1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................

1.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................... 3

1.2 TERMS OF REFERENCE .................................................................................................... 3
1.3 THE STUDY AREA .......................................................................................................... 3
1.4 SCOPE OF THE REPORT .................................................................................................. 3

2. DRAFT FINAL DESIGN................................................................................................. 5

2.1 GENERAL .................................................................................................................... 5

2.2 TECHNICAL REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 5
2.3 DESIGN CRITERIA ......................................................................................................... 6
2.4 WASTEWATER TO BE TREATED .......................................................................................... 6
2.5 WASTE WATER TREATMENT METHODS ............................................................................... 6
2.6 STORM WATER AND GROUNDWATER INFILTRATION ........................................................... 6
2.7 VARIATIONS IN WASTE WATER FLOW – PEAK FACTOR ....................................................... 7
2.8 SEWERS ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.8.1 SEWER NETWORK ...........................................................................................................7
2.8.2 SEWER MATERIALS .........................................................................................................8
2.8.3 SEWER DESIGN ..............................................................................................................9
2.8.4 MAN HOLES SPACING AND CONSTRUCTION WAY-LEAVES ..............................................9
2.8.5 SPECIAL FLOW MANHOLES FOR EXHAUSTER VEHICLES/TANKERS;....................................10
2.8.6 FLUSHING CHAMBERS FOR SEWER LINES;.......................................................................10
2.8.7 SUMMARY OF SEWER LENGTHS .....................................................................................10
2.9 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GENERATION AND CONTROL ....................................................... 11
2.9.1 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE GENERATION .............................................................................11
2.9.2 HYDROGEN SULPHIDE CONTROL ..................................................................................11
2.10 SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS ...................................................................................... 12
2.10.1 COMPONENTS OF THE WORKS....................................................................................12
2.10.2 SEWAGE CHARACTERISTICS ........................................................................................12
2.11 WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS – PROCESS DESIGN ........................................................ 12
2.11.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................12
2.11.2 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR TREATMENT WORKS ....................................................................13
2.11.3 DESIGN FLOW ...........................................................................................................13
2.11.4 INFLUENT PARAMETERS ...............................................................................................13
2.11.5 EFFLUENT PARAMETERS ...............................................................................................13
2.11.6 INLET WORKS..............................................................................................................13
2.11.7 INLET MEASURING FLUME ...........................................................................................14
2.11.8 WASTEWATER STABILIZATION PONDS – WATER DEPTH, EVAPORATION AND SEEPAGE.....14
2.12 ANAEROBIC PONDS ................................................................................................. 14
2.13 FACULTATIVE POND .................................................................................................. 15
2.14 MATURATION PONDS ................................................................................................ 15
2.15 ROCK FILTER AND GRASS PLOTS ................................................................................. 16
2.16 OTHER FACILITIES...................................................................................................... 16
2.16.1 EFFLUENT OUTFALL .....................................................................................................16
2.16.2 INTER POND CONNECTIONS .......................................................................................17

1-1
2.16.3 EMBANKMENT DESIGN ...............................................................................................17
2.16.4 ACCESS RAMPS .........................................................................................................17
2.16.5 SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL .............................................................................17
2.16.6 ABLUTION BLOCK AT KISERIAN MARKET CENTRE ..........................................................17
2.16.7 ELECTRICAL POWER SUPPLY ........................................................................................17
2.16.8 PROJECT BUILDINGS ...................................................................................................18
2.16.9 LABORATORY, WORKSHOP AND O & M EQUIPMENT AND VEHICLES ............................18
2.16.10 EXTERNAL WORKS ....................................................................................................18
2.16.11 STOCK PROOF/SECURITY FENCING ...........................................................................18
2.16.12 PHASING OF CONSTRUCTION ...................................................................................18
2.16.13 DESIGN DRAWINGS .................................................................................................19

3. CONSTRUCTION COSTS .......................................................................................... 20

3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 20

3.2 SEWER LINE CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................ 20
3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF SEWAGE TREATMENT WORKS ........................................................... 20

4. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM.................................... 22

4.1 SEWERS ..................................................................................................................... 22

4.2 WASTE STABILIZATION PONDS ...................................................................................... 22
4.3 LABORATORY ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................. 22
4.4 O & M PERSONNEL .................................................................................................... 23
4.5 COST IMPLICATIONS OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE WORKS ..................................... 23
4.5.1 ANNUAL OPERATIONAL COSTS ....................................................................................23
4.5.2 ANNUAL MAINTENANCE COSTS ...................................................................................23
4.5.3 SUMMARY OF TOTAL COSTS .........................................................................................25

5. FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF PROJECT .................................................................. 26

5.1 PRESENT VALUE ANALYSIS OF COSTS ............................................................................ 26

5.2 REVENUE FROM THE PROJECT ....................................................................................... 26
5.3 PRESENT VALUE ANALYSIS AND INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN .............................................. 26

1-2
 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Kiserian Town has no existing water borne sewerage system. The rapid population
growth and migration to the area has caused tremendous expansion of the town requiring
the provision of adequate sewerage services. Presently pit latrines, septic tanks,
cess/conservatory tanks ands composite pits are the only facilities for waste disposal in
the town. Owing to the overwhelming sanitations problems of the above disposal
methods, Athi Water Services Board appointed Norken/Hydrosult Consulting Engineers,
as Consulting Engineers to carry out Feasibility Studies, Preliminary and Detailed Design
of Kiserian Sewerage System and Treatment Works.

1.2 Terms of Reference

Our Terms of Reference for this Report are contained in the brief entitled ‘Consultancy
Services for the Feasibility Study and Detailed Design of Kiserian Sewerage Project
prepared by Athi Water Services Board. The extent of the works is further confirmed in
the Consultancy Agreement between Athi Water Services Board and Norken Limited in
association with Hydrosult Consulting Engineers.

Following the constructive meeting between the client and the consultant on 2nd March
2007, the consultant reorganized the study into three phases as follows:-
i. Phase I Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design;
ii. Phase II Draft Final Detailed Design;
iii. Phase III Final Detailed Design.

1.3 The Study Area

The mandate of the Kiserian Sewerage Project is to provide sewerage services to serve
Kiserian Town. The boundary of the area to be served is shown on Drawing No.
KSP/DD/01 – Phase 1 Surveyed Sewer System Layout, which was agreed on with the
Client and constitutes the boundary of the Study Area.

1.4 Scope of the Report

As outlined in the TOR, this draft final detailed design Report covers the following:-
ƒ Final estimation of the waste water generation (based on the current land use and
water consumption) and its projection to years 2020 and 2030;
ƒ Zoning of waste generation for proper lateral sewer design.
ƒ Construction materials, in particular pipe materials;
ƒ Waste water modeling processes, treatment methods and sludge disposal;
ƒ Control of hydrogen sulphide generation;
ƒ Operational and Financial sustainability model;
ƒ Detailed survey and detailed designs of laterals and trunk sewers, manholes and
sewage treatment works.
ƒ Preparation of tender documents and engineering cost estimates;

3
In addition, this report addresses the following concerns as raised by the client from the
previous report:

ƒ Special Flow Manholes for Exhauster Vehicles/Tankers;

ƒ Flushing Chambers for flushing Sewer Lines;
ƒ Review of design calculation sheets;
ƒ Electrical/power supply design;
ƒ Production of design drawings;
ƒ Review of the lab equipment costs;
ƒ Review of project cost estimates.

4
 2. DRAFT FINAL DESIGN
2.1 General
The Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Report was issued in January 2008, and
this Draft detailed Design Report is issued as a supplement to the fore mentioned Report.

The report also has incorporated the comments raised by the client from the report earlier
presented.

The designs presented in this Report are based generally on the recommendations and
guidelines in the reports and manuals given in the technical references.

In particular, the design criteria and wastewater process design comply with the reports
and manuals suitably adapted for local conditions within the project area.

The analysis of the following provided detailed data and information for the production
of this Draft Final Design Report:
• Review of Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design report;
• Review of Sewage generation analysis;
• Topographical Survey and Geological Investigations of the proposed sewage
treatment works site;
• Review of alternative sewage treatment processes;
• Review of effluent water quality standards;
• Qualitative Analysis of the effluent from the sewage treatment works;

2.2 Technical References

Reference was made to the reports and manuals listed hereunder to establish appropriate
design parameters for the proposed project:
• WHO Sectoral Study Report No. 9: Selection and Design Criteria for Sewerage
Projects.
• Tables for the Hydraulic Design of Pipes and Sewers- Hydraulic Research ,
Wallingford, UK;
• Practice Manual for Water Supply Services in Kenya, Ministry of Water
Irrigation, 2005;
• Design of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants, ASCE Manual, 4th Edition
Volumes 1-3, 1998;
• Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, Sandy Cairncross and Richard
G. Feachem, 1988;
• Design manual for East Africa, Overseas Development Administration (UK),
Lagoon Technology International, 1992;
• Lagoon Performance and the state of Lagoon Technology, From Office of
Research and Monitoring, US Environmental Protection Agency;
• Tables For The Hydraulic Design Of Pipes And Sewers;

5
 •
Sectoral Study and National Programme for Community and Rural Water Supply,
Sewerage and Water Pollution Control, Report No. 9, Selection and Design
Criteria for Sewage Projects, WHO, May 1973;
• Design Criteria for Sewerage Facilities, Japan Sewerage Association;
• Mara 1977;
• The problem of hydrogen sulphide in sewers, Clay Pipe Development Association
Ltd, 1981;
• Concrete pipes for sewerage and water supply, Cement and Concrete Association,
UK.
• Nairobi City Council Design Manual.
Moreover, the design considered the comments received from AWSB and OWSC staff.

2.3 Design Criteria

The calculations of the present and future wastewater flows were based on the current
and projected land use and water demand within Kiserian as outlined in the Feasibility
and Preliminary Design.

2.4 Wastewater to be treated

Wastewater to be treated consist of the combination of the liquids conveyed by the sewer
network from residences, business buildings and institutions together with those from
industrial establishments excluding waste from the slaughter houses. Wastes from
slaughter houses require specialized treatment methods due to their high BOD and
therefore cannot be handled by this treatment system.

2.5 Waste water treatment methods

The various waste treatment methods as given in the Feasibility Study and Preliminary
Design Report are: Mechanical method, Chemical method, Aerated lagoons and
stabilization ponds. The principles of treatment of each method are as explained in the
Feasibility Study and Preliminary Design Report submitted.

However, based on the advantages as illustrated in the preliminary report and the project
site, we adopted stabilization ponds method for the Kiserian Treatment System as
described in the treatment section in this Draft Final Report.

2.6 Storm Water and Groundwater Infiltration

The flow in the sewers includes the wastewater generated and groundwater infiltration.
Storm water has been excluded from the sewerage network. However, certain amount of
storm water run off in the sewers will occur due to wrong connections, leakage into
manholes, etc.

The introduction of any amount of storm water into sanitary sewers should be strictly
prohibited.

6
However, certain places within the market area, e.g. markets where flushing water is used
for cleaning, thus producing polluted water, will be connected to the sanitary sewer
system.

The sewers are however designed to have a spare capacity as seen in the detailed
hydraulic calculations in Appendix 3.

It is reasonable to assume that this surplus capacity is sufficient to deal with all
unauthorized/unavoidable storm water.

2.7 Variations in Waste Water Flow – Peak Factor

The rate of flow of sewage, excluding groundwater infiltration, varies with the season,
the day, the hour and other conditions. It will vary continuously throughout the day with
extremely low flows usually occurring between 2 a.m. and 6 a.m. and peak flows during
the day light hours.
The following Peak Flow Factors have been adopted:
D.W.F. (Litres/Sec.) FR
Less than 6.0 7.5
12.0 6.6
60.0 5.5
120.0 5.0
600.0 3.8
More than 1,200.0 3.1
At peak sewage flows, the velocity should be at least 0.6m/s to avoid settlement of solids
in the sewer.

2.8 Sewers

2.8.1 Sewer Network

The consultant adopted a separated sewer system. Separate sewer systems are less costly
to construct than combined sewers due to the smaller dimensions of the pipes.

The Sewer Generation Zones have been formulated on the basis of population and
quantities of sewage generated.

Each of the zones has lateral sewer line designed to conduct sewage to the trunk sewer.
The Master Plan of the Sewer Network is presented in Drawing No. KSP/DD/ 01 - 05.

The generated sewage flows into the various branches of the network are presented in
Appendix 3.

The natural topography of the area has made it possible to adopt a gravity sewer system.
Lowest gradient of 1:250 was adopted for a considerable portion of the trunk sewer.
The various slopes adopted for the whole sewer network are shown in the design sheets
attached.

7
2.8.2 Sewer Materials
The materials used in the sewer pipes include concrete, uPVC, pitch fibre, asbestos
cement, and cast iron.
The most used materials are described below.

a) Concrete pipes
Concrete pipes are either rigidly jointed or flexibly jointed.

Flexible joint pipe systems are usually preferable since they can tolerate limited ground
movements without fractures. The jointing process is simple thus less skilled personnel
can be employed as compared to traditional rigid joint methods.

The preparation of the trench bed is less time consuming as flexible systems can be laid
on granular beds.
Presently they are also available in longer lengths than is the case with rigidly jointed
pipes.

Concrete pipes that are locally available include flexible joint, socket and spigot, and
ogee types.

Socket and spigot flexible concrete pipes can be produced locally from 150 mm - 1.5 m.
The ogee joint pipes are mostly used for storm water drains due to their susceptibility to
leaks.
Cast in situ concrete culvert pipes are used extensively for sewer sizes of up to 2,200 by
1,470 mm.

b) uPVC pipes

Pipes of uPVC are locally manufactured in lengths of 6 m and diameters ranging between
100 and 450 mm. Such pipes offer advantages over concrete pipes in longer length lower
friction coefficients and ease of handling. Their disadvantages are: limitations to the
overburden they can bear susceptibility to cracking and presently there is lack of
experienced artisans who know how to handle them.

In terms of cost, uPVC pipes are cheaper than concrete pipes as borne out in a local on-
going sewerage projects, where imported uPVC pipes of up to 600 mm diameter have
been recommended and installed.

Factors considered in the choice of sewer material include:- physical characteristics and
strength, flow characteristics (friction coefficient), life expectancy, ease of handling and
installation, type of jointing (water tightness and easy assembly), availability and ease of
installation of fittings and connections, availability of pipes in the required sizes and cost
of materials.
Moreover, other criteria for pipe and manhole materials choice are as follows:
• Structurally sound;
• Resistant to sulphuric acid corrosion on the inside;
• Resistant to groundwater with a rather high sulphate content;

8
 • Water tight.
The consultant recommends the use of rigid jointed socket and spigot concrete pipes for
Kiserian Sewerage Project.

2.8.3 Sewer Design

The sewers were designed using Manning’s Formula based on the peak flow rate derived
from the data collected and is presented in the Appendix 3.
The following assumptions were made:
i. Manning's Formula: Velocity = (1.0/n)*POWER(R,2/3)*POWER(S,1/2) with n =
0.015;
ii. Pipes flowing full subject to the following criteria:

ƒ Pipe Gradients to give minimum cover from finished ground levels to

crown of pipes which exceed the following (except in some localized
areas where shallower depths could not be avoided);
o Under roads - 1.2 metres
o All other areas - 0.9 metres
iii. Design based on 2020 peak flows as estimated in Appendix 2;
iv. Gradients to give self-cleansing velocities in the pipes when flowing full at peak
flow rate that shall exceed a minimum of 0.75 metres/second, and shall not
exceed 3.0 metres/second;
v. Sewer pipelines are straight and to even gradient between manholes;
vi. The minimum pipe size is 225 mm diameter.

2.8.4 Man Holes Spacing and Construction Way-leaves

Manholes have been provided on sewers at all changes in directions, levels or gradient, at
junctions and generally throughout the sewer line to facilitate inspection and cleaning of
sewers and removal of blockages.

The manhole spacing and construction way-leaves for various sewer sizes were adopted
from the City Council of Nairobi specifications as given in the table below.

Man Holes Spacing and Construction Way-leaves

Sewer Pipe Manhole Manhole Construction Permanent
Sizes Spacings Diameters Way leave Way leave
(metres) (mm) (metres) (metres)

For sewers 300 mm 60 1050 4.0 3.0

in diameter or less
For sewers 80 1200 5.0 3.5
exceeding 300 m
but less than
600mm in diameter
For sewers greater 100 1500 6.0 4.5
than 600 mm in
diameter

9
2.8.5 Special Flow Manholes for Exhauster Vehicles/Tankers;
Waste from systems which are not connected to the sewer network will be collected by
exhauster vehicles or tankers and emptied in the specially designed manhole on the
trunk sewer as shown in the general layout drawing. The slab of the manhole shall be
reinforced by Y12 bars spaced 200mm C/C. The slab shall slope to allow any spillage to
flow into the manhole by gravity. The exhauster manhole area shall be fenced and gated
and shall have a small office for the operator, a toilet connected to the trunk sewer via a
pipe and clean water supply for cleaning exhauster trucks and any leakage from exhauster
pipe.
An inspection chamber shall be located 1.5m away from the exhauster manhole as
detailed in the drawings. The fenced area of the manhole shall be hand packed with
stones to a thickness of 500mm in order to sustain the truck loads.

2.8.6 Flushing Chambers for Sewer Lines;

Accumulation of sewer solids in sewer pipes reduces the capacity of sewer line and also
creates septic conditions that pose odour, health hazards and corrosion problems for the
sewer systems. A flushing system and method are provided for substantially reducing
sewer solid accumulation in urban drainage systems such that their performance is
optimized, their structural integrity is substantially maintained, and pollution of receiving
waters is substantially minimized.
For the case of Kiserian, the flows at first manholes will be lower than the design flow.
Therefore we have designed flushing system to improve the flow and also clean the sewer
line. Water will be drawn into the flushing units from the nearby river through a pipe or
they will be filled occasionally using tankers. The configuration of the flushing system is
as shown in the drawings. The capacity of each reservoir for the flushing systems is
approximately 5m3. The gates will be manually operated.

2.8.7 Summary of Sewer Lengths

A Summary of the Sewers recommended for construction under Phase 1 (expected to be
commissioned in year 2010) are as follows:

Diameter TOTAL
SEWER
225 300 375 450 525 600 750 825 LENGTH
DN DN DN DN DN DN DN DN (m)
PHASE 1
SEWERS Length 10,205
(m) 5,532 1,288 541 691 0 593 243 1,319
TRUNK SEWER
Length (m) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,895 1,895
TOTAL 5,532 1,288 541 691 0 593 243 3,214 12,100

10
2.9 Hydrogen Sulphide Generation and Control

2.9.1 Hydrogen Sulphide Generation

Hydrogen sulfide gases are generated within the anaerobic slime layer formed on the
submerged pipe walls. These gases released from the slime layer rise into the airway
portion of the sewer pipe and react with the bacteria and moisture on the pipe walls to
form sulfuric acid (H2SO4). It is the sulfuric acid that corrodes ferrous metals and
concrete.

The release of hydrogen sulfide which is most prevalent downstream of force mains and
small diameter pressure sewers, occurs in all sizes of gravity sewers at transition
manholes and in a portion of the piping and manholes downstream of the transition
manhole and also at sludge processing points.

Hydrogen sulfide is hazard to operations personnel (H2S is a poisonous gas); odour

generated during sludge processing can cause community complaints and make plant
working conditions unpleasant. Furthermore, damage to equipment and concrete
structures caused by H2S initiated corrosion can be substantial.

2.9.2 Hydrogen Sulphide Control

Protect pipelines and structures from this condition, either by the use of H2S corrosion
resistant pipe materials such as PVC and/or linings/coatings for the sewer pipe and
associated manholes/structures, manhole steps, etc.

Proper design of sanitary sewers to establish a proper gradient and flow velocity. This
will prevent grit accumulation and will either eliminate the development of anaerobic
slime layer, or at least control such development.

Destruction of H2S in sludge processing operations by adding any of the following chemicals to
sludge lines just prior to dewatering presses to quickly eliminate H2S, or used in mix tanks and
thickeners to control H2S generation for longer periods of time.
• Hydrogen peroxide
• Chlorine dioxide (ClO2)
• Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)
• Sodium chlorite
• Iron salts
Apart from adopting proper design and the use of protective lining in the sewer pipelines, the
consultant recommends the use of hydrogen peroxide for oxidizing the sludge to reduce the foul
smell of hydrogen sulphide.

11
2.10 Sewage Treatment Works

2.10.1 Components of the Works

Phase 1 of the Sewage Treatment Works will comprise of the following components:
™ A total number of 6 No. Wastewater Stabilization Ponds comprises of 2No.
Anaerobic Pond, 1No. Facultative Pond, 3No. Maturation Ponds, a Rock Filter
and Grass Plots and designed to treat three times year 2020 DWF of 6,000 m3 per
day (i.e. 18,000 m3 per day);
™ Inlet Works comprising of Manually raked fine and coarse screens and grit
settling channels;
™ Precast concrete pipes and concrete channels;
™ Interpond connections;
™ Flow measuring devices in inlet and outlet channels;
Space has been left for one more pond series (Phase II & III) to cater for flows beyond
year 2030.

2.10.2 Sewage Characteristics

2.10.2.1 Domestic Sewage
Sewage results from the use of water in dwellings, the disposal of kitchen wastes,
bathrooms, lavatories, laundries etc.
The domestic sewage may contain considerable amounts of foreign matters, such as rags,
maize cobs, etc.
There is often unusual amount of suspended mineral matter resulting from the practice of
cleaning and scouring cooking vessels using ashes, silt and sand.

The 5-day 20º C biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of the sewage from residences is
usually taken to be 55g per capita par day. The average BOD5 concentration in raw
domestic is taken to be approximately 505mg/l. The per capita contribution of total
suspended (SS) is assumed to be 50g/cap/d and with an average of 500 mg/l.
2.10.2.2 Sewage from Commercial and Institutional Premises
Commercial and institutional sewage results from disposal of waste in trade premises and
institutions for production, incidental and necessary to the communal life of the staff.
Sewage from institutions, such a schools and hospitals, is very similar in its composition
to sewage from residences. It is assumed that the characteristics of the commercial and
institutional sewage will be the same as those of sewage from residential areas with an
average BOD5 concentration of 505 mg/l and 500 mg/l of suspended solids.

2.11 Waste Stabilization Ponds – Process Design

2.11.1 General
Sewage treatment works are designed to convert the waste water into an environmentally
acceptable effluent and to dispose of the sludge produced during the treatment processes.
In general, the required degree of treatment is determined by the existing national
discharge standards and the assimilative capacity of the receiving stream.

12
2.11.2 Design criteria for treatment works
The treatment works are designed using the following assumptions;
ƒ That they will be operated at optimum hydraulic flow on daily basis;
ƒ Crude sewage characteristics will remain as defined.
The chosen location of the treatment works is ideal in many respects.
The Water Pollution Control Federation, MANUAL of Practice, Sewage Treatment Plant
Design, specifies that ponds are to be located at a reasonable distance from the
community and at least 400 m from the nearest residence. This criterion is met in this
case.

2.11.3 Design Flow

The system of waste stabilization ponds is designed to treat a Dry Weather Flow (DWF)
of 6,000 m3/d in 2020 that will increase to 13,000 m3/d in 2030.

2.11.4 Influent Parameters

The design influent sewage parameters adopted are as follows:
ƒ Per Capita BOD5 = 55g/per person per day;
ƒ SS = 500mg/l at 95 percentile occurrence.

2.11.5 Effluent Parameters

The effluent will meet these discharge standards.
The design effluent sewage parameters adopted are as follows:
• BOD5 at 20º C = 20 mg per litre;
• COD = 50 mg per litre;
• Suspended solids = 30 mg per litre;
• Coliform Bacteria not more than 5000 counts per 100ml

2.11.6 Inlet works

The inlet works will be constructed in two phases, each with a capacity to a 3DWF of
18,000 M3 per day.
The waste water will arrive at the treatment site through a gravity trunk sewer. The
available head will permit gravity flow through the treatment works.

The raw sewage will contain high inorganic load composed of large solids, rags,
vegetable matter and grit in large quantities. These solids have to be removed; otherwise
they will cause inefficient operation of the works. Their removal will be through:
ƒ Bar screens;
ƒ Grit Removal Channel.
The first set of bar screens is designed with an approach velocity of about 0.5m/s at
average flow, with bars screens spacing of 40mm. The second bars will have a spacing of
20mm. The screens are inclined since they are designed to be cleaned manually.

13
 Grit removal will be through a Grit Removal Channel. It is designed to remove particles
of less than 0.2mm diameter, using a horizontal velocity of between 0.2 and 0.3m/s. In
order to maintain a constant velocity in grit channel at all rates of flow, a parabolic
section has been adopted. Full calculations are presented in Appendix 4.

2.11.7 Inlet Measuring Flume

A measuring flume has been provided after the Grit Channel to measure the influent
flow.

2.11.8 Wastewater Stabilization Ponds – Water Depth, Evaporation and Seepage

The ability to maintain a satisfactory water level in the ponds is one of the most important
aspects of Wastewater Stabilization Ponds design. Minimum depths have been
maintained in the ponds to discourage growth of aquatic weeds and vegetation.
The bottom levels for the various ponds were designed such that it is possible to empty
the ponds by gravity.

The Black Cotton Soil of the site has a low rate of infiltration which will occur at the
pond bottom. When saturated, Black Cotton Soil is virtually impermeable. The effect of
sludge and bacterial action on the surface of the pond bottom will also tend to reduce
seepage.

2.12 Anaerobic Ponds

In waste stabilization ponds, the grit that is not removed in the Grit Removal Channel
settles around the pipe inlets to the anaerobic pond.

With high grit concentrations (common in developing countries), banks of grit build up to
the surface fairly quickly, reducing the capacities of the ponds. Therefore anaerobic
ponds have been provided to handle this residual grit as well as increase the overall
treatment efficiency.

The Anaerobic Ponds are located adjacent to the inlet to the pond series, and comprise of
2 ponds in parallel. The ponds are designed to work simultaneously.

Inlet arrangements consist of a weir penstock to allow full flow control, with a
submerged inlet.

The ponds have been designed based on the following design parameters developed by
Prof. Mara’s research in Kenya, and Brazil:
• pond depth = 4 m;
• Length/breath ratio = 2;
• Retention period; (in each pond) = 2 days.
The anticipated efficiency of anaerobic ponds, based upon filed data by Mara and others,
is up to 68% reduction in influent BOD5. Full calculations are presented in Appendix 4.

14
2.13 Facultative Pond
One facultative pond with nine days detention time will serve this treatment system.
The Facultative Pond was designed to ensure that a symbiotic relationship exists between
algae and bacteria, both of which must be present for successful operation.

There are several empirical rules for the design of facultative ponds. We adopted the
Gloyna method which is a modification to the Mara’s and Shaw Procedure which is
based upon the following basic equations:
⎛ Lo ⎞
⎜ − 1⎟ × 1
⎜L ⎟
RT = ⎝ p ⎠ KT ;
600
L p = (2d − 8) ;

Where,
RT = the required detention time in days, at temperature T;
Lo = BOD5 of the incoming wastewater in mg/l;
Lp = BOD of effluent in mg/l;
Le = pond maintainable BOD mg/ l;
KT = rate of breakdown of organic matter at temperature T in days-1
d = depth of ponds in meters (in Kenya d =1.75 is recommended)

These basic equations are common to all the leading authorities on pond design. The
major differences occur between these authorities in the choice of the value for KT.

The temperature applicable is the pond temperature during the coldest period of the year
and this has been taken as 16º C based on data from Dagoretti Weather Station.
Full calculations are presented in Appendix 4.

2.14 Maturation Ponds

Three equal maturation ponds with four days detention time each were designed for this
treatment system.

The ponds were designed utilizing the kinetic equation for faecal coliform removal as
shown below:
Ni
NE =
(1 + K T t fac )(1 + K T t mat )n
Where;
Gloyna recommends KT = 2;
NE = Effluent BOD form the maturation ponds;
Ni = influent BOD form the maturation ponds;
tfac = facultative pond retention time;
tmat = maturation pond retention time.

15
The design data used in the calculations presented in Appendix 4 for maturation ponds is
thus:-
• Retention period = 4 days;
• Pond depth (all 3) = 1.5m.

2.15 Rock Filter and Grass plots

The effluent from the maturation ponds will flow through a rock filter which shall consist
of submerged beds of rocks 75 to 200 mm in size.
The rock media should be free of fines, soft weathering stones and flat stones; the filter
bed shall have porosity of approximately 42%.

The rock filter will be 2.1 metres deep with the filter beds extending about 0.3 metres
above the maximum water level.
The rock filters are designed to handle three times the Dry Weather Flow (DWF) in 2020
i.e. 18000 m3/day with a hydraulic loading of 300 l/ m3 (of rock media) per day.

Grass plot will consist of grass planted to provide a habitat for the bacteria.
The slope of grass plot shall be maintained at 6% to facilitate flow of waste water.

A minimum of four mowings should be performed per year to maintain a healthy stand
of grass and reduce bunching.

The design loads have been set forth conservatively referring to;
• The ODA Manual;
• Waste Water Engineering, McGraw-Hill International (latest edition);
• Natural Wastewater Treatment Systems by Ronald W. Crites, Joe Middlebrooks
and Sherwood C. Reed.
• Rock Media Polishing Filter for Lagoons – Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet,
US-EPA 2002.

Since sewage treatment will mainly depend on waste stabilization ponds, it is expected
that a certain amount of water will be lost through evaporation. The evaporation rate is
assumed to be between 500 and 800 mm per annum, and is highest during the months of
February and March. Calculations sizing the grass plots are included in Appendix 4.

2.16 Other Facilities

2.16.1 Effluent Outfall

The effluent from the treatment works will be discharged into the downstream of
Kiserian River through the outfall works. The outfall works are made of channels.
Each channel serving each series contains a Venturi Flume for measurement of the
effluent discharged.
Measurement of the difference between the influent and the effluent sewage flow makes
it possible to determine seepage and evaporation losses in the ponds.

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2.16.2 Inter Pond Connections
Inter pond connection facilities via shutter penstocks are provided to all ponds. Particular
attention has been paid to maturation pond outlets to minimize the carry over of algae.
Scum baffles have been provided at all inter pond connections.

2.16.3 Embankment Design

The ponds were designed so that the excavated materials will be used for construction of
embankments around all the ponds in the treatment works.

The top width of embankment will be 5 m.

The embankment slopes are proposed to be three horizontal to one vertical on the inside
and two horizontal to one vertical on the outside.

The top of the embankment will be provided with a wearing course consisting of 15 cm
murram to permit access of maintenance vehicles.

The impounding embankments will incorporate waterline erosion protection works

consisting of concrete slabs on a murram bed.

It is essential in works of this nature and embankments of this type of construction, that
no trees or bushes are allowed to become established, and that grass growth is kept under
control.

2.16.4 Access ramps

Access ramps have been included for desludging purposes. The road layout permits
vehicular access to all ponds at all stages of flow.

2.16.5 Sludge treatment and disposal

The quality of the dried sludge will be carefully monitored to determine the method of
off-site disposal or be used in the industries to produce other products such as fuel.

2.16.6 Ablution Block at Kiserian Market Centre

At the Kiserian Market Centre, a communal ablution block has been provided, although
the availability of the land on which it is to be constructed has not yet been established.

2.16.7 Electrical power supply

The design proposal for electrical-mechanical works has been carried out.
Power will be sourced from KPLC for all the lighting of the Kiserian Treatment Project.
A power transformer will be provided to meet the load demands associated with the
treatment works.

Moreover, a standby diesel generator has also been provided for in the design.
The main switchboard for the entire complex together with standby a diesel generating
set will be housed in the shed to be constructed.

17
The costs of providing power to the site and procurement of a standby diesel generator
have been billed in the bill of quantities.

2.16.8 Project buildings

The following buildings have been designed for construction for operation of the Kiserian
project:
ƒ 1No. Office block
ƒ 1No. Laboratory;
ƒ 1 No. Two Bed roomed House.
ƒ 2No. One Bedroomed House

2.16.9 Laboratory, Workshop and O & M Equipment and Vehicles

In order to improve the efficiency and operating capacity of the Sewerage System
Operator, the following equipment should be provided under the project:
Workshop equipment;
ƒ 1No. exhauster trucks with high velocity pump to empty septic tanks and soak
away pits;
ƒ 1No. double cabin truck to ferry tools and maintenance crew to the filed;
ƒ 2No. motor cycles for rapid inspection of the sewer system by the supervisor;
ƒ 4 sets of field tool kits containing blockage detectors, hand tools and implements;
ƒ 4 sets of rods/sticks and accessories for unblocking and flushing the sewers.

2.16.10 External Works

The external works to be constructed under the contract include onsite roads, water
supply, foul drainage and street lighting facilities.
Stock-proof/Security Fencing

2.16.11 Stock Proof/Security Fencing

The pond area has been enclosed with a fence to preclude livestock and discourage
trespassing.
Appropriate warnings signs will be provided along the fence around the ponds to
designate the nature of the facility and advice against trespassing.

We have provided a 6-strand barbed wire fencing on precast concrete posts. In the inside
perimeter of this fence will be planted a kai apple hedge planted in a 1-meter wide ditch
that has been filled with read soil and cow dung manure.

2.16.12 Phasing of Construction

It is proposed that the master plan sewerage reticulation as well as the treatment works,
be constructed in two phases:

Phase 1 will cover the town centre plus the outlying the areas that we have assessed to
have sufficient population to justify the cost to be expended on construction. It is
expected that Phase 1 will be completed by year 2010.

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Phase 2 of the sewerage reticulation will cover the rest of the project area that will have
sufficient population by the year 2030 which is the design horizon. Phase 2 construction
should be completed by year 2020.

The Waste Stabilization Ponds to treat year 2020 flows will be constructed in Phase 1.
They will be duplicated under Phase 2 to treat year 2030 flows. However, the trunk
Sewer to carry year 2030 flow will be constructed under Phase 1.

2.16.13 Design Drawings

Design drawings for the project i.e. Site layout, sewers, treatment works, houses,
laboratory, administration block among others were reviewed and given in the book of
drawings.

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 3. CONSTRUCTION COSTS
3.1 Introduction

The cost of the Kiserian sewerage Project have been divided into two; cost of the sewer
construction and the construction of treatment works.

Survey of several sewerage works that have been undertaken in Kenya in the recent past
has been conducted and the unit costs of various items in the treatment works have been
considered in the production of engineers estimate. The unit cost used is inclusive of the
local taxes.

3.2 Sewer Line Construction

The sewer network was divided into different lines. The cost for every sewer line
includes the cost of site clearance, excavation and construction of sewers of various
diameters and depths including the associated manholes. From the engineers estimate, the
following summery was arrived at.

Sewer network construction cost

Sewer Line Cost (Kshs.)
Sewer A 31,255,000.00
Sewer B 9,269,500.00
Sewer E 10,450,250.00
Sewer G 7,164,250.00
Sewer H 10,122,500.00
Sewer J 5,344,250.00
Sewer K 9,454,450.00
Sewer L 3,914,650.00
Sewer N 3,947,250.00
Sewer P 3,758,750.00
Sewer Q 4,064,250.00
Sewer S 3,062,250.00
Sewer T 6,536,250.00
Sewer Z 72,267,250.00
Total Cost of Sewer Construction 180,810,850.00

3.3 Construction of Sewage Treatment Works

The cost of construction of treatment work system involved inlet works, outlet works,
ponds, rock filter, grass plots and outfall works.

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Moreover, the costs of construction of laboratory, administration unit and the staff houses
together with electro mechanical requirements have been included. From the engineers
estimate, the following summery was arrived at.

Treatment works construction costs

ITEM AMOUNT
Preliminiries & General items 39,423,000.00
Inlet works 5,568,091.80
Anaerobic Ponds 20,471,363.70
Facultative pond 102,753,316.40
Maturation Ponds 49,988,380.50
Rock Filter 21,561,375.00
Grass plot 17,127,915.60
Outfall works 5,124,100.00
Drainage works 9,050,133.10
Access Road 5,005,785.10
Administration block 2,247,991.60
Laboratory 1,771,774.80
One bedroomed house (2No.) 3,216,297.00
Two bed roomed house 1,849,247.50
Parking lot 2,523,243.50
E/M works 6,635,550.00
Total Cost of treatment works 292,990,160.60

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4. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM

4.1 Sewers
The sewers have been designed to be self-cleansing and should therefore require only
routine maintenance once the system is full operationally. However, during the early
stages of operation of the system the flow in some sewer line may be very low and a
certain amount of settlement of solids may take place thereby requiring flushing by a
water tanker.
Also some sand may enter the foul sewer system from other sources such as housing
connections and hence settlement may take place at low flows.
Therefore periodic inspections will have to be carried out to detect such siltation and
removed by flushing.
4.2 Waste Stabilization Ponds
Waste Stabilization Ponds must be properly operated and maintained in order to obtain
the designed efficiency and long service life. Although a minimum of attention from the
operator is required failure to follow the simple operating procedures can seriously affect
the efficiency of the ponds. The ponds should be visited every day and routine operation
be performed. The operation and maintenance works are therefore divided into daily
routine and periodic work.

The rate of increase in the depth of sludge layer in facultative ponds depends on the
efficiency of the inlet works and fermentation rate. The fermentation rate is greatly
affected by the temperatures and causes a build up of sludge during cooler weather and a
decrease in warmer weather. The sludge layer may be allowed to increase to a depth of
0.5 m without reducing the retention time too much or impairing the pond’s operational
efficiency. The sludge which accumulates in the ponds is well digested and is similar to
sludge produced by conventional waste water treatment plants. It may be dried in the
drying beds without nuisance.

The secondary ponds need desludging and cleaning after along period of time. Therefore
it is difficult to estimate with reasonable accuracy the number of times when desludging
is required. However, desludging should be carried out between 10 to 15 years.
The operation of secondary ponds is simple, entailing virtually only cleaning of
vegetation on the banks.
Maintenance of the ponds can therefore be grouped into three activities:
• Erosion control;
• Weed control;
• Maintenance of water flow and level control devices.

4.3 Laboratory Activities

The laboratory staff will undertake activities in the following areas:
• Maintain a regular crude sewage sampling;
• Examine the effect of dissolved solids on pond treatment efficiency;
• Trade Effluent Control Work.

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4.4 O & M Personnel
It is recommended that a Sanitation Section be established within the Operator
Company’s set-up to take charge of the maintenance of the sewerage system. The section
should have adequate staff and funds allocated for operation and maintenance.
Comprehensive training should be given to the staff in order to ensure that best practices
are introduced early.

4.5 Cost implications of operation and maintenance works

4.5.1 Annual Operational Costs

The annual operational costs for the Kiserian Sewerage Project will comprise of annual
power costs at the Treatment Works compound, chemical costs in the laboratory, staff
salaries and wages for the staff and stationery/general office expenses.

The power costs will be the electricity bills since the Treatment Works compound will be
connected to KPLC power grid. At current power tariff, it is estimated to be KShs.
10,000.00 per month, (KShs.120, 000.00 per annum).

The cost of chemicals for a small laboratory like the one to be provided should be
approximately KShs.250, 000.00 per annum at present year 2009 prices.

Staff salaries and wages are based on following staffing levels:-

i) 1 No. Chief Operator @ KSh.300,000.00 KShs. 300,000.00

ii) 3 No. Shift Attendants @ KSh.170,000.00 KShs. 510,000.00
iii) 10 No. Labourers @ KSh.60,000.00 KShs. 600,000.00
iv) 4 No. Security Staff @ KSh.60,000.00 KShs. 240,000.00
v) 4 No. Labourer & Clerical Staff @ KShs. 384,000.00
KSh.96,000.00
Total KShs. 2,034,000.00
Stationery and general office expenses can be assumed to be KShs. 240,000.00 per year.
The table below summarizes the annual operational costs for Kiserian Treatment Works.

Description of Costs Amount KShs

(@ Year 2009 Prices)
Power Costs 120,000.00
Laboratory Chemicals 250,000.00
Staff Salaries Wages 2,034,000.00
Stationery & General Office Expenses 240,000.00
Total 2,644,000.00

4.5.2 Annual Maintenance Costs

Annual maintenance costs consist of direct and indirect costs of keeping the various
components of the works in good working condition throughout their economic lifetime.

23
The average maintenance costs of each component are generally taken as a fixed
percentage of the construction cost of that component.

The table below presents the annual maintenance costs to be incurred for the maintenance
of Kiserian Treatment Works.

Economic Annual
Asset Description lifetime maintenance
(years) costs in %
Dam 40 0.5
Intake works, including boreholes: Mass 40 1
concrete structures, such as intakes,
underground pits, culverts, etc.
Earthworks generally 40 1
Boreholes and wells 20 1
Pumps: Hydras and hydrostats 15 5
Other pumps 10 5
Diesel engines 10 5
Engine and pump sets petrol paraffin 5 5
Electric motors, cables and switch gears 10 5
Piping: All types 30 1
Treatment works in masonry or 30 1
reinforcement concrete
Storage tanks in masonry or reinforcement 30 1
concrete
Storage tanks, sectional steel incl. towers 20 1
Storage tanks, corrugated galvanized steel 10 2
(C.G.S.) on timber stands
Building C.G.S. on timber 20 1
Buildings, masonry 30 1
Miscellaneous structures and items: 10 5
Communal water points (CWP)
Water kiosks, latrines, licensed retailer 20 2
points etc.
Gantries, steelwork etc. 20 2
Permanent tools and plant not mentioned 10 2
elsewhere
Water meters 10 2
Chemical dosing gear 10 5
Instruments and testing apparatus 5 5
Roads of access, general 30 1
Fences, G.S., wire or mesh on timber 10 1
Fences, G.S. wire or mesh on concrete on 20 1
concrete posts

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From the cost estimates in the table above, it is seen that almost all items of the project
are civil works and sewer pipelines / manholes whose maintenance costs are 1% of the
construction cost.

The mechanical component is negligible except for the flow measurement instruments,
laboratory equipment, a small exhauster vehicle and the staff vehicle, all estimated to cost
Kshs. 4,500,000.00 and whose maintenance costs are taken as 5% of this amount, with an
economic lifetime of 5 years.
Hence the annual maintenance cost for the works are presented in the table below.

Description Construction Cost (KShs.) Annual Maintenance Cost

(KShs.)
Sewer 180,810,850 1,808,108.5
Treatment 292,990,160.60 2,929,901.60
works
E/M Works 6,635,550 331,777.50
Total 480,436,560.60 5,069,787.60

4.5.3 Summary of Total Costs

Total Project Cost (Kshs) - Year 2009 Prices
Total Capital Costs 480,436,560.60
Annual Operational Costs(Phase 1) 2,644,000
Annual Maintenance Costs(Phase 1) 5,069,901.60
Project Cost 488,150,462.20

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 5. FINANCIAL EVALUATION OF PROJECT
5.1 Present Value Analysis of Costs
In the appraisal of the economic viability of this type of project the scale of the general
level of the anticipated annual costs of the Scheme were estimated at the Feasibility
Study / Preliminary Design Stage. These costs were compared with the anticipated
revenue expected to be earned from the project. Although these estimates are based on
various assumptions, they however give an indication of the value of the project in
monetary terms. In this analysis the side benefits (social, health, environmental and
economical) of the project are ignored since they are difficult to value in monetary terms.

The capital, plus annual operation and maintenance costs of the works covering a period
of 40 years have been discounted at various discount rates to determine their present
value. A 40 year period has been used since the major items of the sewerage scheme are
considered to have an economic lifetime of 40 years.

5.2 Revenue from the Project

An assessment has been made of the annual revenue that will be realized when the
project area’s residents connected to the sewerage system pay a sewerage charge on their
water bills.

In deriving the sewage flows it has been assumed that 80% of the water consumed turns
into sewage. If the sewage flow resulting from infiltration is removed, the water
consumption that corresponds with the derived sewage generated is presented in Table
5.1 below.

Table 5.1 - Water Consumption Corresponding to Sewage Generation

Sewage DWF Water Consumption

(m3/d) (m3/d)
Year 2010 2,146 2,666
Year 2020 6,205 7,740
Year 2030 13,057 16,305

The water consumption growth is taken to be linear between the periods shown in Table
5.1 above. Commercial water losses are taken as 50% between years 2010 and 2020,
60% between years 2020 and 2030, and 80% after year 2030. If these assumptions are
applied to sewage tariffs of KShs. 10.00, 15.00, 20.00 and 25.00 per m3 of water billed
for and collected, the resultant revenue earned on the sewerage component of the water
bills is presented in Table 7 APP of Appendix 4 and summarized in Table 5.2 below.
5.3 Present Value Analysis and Internal Rate of Return
For each tariff, the revenue for the whole period of 40 years has been discounted at a
discount rate such that the discounted total revenue for the period equals the discounted

26
total costs. The discount rate at which the Present Value of Benefits is equal to the Total
Costs is the Internal Rate of Return – ref Appendix 4.
Table 5.2: Growth in Revenue (Kshs)
(based Sewerage Tariff on m3 of Water Billed for and collected)
Sewerage Tariff (Kshs) 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Revenue for Year
2010(Kshs) 4,865,813 7,298,719 9,731,625 12,164,531
Revenue for Year
2020(Kshs) 14,124,990 21,187,486 28,249,981 35,312,476
Revenue for Year
2030(Kshs) 35,707,587 53,561,380 71,415,174 89,268,967
Revenue for Year
2040(Kshs) 72,620,247 108,930,370 145,240,493 181,550,617
Revenue for Year
2050(Kshs) 97,630,378 146,445,567 195,260,756 244,075,944

The Present Value analysis assumes a constant tariff throughout the period without taking
into consideration the annual escalation which has to be applied to the tariff to cover for
the inflationary trends in the rest of the economy.
From the financial analysis, the internal rate of return for the Kiserian Project was as
shown in table 5.3 below.

Table 5.3 - Internal Rate of Return at Varying Tariff Levels - (%)

Sewerage Tariff (Kshs. Per m3 of
Billed Water) 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Internal Rate of Return (%) 4.00% 6.20% 7.80% 9.20%
PRESENT VALUE OF TOTAL
PROJECT COST 663,693,665 617,955,755 595,496,524 580,967,402

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 Graphical representation of Internal Rate of Return

The above Internal Rates of Return show that a sewerage tariff of at least Kshs. 25.00 (at
present year 2009 prices), needs to be applied to all water consumers who will be
connected to the sewerage network in order to realize a reasonable internal rate of return
of 9.20%.

Hence when Phase 1 of the Scheme is commissioned, Oloolaiser Water and Sanitation
Company will have to adjust water tariff to include a sewerage tariff for its sewered
customers.

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