in muscular strength there were, significant difference
existed between two age groups (Row), among the students of different Administrative Regions of West Bengal
(Column).
From the finding of the study conclusion can be done by following way –
Conclusions from Row Analysis: Thus it was concluded that the muscular strength of Secondary school
students were significantly higher than Upper Primary school students when all Administrative Regions of West
Bengal are combined.
Conclusions from Column Analysis: It also be concluded that –The muscular strength of the students of
Jalpaiguri region is significantly greater than Burdwan region, When Upper Primary and Secondary age groups
were combined.
In rest of the pair of groups the value of mean difference were not found significant, at 0.05 level of significance,
when both age groups i.e. Upper Primary and Secondary groups were combined
Finally, from hypothesis point of view it can be concluded that:
• H1: There was significant difference in muscular strengthamong different age groups.
• H2: There was significant difference in muscular strength among different divisions of W.B.
• H3: There did not exist any significant difference in interaction effect ofmuscular strengthbetween the two
variables, age groups, different divisions.
121
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Galaviz KI, Tremblay muscular strength, Colley R, Jάuregui E, Taylor JL, Janssen I. (2010), Associations between
physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity in Mexican children. Salud Publica Mex. 54:463–9.
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activity to cardiovascular disease risk factors in healthy children and adolescents: the European youth heart
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Hussey J, Bell C, Bennett J, O’Dwyer J, Gormley J.(2007), Relationship between the intensity of physical activity,
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG

D.EL.Ed, B.Ed AND B.P.Ed STUDENT
Dr Bidya Roy1
Samaresh Jana2
INTRODUCTION
Stress is a conscious or unconscious psychological feeling or physical situation which comes as a result of
physical or/and mental ‘positive or negative pressure’ to overwhelm adaptive capacities. Stress is a psychological
process which initiated by events that threaten, harm or challenge an organism or that exceed available coping
recourses and it is characterized by psychological responses that are directed towards adaptation. Stress is wear
and tear on the body in response to stressful agents. Hans Selly called such agents stressors and said they could be
physical, physiological, psychological or socio-cultural. And stress is not an anxiety disorder and it is not a normative
concept. A person typically is stressed when positive or negative (e.g., threatening) experiences temporarily strain or
overwhelm adaptive capacities. Stress is highly individualized and depends on variables such as the novelty, rate,
intensity, duration, or personal interpretation of the input, and genetic or experiential factors. Both acute and chronic
stress can intensify morbidity from anxiety disorders. One person’s fun may be another person’s stressor. For an
example, panic attacks are more frequent when the predisposed person is exposed to stressors.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The purpose of the study was to find out the Stress among D.EL.Ed, B.Ed AND B.P.Ed students and accordingly
the problem is stated as A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG D.EL.Ed, B.Ed AND
B.P.Ed STUDENT.
OBJECTIVE OF THE PROBLEM
The objective of the study is to find out the level of stress among the three different category of student.
DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Delimitations is narrowing the research work to the feasibility, accessibility and availability of subjects and
other conditions. For the purpose of the research work here the delimitations are as follows:-
a) Only 90 students were considered.
b) The age of subject is from 19-24 years.
c) The study is further delimited to stress.
d) Male and female students were considered as subject for the study of the three different training college.
LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The study is limited on the following aspects such as –
1
RAssistant Professor, NBSM, Bishnupur
2
SACT (State Added College Teacher), Silda Chandra Sekhar College, West Bengal, India
123
i) Psychological and mental make-up of the subject.
ii) Lifestyle, Time and finance is also a limiting factor.
HYPOTHESIS OF THE STUDY
It was hypothesized that there will be no difference among the three category of students on the selected
parameter.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
i) The result of this study will provide useful information about stress on three different categories of student.
ii) The study may help for further research work with some variables on the same students.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter a brief review of literature survey has been presented. Attempt is made to locate literature related
in several angles with the present study. These reviews are useful to make available explanation for verification in
the concerned areas and to expand the sphere of knowledge. Reviews are also helpful to avoid the risk of duplication.
Dr.singh B. (2012) conducted a study for the purpose of describing a comparative study of achievement
motivation and locus of control of university level team and individual sports result. Significant between group
differences were found among the athletes of individual and team sports on the variable achievement motivation
and locus of control.
METHODOLOGY
In this chapter details about the subject, criterion measure, instruments and tools used, reliability of data,
experimental design and analytical procedure of data has been presented.
SELECTION OF THE SUBJECT
The subject of this study is randomly selected from the D.EL.Ed College, B.Ed. College and B.P. Ed college
student in West Bengal under NCRT, West Medinipur.
SELECTION OF VARIABLES
VARIABLES
Psychological Parameters Stress
CRITERION MEASURE
The criterion measure of the study is stress.
VARIABLES NAME OF TEST TEST UNIT
stress Psychological Questioners Score
RELIABILITY OF DATA:
Reliability of the data was ensured by establishing tester competency and instrument reliability was guaranteed
by respective manufacturer.
DESIGN OF THE STUDY:
To conduct the study the researcher had taken 90 students. Simple random group design was used for this study.
The subject was tested in their respective school on different days. The result of the study was generalized on the
basis of sample information.
124
STATISTICAL PROCEDURE:
The obtained data in form of digital scores were treated statistically to get result and to draw conclusions. The
mean and standard deviation were calculated as descriptive statistics ANOVA was calculated as the measure of
statistical difference among the group and post HOC test (LSD) was used for calculation of significance differences.
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE:
For the purpose of the present study, the level of significance was set at .05 level of confidence, which was
deemed reasonable for the present study.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter the data of the present study that were collected using procedure mentioned in chapter –III have
been presented statistical analysis of data, result obtained out of analysis of data, interpretation of result obtained
out of analysis of data, interpretation of result in height of available knowledge and testing of hypothesis have also
been presented in this chapter.
RESULTS:
Table-1. Stress Mean & S.D
Statistical Variation B. P. Ed. B. Ed. D. El. Ed. Total
N 30 30 30 90
∑X 819 968 923 2710
Mean 27.3 32.26 30.76 30.11
∑X2 22827 31722 28921 83470
S. D 4.01 4.10 4.24 4.58
From table – it was found that the Mean and S.D of stress of B. P. Ed, B. Ed & D. El.
Ed students were 27.30; ±4.01, 32.26; ±4.10, 30.76; ±4.58 respectively.
Graphical representation of stress difference among B. P. Ed, B. Ed and D. El. Ed students presented.
Fig – 1. 2 Shows the Graphical Representation of Mean Stress among Three Different Category of Students
125
Table-2.Stress result
Result Details
Source SS df MS
Between-treatments 389.3556 2 194.6778 F = 11.44751
Within-treatments 1479.5333 87 17.0061
Total 1868.8889 89
Table value of F at 0.05 level with (2 / 87) = 3.10.
From the table – 6 it was clear that the calculated value of F (11.44) was higher than that of table value (3.10) at
0.05 level of significant hence, null hypothesis is rejected. Thus from the table it was clear that there were significance
difference existing among the groups. In order to find out the actual location the post HOC test (LSD) were used.
Table-3. Inter-Group Comparison of Stress among B. P. Ed, B. Ed. And D. LY. Ed. students.
B. P. Ed. (T1) D. El. Ed. (T3) B. Ed. (T2)
27.3 30.76 32.26
It is clear from the table value that 32.26 of B.Ed. was significantly higher than the B. P. Ed and D. El. Ed
students and also clear that the B. P. Ed and D. El. Ed were also significantly better than B. Ed.
DISCUSSION
From the above result it may be seen that there was significance differences found among the selected parameter.
The reasons that may be prompted for the differences were structure of education system.
It is evident that the students, who were studying in B. Ed were having more stress compared to D.EL. Ed and
B. P. Ed. Students.
Joseph E. (2009) similar research was conducted by based on responses obtained from the undergraduate
students at a higher learning institution. A total of 320 students participated in this study. Data was collected through
self-administered questionnaires that were randomly distributed to the students during lecture time. In addition the
finding also spurred a scholarly debate on academic stress among students in higher institution.
In another study by Janie Tailor (2001) indicated that the athletes who maintained their physical activity level
(older athlete) had higher level of self-esteem than the athletes who did not maintained their physical activity level
(older known athletes) athletes status interaction indicated that the young athletes and young non-athletes did not
significantly differ on Rosenberg self-esteem scale (p-0.05). However, the older athletes had significantly higher
Rosenberg self-esteem than did older non-athletes (p-=0.05). In addition the young athletes had significantly lower
non-athletes and older non-athletes did not significantly differ from each other (p-0.05).
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
According to the Hypothesis , the observed result was found significantly different in case of psychological stress
among B. P. Ed, B. Ed & D. El. Ed students. So as per the assessment of significance, Null Hypothesis was rejected.
SUMMARY CONCLUSSION & RECOMMENDATION
In this chapter summary of the work done for the research study has been presented conclusion drawn on the
basis of the result and recommendation for the future study has also been included this chapter.
SUMMARY
It is being increasingly realized all over the world that economic wellbeing and productive efficiencies can be
126
realized with higher intellectual and professional capabilities of human beings. A good quality human resource
base is extremely important in today’s highly competitive environment. To fulfil its responsibility towards higher
education. Ministry has become one of the largest system of its kind in the world. The central Government is
responsible for policy formulation and for coordination and determination of standards in higher education.
However, our major concern in this study was to find out the differences of psychological stress among B. P.
Ed, B. Ed & D. El. Ed students. For the present study 90 students were taken from three different classes. The ages
of the subjects were 19-24 years. The selected subjects were measured on stress. Significant results were found as
calculated value of F (11.44) was greater than that of table value (3.10).
CONCLUSION
There were significant difference of psychological – stress among different class of students.
RECOMMENDATION
1) It is recommended to carry out similar study with different physical fitness variables.
2) A similar study may be conducted by selecting biochemical variables.
3) Similar studies may be undertaken on various class of students.
4) Similar studies may be undertaken on different school of students.
5) Similar study may be conducted with sociological variables.
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OVERVIEW ON SPORTS PSYCHOLOGY
Dr. Rajkumar Sharmaa1

Dr. Jaishankar Yadav2
Abstract
The sport psychology is the modern branch of psychology. It is more advanced in western country like G.D.R.
This sport psychology is essential teaching to every national team. The modern psychology is the study of
internal and external behavior of a man in the field of sports is called psychology in sports (By wanton). The
external behavior is the expression of thinking and movement. But the internal behavior is the expression of
feeling. This behavior are also called respectively as overt behavior and co-overt Behavior.
It is entirely being recognized that accomplishments in sports is only depend on health, physical education
training practice, schedule, genetic factors, quality experience but also psychological factor. The training and
physical preparation of bodies have been emphasized for a long time but new mental preparation and right
attitude of athlete are as know ledged at strong underlying components for success. The psychological theory
which are highly relevant to human performance in physical activities may not justify the situation in top level
sportsmen/ sport, competitive sports. So it became very much necessary to understand more about sports and
psychology of sport/sportsman. So stimulus associated with right response. This theory is very useful to a coach
that how the condition of stimulus (effect of exciting or feed back) and how they will give to the play to change
into right response.
Key Words: ..........................
INTRODUCTION
The term psychology is the combination of two Greek word i.e.’ Psyche’ and ‘Logs’ which mean’ mind’ and
‘study respectively hence psychology can be regarded as the study of mind however it was difficult to study mind
because it was an abstract concept which could neither be touched nor seen by the people. The later development
which took place in psychological area of science indicated that since the activities of mind are reflected in our
behavior, they can be observed and studied scientifically. The mind can be read through the behavioral ministrations
of the individuals. So with the passage of time psychology become” science of Behavior”. The behavior which is
both internal and external as a whole. The inner subjective feelings and various psychophysical changes form the
part of internal behaviors whereas the overt bodily actions, gestures, postures, vocal expressions etc, constitute the
external behavior of the individuals. There are three components of behaviors of the individuals. There are three
components of behaviors namely cognition (knowing) Conation (doing) and Affect (feeling). All these components
of behaviors cab be studies with the help of various psychological method, Questioning method, Experimental
method, Testing method Introspection method.
1
Grade- I Gymnastic Coach, Sports Authority of India, Department of Sport and Youth Welfare, Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh)
2
Associate Professor, Department of Physical Education, Dr. C. V. Raman University, Kota, Bilaspur. (Chhattisgarh)
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If the study of behaviors is restricted to general populations only it remains general psychology but when it
covers a particular group or situation and utilizes the general psychological concepts for practical purposes in
some specific field of activity them it becomes practical or applied psychology. As is the case of sports. Then we
apply various psychological principles laws and concepts in sports situations then it becomes-sports Psychology.
To be more comprehensive we can define sports psychology as a “Science of Behaviors of those involved in the
field of sports” which means that in sports psychology we study not only the sport mean and woken but also those
people who are directly or indirectly involved in sports situations. These people may be coaches mentors, planners,
organizer of game, audiences and so on.
Psychology can be defined as the study of soul in Greece word. The psychology can be divide into (soul) and
logouts (Study). The Psychology is the study of mind, consciousness and should.
The psychology deals with knowledge of behavior and it is psychological means psychology is necessary for a
coach. The psychology tells us about the old knowledge mental condition of a player coach and judge. The coach
can judge that player is the fit for which game.
Sport
Sports All physical activity which we can face, is called sport. It may mentally or physically. Sports is also
related with the evolution or man and other motor quality, related to sports. Through the sport we can develop the
personality of a man.
Sport Psychology
The origin of sports psychology as a scientific field can be traced back to the year 1965 when a Roman
psychiatrist proof Ferocious atonally founded the international society of sports psychology in Italy. There after the
sports psychology has grown a great deal and spread in various countries of the world. However lot remains to be
done to establish sports psychology as a separate scientific discipline like other well established branches of applied
psychology.
With the advent of various sports Sciences as helping measures for athletes to attain peak level performance in
competitions, sports psychology is gaining increasing importance amongst all because in modern competitive sports
the competitions at some points highly depend on the psychological capacities of the athletes.
Though sports psychology as a science is in its infancy yet it has already made its marks which are being further
taken ahead by the sports conscious countries in the world.
The sports psychology can offer many important helps to coaches and athletes for psychological preparation of
high level competitions it can help during training also where the training schedules can be made according to the
individual psychological make up of the athletes. It can help in reducing presumptive tensions through the psycho
regulatory procedures. It can suggest the ways and means for motivating athletes for giving maximum performance.
Various psychological tests can assist the selectors in selecting the probable of right temperament, intelligence,
confidence and other desirable psychological qualities of proposing athletes.
The knowledge which applied in the field of sports, is called sport psychology. The sport is a psychological
activity. In modern society takes more interest is psychology of sports. When a sport man try to win a competition,
there are some right type of attitude and motivation is required. The psychological optical plays an important role
in good performance in sports.
The sport psychology is the modern branch of psychology. It is more advanced in western country like G.D.R.
This sport psychology is essential teaching to every national team. The modern psychology is the study of internal
and external behavior of a man in the field of sports is called psychology in sports (By wanton). The external
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behavior is the expression of thinking and movement. But the internal behavior is the expression of feeling. This
behavior are also called respectively as overt behavior and co-overt Behavior. Other psychologist have given the
different definition about sport psychology, are given below as –
The role or psychology in sports has given has given to a new branch of psychology is called a sports psychology.
Sport psychology is a recent researched branch of modern science of sports according to.
According to John’s Lather - Sports psychology is an area which attempt to apply psychological fact and
principal of training, performance and associate with human behavior in whole field of sports.
Robert N. Singer says that sport psychology explains ones behavior in athletes.
Dr. Ghose defines sports psychology as “the science of athlete is mind and its faculties.
Krishna Moorthy & Pham Shan arm : Sport psychology deals with psychology of athletes both at rest and in
action.
Sleet(1973) :The discipline of psychology of sports is by no means limited to study of athlete or behavior in
athlete competition. Sport psychology research is also interested in acquiring knowledge regarding, crowd behavior,
rehabilitation and therapy though physical activity, motor skill, acquisition. Play group dynamics, readiness, prop
reception, motor deductibility, body image, personality and physical ability and phenomena of movement.
The definition of sports psychology as given by American sport psychologists like john D. Leather and Robert
N. Singer explains the definition pull forward by steel indicate that sports psychology is not limited to study the
behavior of athlete and to motor learning. It covers the many things in psychology of spots.
Herbert Hag : A well expert in sports pedagogy states that sports psychology has two part.
1. Psychology of motor learning.
2. Psychology of sports.
According to him psychology of motor learning will cover the study of the psychology in term of which skill,
knowledge and attitude regarding sports, are acquired and retained or learned yet mote specially. It considers
the neurological conception of this process, developmental, perceptional and motor behavior. As kinesthetic and
performance, general method of instruction and law, and principal of learning appreciate to psycho motor skill.
On the other hand, the psychology of sports examines the psychological variables of personality. Motivation,
intelligence and emotional status as they effect or are effected by sporting activity i. e. It consider the relationship
of such variables to participation success pattern in sports.
We may also consider the similar opinion expressed by Dr. H. T. A. Whiting in 1972 who status that sport
psychologist might approach his study of behavior in sport situation in different whys, dependent upon the training
interest, facilities and in elevations. Two main area suggested by him.
1. Skill learning and performance.
2. Competition.
He also states that sports psychology is not only interested in high level performance but he is primary concern
with some behavior in competitive situation also. Thus the psychology of sport competition represent frame work
into which much of what has been said, might be fitted. Although these may be genetic predispositions which
effect the development of such behavior. It is primary out come of learning occupations a central position within
psychology and competitive behavior. As a learned phenomena is legitimate area of study for psychologist in
general and sports also.
To conclude, it can be said that sports psychology has became an important branch in the field of sports science.
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The sport science has been used into a great extent from the last few years. Sports science is a recognized as an
independent science in European Science department. And the expert in European country consider the sports
psychology as one of the sport science like sport medicine, sport Biology kinesiology, Biomechanics, physical
education and health Education. The different branch of science have been shown as systematic diagram below-
Sports psychology is a independent branch of sport science has occupied a position of importance in these days
and research work has started in this field of sports. The research in the different area of sports psychology has
drawn strength from diversifies view points conversed by many discipline like as psychiatry, applied psychology,
Education and pedagogy, physical Education, sociology and kinesiology.
Sport psychology is one of the sport science which deals with motor learning and psychology of competition
or sp. Psychology is theoretical field of sport science that deals with the possibilities and boundaries of psychology
through sports.
SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY IN SPORTS
It recent year, psychologist have been working on many diverse problems in the various folds. The knowledge
of psychology is being used in the military organization, not only for the requirement purpose. Bur for modern
warfare technique and teach is. In industries, it is role being emphasized for the effective organization as well as for
more productivity. Similarly in field of sports, its importance can never be over estimate not only for preparing the
athlete / player for appetitive sports, but its very essential for becoming a good coach.
In sports, we finds many problems which are fascine by our playas/athletes which are of psychological in
nature, e.g. problem related with –
1. Education reconditioning.
2. Motivation technique for learning new skill in playing field.
3. Psychological preparation for a contest and hazards evolved in it.
4. Teaching and coaching method.
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5. Motivation for peak performance.
6. Perceptional development and the learning of movement pattern.
7. Relationship or personality traits to athletes progress.
To obtain the scientific information containing these problems of motivation motor learning emotional
evolvements, perceptional development and theory of personality. We have to look after forward to the knowledge
of psychology. We have to study need and drives feeling and emption. Reflexes and reactive time, anxiety, and
aggress ness, sensation and perceptions, principles of transfer of learning and many other psychological phenomena
in the field of sports.
Sports being a psychosocial activity leaded with competition and co-operative spirits gives rise to psychological
stress and strain. Exoterically when a athletes has to face an unexpected defect. The coach with the help of
psychological knowledge would train the athlete to handled such a situation in a true sportsman spirit. The training
should induce in the player the skill of adaptability to the psychological stress and strain emotional problem can be
handled. So that the players can face situation in realistic manner and proper spirit.
A coach has to plan and arrange his training activities in accordance with same established psychological
principle. Any good coach has to apply the psychological principles –
1. To understand, accept and help each player.
2. To state their goal, targets and expectations.
3. To adopt the raining method and practice period according to individual players needs interest and ability.
4. For establishing report with athlete and player.
5. To Give each Player a sense of fitness, both physically and mentally.
The field work of sports can gates benefit from the know the knowledge gained from the various area of
psychology. The coach as well as the others who are interested in improvement of athlete performance have to face
such questions.
1. How can highly skilled performance be developed.
2. What factors should be emphasized to enhance the learning situation.
3. What factor of grown and development need to be considered.
4. What is role of personality, Profile or specific traits in contributing to outstanding achievement.
5. What are the main area where experimentation in sports is needed.
6. How the interpersonal and social relationship between the individual players in the same group effect the
performance of the team.
7. What type of psychic problem occurs in the field of sports.
To answer these questions, once has to take the help of knowledge of various area of psychology. How sports is
related with the various area of psychology is shown through following diagram.
The psychology of learning investigators, learning process and the various factors evolved in it. It is also attempt
to provide a basis of learning. Principles such as motivation, retention acquisition, reinforcement and transfer of
training. A definite need arise for coach to learn, learn and apply the research and concept because these factors
operate the skill performance.
The knowledge of social psychology supply information on the social dimensions of human behavior i.e. How
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attitude, and value forms the nature of group dynamics and effect of group individual’s behavior. The sport situation
where people from various social a economic background are involve, is one of the most unusual phenomena of our
times. The socio-metric technique help the coach to asses the group structure of his team and to bring the group
cohesion. If it is lacking.
The developmental psychologist is interested in the origin of behavior in heredity and environmental factors
and its intention. He also studies the behavior of infants, children adolescents, young adult in relation to their
physical and metal social, emotional growth and developments. Any coach dealing with a group of athlete and
player should awards of the characters tick associate with his teams age group. He should provide the training to
technique according to their maturational levels.
The clinical psychologist is involved in understanding personality, disorder, intellectual, determination, as well
individual difference in behavior. He studied the emotional problem of individual and also dinginess the mental
illness of various type sports evolve situations which are full of emotional hazards. The athletes and players faces
situation which are full of frustration, conflicts, disappointments, anxiety, fear and aggression. How to recondition
those emotional problem. A coach has to seek the help of clinical psychologist.
The research of these psychologists provide a basis for understanding and predicting behavior of sportsman at
various age level. This knowledge help us know about –
1. Psychological conditioning of sportsman.
2. Psychological preparation of athlete or player as motor learning or skill equitation.
3. Psychology of oceanic which effect the performance of sportsman/player.
4. Personality traits of sportsman and their relationship with sport performance.
5. Psychological causes of Peak performance and psychological effect of top performance of the player.
6. Psychological principles applied in the field of sport and physical education.
7. Psychological aspect of sport training.
REFERENCES
Alderman, R. B. Psychological Behavior in Sport , Philadelphia : W. B. Saunders Company, 1974.
Butt, Dorcas Sushan. The Psychological of Sport : The Behavior, Motivation, Personality and Performance of
Athletes, New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1987.
Martens, Rainer. Coaches Guide to Sport Psychology, Canada: American Publishing Company, 1983.
Straub, William F. Sport Psychology : An Analysis of Athlete Behavior, New York : Mouvement Publication
Ithaca, 1980.
Silva, John M. and Weinberg, Robert S. Psychological Foundation of Sports, Champaign Illinois : Human
Kinetics Publishers, 1984.
Singer, R. N. Murphy, M. and Tennat, L. Keith. Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology, New York: Mac
Millan Publishing Company, 1993.
133
Opportunities of Rural Heritage for

Maximizing Tourism Industry
Ananya Baidya1
Dr. Biswajit Bala2
Dr. K. Mukhopadhyay3
Abstract
Tourism as an economic activity is highly labour-intensive that has significant economic and employment
potential. But in present day also agriculture seems to be the dominant economic activity in the rural areas
and hence tourism may not form the sole livelihood strategy for many households. But the opportunities and
significance of rural heritage in maximising tourism that may enhance the living standards cannot be ignored.
It may be advantageous to see how tourism contributes to rural economy and other developmental components
such as opportunities for initiating small trades and business, triggering people’s skills, improvement of rural
infrastructural and other socio-economical facilities. Therefore, it is necessary to establish linkages between
tourism and the local economy in order to cope with local issues and problems. For maximising benefits from
rural heritage through tourism, it is required to understand the present socio-economic profile of the community
members, rural demographic structure, cultural views, political stability and present business opportunities of an
identified place. This paper examines the significance and opportunities of rural heritage for maximising tourism
as a source of income using Ichhapur, Gobardanga in North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, as the case study.
Key Words: Rural Heritage, Tourism and Indian Economy.
INTRODUCTION
Rural Heritage resembles manmade structures such as ancient buildings, magnificent historic houses, artifacts,
military forts, old temples, etc., which are considered worthy of maintenance and can be significantly important
from socio- cultural and architectural perspectives. Rural heritage provides ample scope for maximising tourism
as an alternative source of income by utilizing the native cultural and historical capital. It can be instrumental
in enhancing social and cultural integrity, shaping territorial identification, improving the quality of environment
by creating environmental consciousness, generating varied employment opportunities and sources of earnings,
diversifies the economy and thereby, improving the living standard of the people in the community.
The purpose of this chapter is to explore the opportunities and significance of rural heritage in maximising
tourism as a source of income at Ichhapur Gobardanga. The study thinks that there is an ample scope of rural
heritage tourism especially in Ichhapur village, Gobardanga because this village has rich treasure of unique art,
culture, customs, style of living, folklore and so on. Therefore, by encouraging tourists to visit this rural heritage
1
Student, Department of Teacher Education, WBUTTEPA, Kolkata
2
Dr.Biswajit Bala, Assistant Professor, WBUTTEPA, Kolkata
3
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destination may involve the local community members to increase their socio-economic condition and upgrade their
living standards as well.
RESEARCH ON RURAL HERITAGE TOURISM
Cook (2007) stated that tourism should be assimilated into the environment and the local culture of an area (1).
According to Negrusa (2007), the rural people offer such form of tourism along with small scale accommodation
units and the implication of important components and custom of life (2). Such form of tourism portrays the rural
people’s way of living, promotes cultural and social values, preserve heritages of rural location and at the same time
put advantages to the host community economically (3). This seems to be relevant in case of the identified place,
Ichhapur Gobardanga, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, as the case study. Although heritage site and tourism cannot
be expected to provide full solution to eliminate poverty, it is suggested by Boccardi, Brooks and Gurung (2006) that
the heritage site should be used as a platform to bring benefits to the wider rural developmental context, which in
the end will have an effect on poverty alleviation. Komppula (2014) opined that developing rural tourism is actually
the development of the region and the wellbeing of the local community.
EMPLOYMENT AND THE ECONOMY OF THE REGION
Research conducted by Manoj, Noori and Zand, Singh et al, Balan and Burghelea it can be concluded that the
presence of tourist destinations in a region has a positive impact on development especially related to the absorption
of employment, development infrastructure, community income and the development of local culture (4). The
present tourism destinations is an area besides aiming for equitable development, raising regional culture also to
reduce poverty and improve the economy for the local community (5). Support for infrastructure and other facilities
can accelerate economic improvement (6). Such an issue also considered to be relevant to the case of Ichhapur
Gobardanga rural heritage sites.
OBJECTIVES
yy To understand the significance of rural heritage in maximising tourism at Ichhapur village, Gobardanga.
yy To explore various opportunities of rural heritage in enhancing tourism as a source of income at Ichhapur
village, Gobardanga.
yy To find out the challenges faced in developing rural heritage tourism at Ichhapur village, Gobardanga.
METHODOLOGY
Secondary data derived from various literary sources such as various research papers, news, journals,
articles and websites are mainly used in this paper. The findings which include the benefits and challenges in
developing rural heritage tourism at the identified place, livelihood structure of the local community members
affected due to rural heritage tourism, changing livelihood patterns of the local people as a result of maximising
tourism for rural heritage sites and statement of the paper carries the effect of personal visit to different rural
heritage sites of the identified place and discussions with local villagers, entrepreneurs, tourists, officials and
other stakeholders.
CASE STUDY
Gobardanga Ichhapur, a village and gram panchayet situated in Gaighata Tehsil of North 24 Parganas District
in West Bengal, India is well-known for its great range of heritage assets. The famous and magnificent Krishno
Temple also known as Gobindo-mandir which is more than 300 years old is located here. Now this temple is
governed by GSI. The temple dedicated to Gobindajee resembles the witness of the power and extravagance of
the Har Chowdhury family of Ichhapur. This partially collapsed temple and the present existing ruin signifies the
navratna temple. This ancient temple has been beautifully decorated on the walls with attractive terracotta works
135
portraying various Hindu gods and goddesses, dances and acts of divine love mainly played by Lord Krishna.
The temple is also adorned with wonderful geometric shapes and figures representing forms of different objects.
The State Heritage Commission announced this temple to be a ‘heritage’ one and thus its restoration began
thereafter. The nearby towns of Icchapur village are Habra and Gobardanga which are approximately 17 kms and
7 kms respectively and therefore it enjoys some of the urban facilities offered by these towns. Though the village
is situated quite adjacent to these towns but the economic condition and living standard of the people residing
in this village are not quite satisfactory. Most of the villagers are mainly engaged in primary economic activity
such as agriculture, dairy farming, poultry farming and others like nursery plantation, tailoring, craftmanship,
pottery making, sculpting, idol making, flowering, small vendors, sweet making, rickshaw-pullers, auto-rickshaw
drivers, carpentry etc. Lack of job opportunities, unemployment, poverty, improper and underutilization of local
resources, insufficient local capital, lack of skilled workers are some of the existing problems there in present day
also. Hence, after declaring the Gobindo Mandir as one of the rural heritage destinations by the State Heritage
Commission, various opportunities for the local people seem to be opened up in recent years where the rural
heritage tourism has been the notable one. The significance of this temple in maximising tourism as source of
income cannot be ignored totally. It is considered significant in terms of maintaining social and cultural integrity,
mutual respect for every cultural aspect, preservation of cultural heritage and values, creating environmental
awareness, political consciousness, intermingling of rural and urban lifestyles on one hand and on the other it is
noteworthy enough for providing various job opportunities for increasing income to improve the living standards
of the community members.
SIGNIFICANCE OF RURAL HERITAGE FOR MAXIMISING TOURISM AS A SOURCE OF INCOME
1. The temple Gobindo mandir in Ichhapur Village, Gobardanga as a heritage site can impact profusely to develop
this area into a popular tourist destination and hence can attract tourists from distant places.
2. If the number of tourists increases in the heritage site day by day, then the demand for setting up of hotels,
guest houses, lodges will also get increased. In this way, this alternative tourism provides benefits to this local
community.
3. There is also a scope of earning significantly if the local villagers efficiently conduct Ecotourism through the
provision of homestay facilities.
4. Transport networks get well-equipped due to tourists visit in this heritage site and this in turn will create demand
for local ownership over native resources as well as regional development.
5. The main attraction of any heritage site always lies within its embedded mythological themes and cultural-
historical perspectives. Heritage destinations always remain the area of interest for students, teachers, researchers
who are capable enough for spreading its importance of cultural and economic values of societal upliftment.
And this help the site to get recognized on the tourist map thereby making the site more easily accessible.
6. The identification of any village revolves around its unique culture, tradition, values, practices representing
specific sociofacts and artifacts that tend to expose the real picture of lifestyle of the village people. Therefore,
the local artists and the artisans who are responsible for the restoration of their culture and heritage can preserve
and uphold their creativity and artworks to the greater community despite of their economic backwardness. This
is the way they can enhance their earnings for livelihood.
7. Since this temple is associated with various festivals, folk culture, annual fair, religious assemblies, it can put
an advantage of introducing its culture, customs, lifestyles with the people coming from various urban centers.
Thus, it is helpful in upgrading the overall physical, social, cultural, political and economic conditions of the
village as a whole.
136
Figure-1 . Rural Tourism, in Indian perspective
Our country India leaves travelers amazed by the amazing vistas, spectacular scenery, and culture full of
attractive colors. But as the vast majority of our people live in the valleys, it is equally important to explore rural
India and the most visited tourist destinations in India.Figure-1 represent a tipical rural tourism of India (8).
OPPORTUNITIES OF RURAL HERITAGE IN MAXIMISING TOURISM INDUSTRY–
1. Opens alternative way of earning such as starting small business related to tourism and transport sector,
persons engaging as tour operators, jobs related with service provision connected with accommodation, tour
guiding, vending, fooding, lodging for tourists; works related to mandir such as appointing priests to perform
the sacred rituals, guard; to engage in small trades by utilizing local resources and capital like developing
and maintaining nursery plantation, flowering, selling seeds, shops providing food and beverages mainly
for tourists, creation of guest houses, lodges and hotels; sales of local art like handicrafts, potteries and other
local products of tourist attraction; live performances by local folk artists.
2. Socio-economic improvement including identifying and thereby developing current skills need, upgrades
training and human resource.
3. Empowerment of local community, providing greater autonomy.
4. Preservation of heritage, elevation of regional culture.
5. Poverty alleviation and inclusion of local villagers, stakeholders to ensure fair economic returns.
6. Job retention and provision of job opportunities with little no formal training.
7. Infrastructural development that enhance connectivity and make this heritage site easily accessible.
8. Promoting local autonomy and ownership over the natural resources for judicious and optimum
utilization.
PROBLEMS OF RURAL HERITAGE FOR MAXIMISING TOURISM INDUSTRY–
1. Inadequate lodging, fooding, amusement facilities due to absence of good hotels, guest houses, lodges for
137
proper accommodation.
2. Relatively few local stalls in this heritage site to attract tourists.
3. This rural heritage site lacks competition, complementarities and coordination between local community,
local government and other stakeholders.
4. Less involvement and low interest of villagers in showcasing their culture and heritage.
5. Improper utilization of local resources and insufficient local capital to invest for developing rural heritage
tourism as a source of income.
6. Inconsistent electricity, lack of well-equipped infrastructure, drainage problem, dearth of local skilled
labours are some of the major challenging issues in this heritage site.
As per Ministry of Tourism statistics (2018) India (7)
• Number. of Foreign Tourist Arrivals in India: 10.56 Million (P) Annual Growth Rate: 5.2%
• No. of Indian Nationals Departures from India: 26.30 Million (P) Annual Growth Rate: 9.8%
• Number of Domestic Tourist Visits to all States/UTs: 1854.9 Million( R) Annual Growth Rate: 11.9%
• Estimated Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism
i) In INR terms: 1, 94,892 Crore rupees (# 2) Annual Growth Rate: 9.6%
ii) In US$ terms: US$ 28.585 Billion (#2 )
iii) Annual Growth Rate: 4.7%
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that this rural heritage site is potential enough to be developed. Though this temple as heritage
site has not been impacting significantly on the promotion of tourism as source of income due to some local hindrances
but its importance in maximising tourism can be perceived positively as contributing to upgrade the general wellbeing
of the local people, improvement in infrastructural facilities, restoration of local culture and traditions, generation
of employment opportunities and initiation of small business that can enhance livelihood earnings. Hence, if proper
planning is adopted considering both the potentials and problems of this heritage site along with the governmental
support, the strategies for achieving more benefit from tourism for local communities can be identified for proper
redressal of the local challenging issues and thereby boosting up the revenue of the economy.
REFERENCES
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222209765_Service_Quality_and_Service_Orientation_in_Rural_Israeli_Tourism
https://www.academia.edu/48933663/ruraltourismneedscopeandchallengesinindiancon text
shjtdxxb-e.cn›wp-content›uploads›2020›07›JSJ.U-2302.37-F.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322508925_Rural_Tourism_Need_Scope_and_Challenges_i n_Indian_Context
https://bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/download/113/pdf
www.researchgate.net›publication›329967596_The_Role_of_Tourism_Village_to_Increase_Local_Community_Income
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/main-characteristics-and-features-of-rural-tourism-in-
india-1514553439-1
https://www.namasteindiatrip.com/blog/village-tourism/
138
Effect of Plyometric Training on Postural Control

Performance of Soccer Players
Dr. Sanjay Kumar Prajapati1

Sachin Kisku2
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of a six-week plyometric training program on the Postural
Control performance of soccer players. The total number of 16 male soccer players (8 experimental, 8 control)
was drawn from Kerala State Sports Council, Thiruvananthapuram, India. Having at least one year of playing
experience at Inter-College, Inter-University, National or State level soccer tournaments. For the purpose of
the study scholar had selected only the postural control ability (YBT) as the dependent variable and plyometric
training selected as independent variables. After completing the regular program of training, participants
underwent for final measurements. The analysis shows that there is a significant difference in the Postural Control
Performance of right leg, among experimental group (Plyometric training) and control group (No Training), as
the mean difference was significant at 0.05 level of significance [(Exp Vs Cont., p=0.001), (Cont. Vs Exp,
p=.001)]and there is a significant difference in the Postural Control Performance of left leg among experimental
group (Plyometric training) and control group (No Training),as the mean difference was significant at 0.05 level
of significance [(Exp Vs Cont., p=0.001), (Cont. Vs Exp, p=.001)].
Key Words: Plyometric Training, Postural Control Performance, Soccer, YBT.
INTRODUCTION
Plyometric jump training is characterized by a series of exercises involving hops and jumps used
to capitalize on the stretch shortening cycle of the muscle (Chu, 1992). It is believed that training with
plyometrics facilitates adaptations in muscle function that will increase an athlete’s explosive power, which is
defined as force times distance over time (Baechle, Earle, 2000). Plyometric training can significantly improve
neuromuscular controlby promoting anticipatory postural adjustments (Gantchev GN, Dimitrova DM, 1996).
The anticipatory postural adjustments are shown in peripheral joints .During PT, repeated exposure to balance
and stability challenges results in proactive or feedforward adjustments that would appropriate muscles before
landing (Marigold DS, Patla AE, 2002).
Injuries occur during games and practice due to the combination of high speeds and full contact. The force
applied to either bringing an opponent to the ground or resisting being brought to the ground makes football
players prone to injuries anywhere on their bodies, regardless of protective equipment. Anterior cruciate
ligament (ACL) injuries are common in soccer athletes (Arendt E, Dick R, 1995). According to (Asadi, A, de
1
Assistant Professor, Lakshamibai National College of Physical Education, SAI LNCPE, Kariavattom, Trivandrum, Kerala
2
Research Scholar, Lakshamibai National College of Physical Education
139
Villarreal, E. S, &v Arazi,H.2015) Lack of postural control (PC) of the lower extremity is a key impairment
after ACL injury. Poor PC is related to injury or falls in many athletes and consequently is taken into account to
be a critical component of common motor skills. Postural control is generally defined as the ability to maintain
the body’s centre of gravity within its base of support and can be categorized by either static or dynamic
balance (Burke-Doe A, Hudson A, 2008).
Improving balance or Postural Control with training in athletes has positive effects with reducing injury.
Several different preventive programs have been attempted, and each of these is based on different design
concepts and emphasizes different components of preventive exercise, including plyometric, strengthening,
balancing, endurance, and stability. However the overall effectiveness of preventive exercise with respect to
enhancing neuromuscular control and preventing ACL injuries in athletes can be different. It has been reported
that plyometric training (PT) is an effective training modality for improving joint awareness, balance, and
neuromuscular properties that is used by strength and conditioning professionals at pre-season and in-season
of training schedule for athletes (Arazi H, AsadiA,2011).
Objective
The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a six-week plyometric training program on
the Postural Control performance of soccer players.
Research Methodology
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of a six-week plyometric training program on the
Postural Control performance of soccer players. For the purpose of the study sample was drawn from Kerala
State Sports Council, Thiruvananthapuram, India. In total, 16 male soccer players (8experimental,8control),
having at least one year of playing experience at Inter-College, Inter-University, National or State level soccer
tournaments, were chosen as the subjects for the study. The subjects were randomly assigned to any of the
two, experimental group and control group. Scholar had selected only the postural controllability (YBT) as
the dependent variable and plyometric training selected as independent variables. The experimental design to
achieve the objective of the study, a pre- test, post- test group design was used where the subjects were divided
into two groups (one experimentalgroupandonecontrolgroup).Theadvantageherewastherandomization, so that
any differences that appeared in the post-test should be the result of the experimental variable rather than
possible difference between the two groups to start with. This was the classical type of experimental design
and had good internal validity. The external validity organize ability of the study was limited by the possible
effect of pre-testing.
Pre-Test Post-test Group Design
Group Pre-test Treatment Post-test
Experimental group = O1 X O2
Control Group = O NO TREATMENT O
With the test complete and all performances recorded, the test administrator can then calculate the athletes YBT
performance scores using any of, or all of, the following three equations (Shaffer SW, 2013):
yy Absolute reach distance (cm) = (Reach 1 + Reach 2 + Reach 3) / 3
yy Relative (normalized) reach distanc e(%) =Absolute reach distance/limb length*100
yy Composite reach distance (%)=Sum of the 3reach directions /3 times the limb length * 100 (Walker, 2016).
140
Table-1 : Schedule for Training Programme
Number of days Training Program Volume

Week training per week Density
Sets and
Repetition
Single leg Lateral jump 4x8 10sec between exercises

Day 1 (Monday) and 1 minute between
Tuck Jump with knee up 4x12
sets
Lateral Jump over Barrier 6x5
First
3Weeks Standing long jump with Lateral 10sec between exercises
Day 2 (Wednesday) sprint 4x6 and 1 minute between
sets
Lateral Cone hop 5x12
Cone hope with 180’ turn 4x8
Explosive Step Ups 3x10 30 sec between exercises

Day 3 (Friday) and 1 minute between
Side to Side Ankle Hop 3x12
sets
Jump Lounges 3x10
Squat Depth Jump 4x6 30 sec between exercises

Day 1 (Monday) and 1 minute between
Single Leg Bounding (4x8counts) (4x8 counts)
sets
Continuous Broad Jump 4x6
Last Explosive Step Ups 3x10 10sec between exercises

3weeks Day 2 (Wednesday) and 1 minute between
Double Leg Box Jump 4x10
sets
Lateral Box Jump 4x10
Depth Jump 4x6 10sec between exercises

Day 3 (Friday) and 1 minute between
Depth Jump and Standing Long
sets
Jump 4x6
Hurdle Jump 4x10
Statistical Technique
To find out the effects of plyometric training programs on the Postural Control performance of soccer players,
ANCOVA was used. For the analysis of the data ANCOVA was calculated with the help of SPSS-21.0 software.
Result and Discussion:
This chapter includes details of the findings of the study and the discussion thereof in achieving the objectives
of there search study. The main objective of the study was to investigate the effects of a six-week plyometric training
program on the Postural Control performance of soccer players. To achieve these broader objectives the scholar
followed the appropriate research guidelines in conducting the study.
141
Table- 2 : Descriptive Statistics of Composite score of Right Leg of Soccer Players among
experimental group and control group
Dependent Variable: RIGHT_POSTTEST
GROUPS Mean Std. Deviation N
Experimental 112.0538 8.24710 8
Control 104.2663 11.03826 8
Total 108.1600 10.23584 16
Table-2 represents the descriptive scores of one of the sub-variables of general attention. The composite score
of the right leg of the subjects in the experimental group and control group was subjected to descriptive analysis.
The descriptive scores of both the experimental and control group indicates that the mean composite score of the
right leg of soccer players, after going through plyometric training (112.0538+8.24710) was found to be the highest.
The soccer players in the control group accounted for the lowest composite score of right leg (104.2663+11.03826)
among the groups.
The composite score of the right leg of the subjects in the experimental group and control group was subjected
to descriptive analysis. All the mean scores of the experimental and control group are graphically represented in
Figure 1.
Figure 1. Graphical Representation of mean and SD Composite scores right leg of soccer players
Table- 3 : Descriptive Statistics of Composite score of Left Leg of Soccer Players among
experimental group and control group
Dependent Variable: LEFT_POSTTEST
GROUPS Mean Std. Deviation N
Experimental 112.4813 4.60101 8
Control 102.8188 10.27021 8
Total 107.6500 9.16508 16
142
Table-3 represents the descriptive scores of one of the sub-variables of general attention. The composite score
of the left leg of the subjects in the experimental group and control group was subjected to descriptive analysis.
The descriptive scores of both the experimental and control group indicates that the mean composite score of the
left leg of soccer players, after going through plyometric training (112.4813+4.60101) was found to be the highest.
The soccer players in the control group accounted for the lowest composite score of left leg (102.8188+10.27021)
among the groups.
The composite score of the left leg of the subjects in the experimental group and control group was subjected
to descriptive analysis. All the mean scores of the experimental and control group are graphically represented in
Figure 2.
Figure 2. Graphical Representation of mean scores Composite scores left leg of soccerplayers
Table- 4 : Univariate Comparison of the Right Leg Composite Scores (post-test after controlling the
confounding effects of pre-test) of experimental group and control group
Univariate Tests Dependent Variable: RIGHT_POSTTEST
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Contrast 235.862 1 235.826 20.561 .001
Error 149.130 13 11.472
A Univariate Comparison of the Right Leg composite post-test score was done among the group after controlling
the confounding effects of pre-test scores. All the post test data were subjected to ANCOVA by using IBMSPSS21
and the pertaining results are displayed in table5.From the table above it is very clearly evident that there was a
significant difference in mean Right Leg composite [F (1,13) =20.561, p=0.001] between the post test scores of
different groups (control group and two experimental groups), whilst adjusting for pre-test data.
As the univariate comparison of the Right Leg scores among groups found to be significant, a pair-wise
comparison was also done and the results are displayed in the table.
143
Table- 5 : Pair wise Comparison for the Effect of plyometric training programme on postural control
performance of right leg of soccer players
Pair wise Comparisons Dependent Variable: RIGHT_POSTTEST
(I) GROUPS (J) GROUPS Mean Difference Std. Sig.b 95% Confidence Intervalor
(ErrorJ) Difference b
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Experimental Control 7.679* 1.694 .001 4.020 11.338*
Control Experimental -7.679* 1.694 .001 -11.338 -4.020*
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Given below. The mean scores of the groups were compared in pairs to find out the improvement groups having
Postural Control performance of Right Leg followed by the training.
In the post test scores of Postural Control Performance of the right leg there was a significant effect of different
training programmes evident from univariate comparison. To know the effect of each training and non-training,
an LSD post hoc comparison was done and the results are displayed in table 6. The analysis shows that there is
a significant difference in the Postural Control Performance of right leg, among experimental group (Plyometric
training) and control group (No Training), as the mean difference was significant at 0.05 level of significance
[(ExpVs Cont., p=0.001), (Cont.Vs Exp, p=.001)]. A negative mean difference between Control group (No Training)
and Experimental group (Plyometric Training) denotes that soccer players’, who underwent plyometric training
were having better postural control performance of right leg.
Table -6 : Univariate Comparison of the Left Leg Composite Scores (post-test after controlling the
confounding effects of pre-test) of experimental group and control group
Univariate Tests Dependent Variable: LEFT_POSTTEST
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
Contrast 305.332 1 305.332 16.766 .001
Error 236.745 13 18.211
A Univariate Comparison of the Left Leg composite post-test score was done among the group after
controlling the confounding effects of pre-test scores. All the post test data were subjected to ANCOVA by
using IBMSPSS21 and the pertaining results are displayed in table7.From the table above it is very clearly
evident that there was a significant difference in mean Left Leg composite [F (1,13) =16.766, p=0.001] between
the post test scores of different groups (control group and two experimental groups), whilst adjusting for pre-
test data.
As the univariate comparison of the left Leg scores among groups found to be significant, a pair-wise comparison
was also done and the results are displayed in the table given below. The mean scores of the groups were compared
in pairs to find out the improvement groups having Postural Control performance of Left Leg followed by the
training.
144
Table- 7 : Pair-wise Comparison for the Effect of plyometric training programme on postural control
performance of Left leg of soccer players
Pair-wise Comparisons Dependent Variable:
Mean Difference Std. Sig.b 95% Confidence Intervalor
(I) GROUPS (J) GROUPS
(ErrorJ) Difference b
Lower Bound Upper Bound
Experimental Control 8.759* 2.139 .001 4.138 13.380*
Control Experimental -8.759* 2.139 .001 -13.380 -4.138*
*The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
In the post test scores of Postural Control Performance of the left leg there was a significant effect of different
training programmes evident from univariate comparison. To know the effect of each training and non-training,
an LSD post hoc comparison was done and the results are displayed in table 8. The analysis shows that there is
a significant difference in the Postural Control Performance of left leg, among experimental group (Plyometric
training) and control group (No Training), as the mean difference was significant at 0.05 level of significance [(Exp
Vs Cont., p=0.001), (Cont. Vs Exp, p=.001)]. A negative mean difference between Control group (No Training) and
Experimental group (Plyometric Training) denotes that soccer players’, who underwent plyometric training were
having better postural control performance of the left leg.
Conclusions
It is the technical process of movements: by exercising optimum control over their postural control, players can
obtain the best possible results in competition. Only when the player is capable of maintaining and focusing on the
execution of a task and control over the negative movements, is when players perform to their best.
The current study was designed to find out the effect of a six-week plyometric training program to improve
Postural Control performance (Dynamic Balance) in particular. The following outcomes were generated:
Plyometric Training was significantly affected by different training programmes under this study. The analysis
showed that there is a significant difference in the postural control performance (Dynamic Balance) of soccer players
after going through Plyometric Training in comparison to their non-training group. A negative mean difference
between control group and Experimental group (PlyometricTraining) denoted that soccerplayers,who underwent
plyometric training were more dynamically balanced then that of the non-training group.
This study investigated the link between Dynamic balance as well as postural control during various movements.
It compared two groups of subjects experienced in an experimental group (plyometric training) with a control
group on measures of Postural control performance. The result pertaining to dynamic balance indicated that the
Experimental group performed significantly better in postural control ability. Hence, the training groups displayed
better dynamic balance than in the control group.
The overall results of this study showed that the plyometric training was effective on the postural control
performance of the soccer players in present study. However, this difference was not seen much larger as per six
weeks of plyometric training.
Recommendations
1. Such studies may be conducted at various spheres of sports and physical activity so that the results could be
gathered and certain theories could be developed.
2. The training for the different motor abilities is different and hence they put different kinds of load on the body.
145
The effect of different training programs on the physical abilities of the sportsmen could be studied.
3. The study could be undertaken with better control over the extraneous variables and with better experimental
conditions which must consider a very reliable method of monitoring and manipulating the training loads.
4. Only male soccer players were included as subjects in the present study. Studies should be undertaken to study
the role of gender in enhancing postural control performance separately.
5. The duration for which the training was imparted may be increased.
References
Arazi, H., & Asadi, A. (2011). The effect of aquatic and land plyometric training on strength, sprint, and balance in
young basketball players.
Arendt, E., & Dick, R. (1995). Knee injury patterns among men and women in collegiate basket ball and soccer:
NCAA data and review of literature. The American journal ofsports medicine, 23(6), 694-701.
Asadi, A., deVillarreal, E.S., & Arazi, H. (2015). The effects of plyometric type neuromuscular training on postural
control performance of male team basket ball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(7),
1870-1875.
Baehle, Thomas. R(1994) Essential of Strength Training and Conditioning. National strength and conditioning
association Human Kinetics United State.
Bompa, Tudor. O(2000) Total Training For Young Champions. Human kinetics United State. Clark, Harrison.
Application of Measurement to Physical education, 5th Edition. Prentice-
Burke-Doe, A., Hudson, A., Werth, H., & Riordan, D. G. (2008). Knowledge of osteoporos is risk factors and
prevalence of risk factors for osteoporosis, falls and fracture in functionally independent older adults. Journal
of geriatric physical therapy, 31(1),11-17.
Campo, S. S., Vaeyens, R., Philippaerts, R. M., Redondo, J.C., de Benito, A.M., & Cuadrado, G. (2009). Effects of
lower-limb plyometric training on body composition,
Chu, Dorald. A (Dorald Allen) (1991) Jumping Into Plyometrics. USA: A Division of Human Kinetics.
Essentials of strength training and conditioning, 513-527.
Explosive strength, and kicking speed in female soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research,
23(6), 1714-1722.
Gantchev, G. N., & Dimitrova, D. M. (1996). Anticipatory postural adjustments associated with arm movements
during balancing on unstable support surfaces. International journal of psychophysiology, 22(1-2), 117-122.
Hall INC.
Marigold, D. S., & Patla, A. E. (2002). Strategies for dynamic stability during locomotion on a slippery surface:
effects of prior experience and knowledge. Journal of neurophysiology, 88(1), 339-353.
P.A. Gribble, J.Hertel (2003). Considerations for normalizing measures of the starex cursion balance test.
Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science.
Paillard, T., Lafont, C., Soulat, J. M., & Montoya, R. (2005). Short-term effects of electrical stimulation superimposed
on muscular voluntary contraction in postural control in elderly women. Journal of strength and conditioning
research, 19(3), 640.
Shaffer, S. W., Teyhen, D. S., Lorenson, C. L., Warren, R. L., Koreerat, C. M., Straseske, C.A., & Childs, J.D.
(2013). Y-balance test: are liability study involving multiple raters. Military medicine, 178(11), 1264-1270.
Thomas, K., French, D., & Hayes, P.R. (2009). The effect of two plyometric training techniques on muscular power
and agility in youth soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 23(1), 332-335.
Walker, O. (2016). Y Balance Test™, Science for Sports. https://www.scienceforsport.com/y-balance-test/
Wathen, D., Baechle, T.R., & Earle, R.W. (2000). Training variation: periodization.
146
A STUDY ON SPEED AMONG TRIPLE JUMPERS AND

HIGH JUMPERS OF KERALA STATE
Dr. Ajeesh P T1
Dr. Pradeep C S2
Abstract
Speed is one of the main fitness components, whether one plays sports or not, everybody needsspeed because
movements in everyday situations have to be performed at the appropriate speed in order to be successful.
Speed also has a very important role in many sports. For some athletes such as Track and Field sprinters, sprint
swimmers, cyclists and speed skaters, speed is the most important aspect of fitness. In many other sports,
including team field sports, good speed is also very important as part of the overall fitness profile The aim of
the present study to compare the speed among Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers of Kerala state. 20 Men Triple
Jumpers and 20 Men High Jumpers those who have participated in the M K Joseph Memorial 16th Kerala
State Inter Club Athletics Championship held at Chandrasekharan Nair stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
from 7 to 9 august 2019 were taken for the study. The 50 Meters Run Test is used to measure the speed among
Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers. This study shows that the Triple Jumpers are having good speed compare
to High Jumpers. This study shows that the speed is good in Triple jumpers because there approach run is 30
to 40 Meters compare to High Jumpers approach Run is 15 to 20 Meters. Speed Training is essential for Triple
Jumpers and High Jumpers. The average speed of an object in an interval of time is the distance travelled by the
object divided by the duration of the interval; the instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the
duration of the time interval approaches zero.
Key Words: Triple Jump, High Jump, Speed
INTRODUCTION
Speed is the ability to move quickly across the ground or move limbs rapidly to grab or throw. Speed is not just
how fast someone can run, but is dependent on their acceleration (how quickly they can accelerate from a stationary
position), maximal speed of movement, and also speed maintenance (minimizing deceleration). Movement speed
requires good strength and power, but also too much body weight and air resistance can act to slow the person down.
In addition to a high proportion of fast twitch muscle fibers, it is vital to have efficient mechanics of movement to
optimize the muscle power for the most economical movement technique.
Speed is one of the main fitness components, important for success in many sports. For some athletes such as
Track and Field sprinters, sprint swimmers, cyclists and speed skaters, speed is the most important aspect of fitness.
In many other sports, including team field sports, good speed is also very important as part of the overall fitness
profile.
1
Research Officer, SCERT Kerala
2
Principal, Govt.G.V Raja Sports School, Thiruvananthapuram
147
TRIPPLEJUMP
Competitors sprint along a runway before taking off from a wooden board. The take-off foot absorbs the first
landing, the hop. The next phase, the step, is finished on the opposite foot and then followed by a jump into a sandpit.
The distance travelled, from the edge of the board to the closest indentation in the sand to it, is then measured.Most
championship competitions involve six jumps per competitor, although usually a number of them, those with the
shorter marks, are often eliminated after three jumps. If competitors are tied, the athlete with the next best distance
is declared the winner.
At the inaugural modern Olympic Games in 1896, the event consisted of two hops and a jump but the format of
a hop, a skip, a jump – hence its alternative name which was still in common usage until recently – was standardised
in 1908.When Great Britain’s Jonathan Edwards set the current world record of 18.29m to win at the 1995 IAAF
World Championships, he jumped a distance in excess of the width of a football penalty box. Soviet jumper Viktor
Saneyev from Georgia won three consecutive Olympic titles from 1968 to 1976. The only men to win more than
once at the IAAF World Championships is Jonathan Edwards, who was victorious in 1995 and 2001, and Christian
Taylor, who won in 2011 and 2015.The best ever women’s competition came at the 2008 Olympic Games when
Cameroon’s Francoise Mbango successfully defended her title from four years before with 15.39m, the second best
distance ever, and six women jumped beyond 15 meters.
The Triple jump is divided into the following phases
1. Approach 2. Hop
3. Step 4. Jump.
HIGH JUMP
Competitors jump unaided and take off from one foot over a four-meter long horizontal bar. They seek to clear
the greatest height without knocking the bar to the ground. All competitors have three attempts per height, although
they can elect to ‘pass’, i.e. advance to a greater height despite not having cleared the current one. Three consecutive
failures at the same height, or combination of heights, cause a competitor’s elimination. If competitors are tied on
the same height, the winner will have had the fewest failures at that height. If competitors are still tied, the winner
will have had the fewest failures across the entire competition. Thereafter, a jump-off will decide the winner.
148
High jump contests were popular in Scotland in the early 19th century, and the event was incorporated into
the first modern Olympics Games in 1896.Of the field events, the high jump has perhaps undergone the most radical
changes of technique. The Eastern Cut-off, Western Roll and Straddle are methods that have been previously used
by the world’s elite. However, the Fosbury Flop, which involves going over with the jumper’s back to the bar and
became possible with the introduction of foam landing beds in the early 1960s and popularised by the 1968 Olympic
champion Dick Fosbury, is now pre-eminent. Built up shoes were used by many top jumpers in 1956 and 1957, with
soles of up to five centimeters. Yuriy Stepanov from the Soviet Union cleared what was then a world record height
of 2.16m in 1957 using such footwear but the IAAF banned these shoes the following year. Ruth Beitia became
Spain’s first women’s Olympic athletics gold medalist, and the oldest event winner, when she won at the Rio 2016
Olympic Games.
The High Jump is divided into the following phases.
1. Approach Run 2. Takeoff
3. Flight 4. Landing
Styles in High Jump
a. Fosbury Technique in High Jump

b. Straddle Technique in High Jump

The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at
measured heights without the aid of certain devices. In its modern most practiced format, auxiliary weights and
mounds have been used for assistance; rules have changed over the years. Over the centuries since, competitors
have introduced increasingly more effective techniques to arrive at the current form.
The standing high jump was an Olympic Track and Field event held between 1900 and 1912. Unlike the
conventional high jump event which is part of the current track and field program, the standing version does not allow
any run up. The technique is performed from a position with both feet together. A champion in this discipline, Ray
Ewry won the standing high jump (and also the standing long jump) in 1900, 1904, 1906, and 1908. He set the world
record for the standing high jump of 1.65 m on July 16, 1900.
149
The high jump event in track and field athletics has evolved as the technique and equipment have improved
over the years. Significant changes occurred when the landing pit of sand or sawdust was replaced with foam
mats, and the ‘fosbury flop’ back over technique was able to be utilized. Here are the progressions for the
men’s high jump world record. The High Jump World Record is 2.45 meters, by Javier Sotomayor of Cuba,
who achieved this height on the 27th of July 1993 in Salamanca. Sotomayor also holds the indoor and world
record of 2.43 meters. His outdoor world record was set in 1993 is the longest standing in the history of the
men’s high jump.
Speed training and jumping performance
When analyzing the velocity of the jumper, we must separate it into a horizontal and vertical component
and consider each with their own magnitude and direction, (Allen et al., 2016). Approaching the speed run
sounds fairly simple, but it actually is a challenge for jumpers to make sure they haven’t hit their maximum speed
but the optimal one during the take-off moment. While running, the jumper must be aware, that the optimal speed is
not always the maximal speed, when reaching the take-off board. In that moment he must keep a very good balance
between those two levels of running speed, (Bridgett & Linthorne, 2006; Graham-Smith & Lees, 2005). It will
also play a role in the creation of vertical velocity. The vertical velocity is a combination of the speed carried
in from the run, as well as the height gained from the push off the ground, (Wu, 2016; Knudson, 2007). A
properly relationship between horizontal and vertical vectors will generate a third important factor - the resulted
vector - inducing the optimal launching angle, thus the jumper reaching a high level of velocity, (Rebutini et
al., 2016).
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objective of the study is to find out the differences on Speed among men Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers
of Kerala state.
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Find out the Speed among men Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers of Kerala state.
HYPOTHESIS
It was hypothesized that there would be significant difference in the speed among Men Triple Jumpers and High
Jumpers of Kerala state.
METHODOLOGY
SAMPLE
The sample for present study consists of 20 Men Triple Jumpers and20 Men High Jumpersbetween the age
group of 19 to 26 years of Kerala state who hastaken part in the M K Joseph Memorial 16th Kerala State Inter Club
Athletics Championship held at Chandrasekharan Nair stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala from 7 to 9 august
2019.
TOOLS
50 Meter Run is used to collect the data for speed.
PROCEDURE OF DATA COLLECTION
The Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers are made to run 50Meters in each batch of two members. The timing
is taken by the qualified National technical official inAthletics at M K Joseph Memorial 16th Kerala State Inter
Club Athletics Championship held at Chandrasekharan Nair stadium, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala from 7 to
9 august 2019.
150
Table.1 is showing the speed among the Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers.
50 Meters Run N Mean SD t P-value
Triple Jumpers 20 6.6379 0.0793 19.204 0.0000
High Jumpers 20 6.8240 0.1227
The table revels 50 M run meanspeed value of Triple Jumpers is 6.6379 (SD 0.0793) zand High Jumpers speed
is 6.8240 (SD 0.1227). It can also be seen that the value of t- statistic in case of speed is 19.204 and it is significant
as the p-value is 0.000 which is less than 0.05. Thus, the hypothesis accepted.
Conclusions
After sprinting down a runway to a takeoff board, the triple jump begins with a hop. Olympic triple jumpers are
incredibly fast and tend to hit the takeoff board at speeds of 9.5-10.5 m/s. At this pace, it is difficult to make sure
that speed is carefully balanced when starting their jump. The take-off takes between 120 and 160 m/s which is the
same for both sexes although men demonstrate a considerably longer acceleration path (averages of the finalists at
the world championships in Tokyo, 1991; men: 53 cm , women: just under 46 cm) which indicates greater strength
capabilities. A high enough jump is important for the takeoff because it will help kick start that push that will
carry one over a prolonged distance. On the other hand, the triple jump has identical traits to the long jump but the
difference is that of a hop step followed by a long jump.
It is concluded that Triple Jumpers are having good speed compare to the High Jumpers. Speed training must
be given to all High Jumpers and Triple Jumpers to enhance the performance becausethe jumping ability is mostly
depending upon speed. Speed training must be given to Triple Jumpers and High Jumpers.
References
Allen SJ, Yeadon MR, King MA, 2016, The effect of increasing strength and approach velocity on triple jump
performance, Elsevier Journal of Biomechanics, 49(16):3796-3802
Bridgett LA, Linthorne NP, 2006, Changes in long jump take-off technique with increasing runup speed, Journal of
Sports Sciences, 24(8):889-897
Graham-Smith P, Lees A, 2005, A three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the long jump take-off, Journal of Sport
Sciences, 23(9):891-903
Hardayal Singh (1984) Sports Training: General Theory and Methods. NIS, Patiala,
Hardayal Singh (1991 Science of Sports Training. DVS Publication, New Delhi.
Michel Kent (1994) The Oxford Dictionary of Sports Sciences and Medicine. Oxford University Press Inc. New
York.
Rebutini VZ, Pereira G, Bohrer RCD, Ugrinowitsch C, Rodacki ALF, 2016, Plyometric long jump training with
progressive loading improves kinetic and kinematic swimming start parameters, Journal of Strenght and
Conditioning Research, 30(9):2392-2398
Tudor O. Bompa (1990) Theory and Methodology of Sports Training: The Key to Athletic Performance.
Wu L, 2016, Asian long jump athlete performance influence factors analysis, Journal of Computational and
Theoretical Nanoscience, 13(12):10111-10115
151
WEB SITES
www.fivb.org/EN/Triple Jump
www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High Jump
www.topendsports.com/sport/athletics
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International Edited Book

Khel Sahitya Kendra

Prof Ajmer Singh

Dr. Piyush Jain

Dr. Kishore Mukhopadhyay

Dr. Deepti Joshi

LEVEL OF GRIT AMONG SPORTS PLAYERS PERFORMING AND

Ms. Rupali Nawale1

Graph 1: Comparison of Mean and SD of Grit of sports players performing and

GUIDELINES FOR BOOSTING IMMUNITY AND IMPROVING

Dr. Anindita Das1

PANDEMIC AND ITS EFFECTS ON LIFE STYLE

SURYA NAMASKAR Zumba skipping rope

Muscle strengthening exercising. Jumps

nd washing. Wash nd water or use anitizers.

EFFECT OF SIX WEEK CIRCUIT TRAINING ON PHYSICAL

‘t’ Value 0.33 2.34*

CONCEPT OF ADAPTED YOGA

Dr. Biswanath Biswas1

West Bengal, India

Elements Influencing Psychology of Sports

Dr. Dinesh Eknath Ukirde1

Fig 1: Deductive codes on Psychological challenges & Opportunities in Indian Sports

Mental Health Assessment of Under and Post

Dr. Lohote P.K.1

N Mean Std. Deviation

N Mean Std. Deviation

Revamping in High Performance Sports

Effects of Bowlers’ Different Heights on Ball

Mr. Neptune Ghosh1

Fig. 1: Filming Environment for Recording the Bowling Action.

HEALTH RELATED PHYSICAL FITNESS AND OCCUPATIONAL

International Health Organization (1)

Dimensions of the health-related fitness

Mental health and occupational hazard

Occupational health-related risk factors

Introduce 7 runs- 8 runs -9 runs -10 runs -11 runs- 12

Mr. Madhu Babu Kodela1

The Floor of 2.31 is 2

d= distance travelled by ball

Now here batsmen getting 8 runs

Now here batsmen getting 7 runs

A STUDY ON SPEED AMONG TRIPLE JUMPERS AND HIGH

Dr. Ajeesh P. T.1

https://www.tdk.com/en/tech-mag/athletic/003 Retrieved on 18.08.2021

https://www.quora.com/high-jump-technique Retrieved on 18.08.2021

https://carloselopez.com/2011/12/28/high-jump Retrieved on 18.08.2021

Social media based teaching - learning for the

Fig. 1. Represent the social Medias used by the students in percentage

Effect of Spectatorship in Sports with the

Abdul Sarjen Shaikh1

The sроrts Sрeсtаtоrs

Audience and crowd effects in sports:

Gauri Shanker Sahu1

MEANING OF SPORTS NUTRITION

Table-3 : Amount of Calories per Gram Nutrients

Nutrients Carbohydrates Protein Fat

Calorie per gram 4 calories 4 calories 9 calories

Recommendations of Nutrition for Sportsperson

A STUDY ON BMI OF UPPER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

Source of Varience df Sum of Mean F -value Table At

Age Group (Row) 1 258.38 258.38 18.63 * 3.88 F0.05(1,310)

Administrative Regions (Column) 4 274.51 68.63 4.95 * 2.41 F0.05(4,310)

Interaction (age × Administrative Regions) 4 156.22 39.06 2.82 * 2.41 F0.05(4,310)