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- Conductor
- Dielectric/Insulator
- Semi-conductor
An electric field will be set up in the conductor, the field exerting a force on the charge and making them move away
from one another. These movement will continue until all the charges reach the conductor surface and redistribute
themselves in such a way that both the charge and the field inside vanish. Hence,
When there arc no free charge in the interior of a conductor (v=0) . E must
be zero because, according to Gauss's law, the total outward electric flux
through any closed surface constructed inside the conductor must vanish.
E1n=s/0
The normal component of the E field at a conductor-free space boundary is equal to the surface charge density on
the conductor divided by the permittivity of free space.
Dielectric in static Electric Field
All material media are composed of atoms with a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged
electrons. Although the molecules of dielectrics are macroscopically neutral, the presence of an external electric
field causes a force to be exerted on each charged particle and results in small displacements of positive and
negative charge in opposite directions. These are bound charges. The displacements, though small in comparison
to atomic dimensions, nevertheless polarize a dielectric material and create electric dipoles.
Induced electric dipoles will modify the electric field both inside and outside the dielectric material.
The molecules of some dielectrics possess permanent dipole moments, even in the
absence of an external polarizing field. Such molecules usually consist of two or more
dissimilar atoms and are called polar molecules, in contrast to nonpolar molecules.
lntegrating over the volume V' of the dielectric, we obtain the potential due to the polarized dielectric.
where R is the distance from the elemental volume dv' to a fixed field point.
.D= v
Electric susceptibility
Note that E, can be a function of space coordinates. If E, is independent of position, the medium is said to be
homogenous. A linear, homogeneous, isotropic medium is called a simple medium. The relative permittivity of a
simple medium is a constant.
For anisotropic materials (such as crystals) the dielectric constant is different for different directions of the electric
field, and D and E vectors have different directions.
Boundary condition at interface of two dielectric media
E1= E1t+E1n E2= E2t+E2n
If h 0
A small pillbox with its top face in medium 1 and bottom face in medium 2,
XY-plane
Problem
E1= E1t+E1n E2= E2t+E2n
E1n=E1cos1
Electrostatic Energy
To bring a charge Q2 ( slowly so that kinetic energy and radiation effect may be neglected) from infinity against the
field of a charge Q1 in free space to a distance R12 the amount of work required is
Because electrostatic field arc conservative, W2 is independent of the path followed by Q2. Another
form
This work is stored in the assembly of the two charges a potential energy. Combining above two equations we can write
Qn
Q4
Q5
Now suppose another charge Q3 is brought from infinity to a point that is R13 from Q1 and R23 from Q2; an
additional amount of work is required that equals
The sum of W and W2 is the potential energy, W3 stored in the assembly of the three charges Q1, Q2 and Q3. That is,
Problem:
Find the energy required to assemble a uniform sphere of charge of radius b and volume charge density v·
Hence the total work or energy required to assemble a uniform sphere of charge of radius b and charge density v is
VR=(1/40)QR(1/R)
Point charges Q1,=1nC, Q2=- 2nC, Q3=3nC, and Q4= - 4nC are positioned one at a time and in that order at (0,0,0),( 1,0 ,0),
(0 ,0,-1) ,and (0,0,1), respectively. Calculate the energy in the system after each charge is positioned.
z
Q4 (0,0,1)
W1=0
W2=(-2x10-9)(10-9x9x109x1)=-18 nJ
(0,0,0) Q2 W3=W2+(3x10-9))[10-9x9x10-9x1+(-2x10-9)x9x109x1/1.414]
x
Q1 ( 1,0 ,0)
W4=W3+W4
Q3
(0 ,0,-1)
V=1/(40)(Q1/R12)
Q3V3=Q3[(1/(40)(Q1/R13)+ 1/(40)(Q2/R23)]
W4=Q4V4
For a continuous charge distribution of density v the formula for .
V is the potential at the point where the volume charge density is v and V’ is the volume of the region where v exists.
C=S/d
A cylindrical capacitor, shown in Fig, consists of an inner conductor of radius a and an outer conductor whose
inner radius is b. The space between the conductors is filled with a dielectric of permittivity , and the length of
the capacitor is L. Determine the capacitance of this capacitor
Again neglecting the fringing effect of the field near the edge of the conductor . The
potential difference between the inner and outer conductor is
-Q
+Q Ri
R
R0
POISSON’S AND LAPLACE’ S EQUATIONS
Laplacian operator 2
Two large parallel conducting. plate are separated by a distance d and maintained at potentials 0 and V0
as shown in Fig. The region between the plates 1 filled with a continuous distribution of electron having a
volume density of charge v = -0 y/d. Assuming negligible fringing effect at the edges determine
0 0
v
V0 r
a Grounded
b
Boundary condition
r=a, V=V0 r=b V=0
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