Irregular preterits and past participles

This alphabetical list shows the irregular forms of the most common verbs. Each
entry includes the infinitive, the preterit, and the past participle. In cases where
variant forms exist, they will be shown at the end of the entry. Literary or archaic
forms are marked by an asterisk (*). The past participle is used in many
conjugations, including the present perfect, the pluperfect, the past conditional, and
the future perfect.

 can = could [pret.], been able [p.p.]

 may = might [pret.]
 to abide = abode [pret., p.p.]
 to arise = arose [pret.], arisen [p.p.]
 to awake = awoke [pret.], awakened [p.p.]
 to be = was, were [pret.], been [p.p.]
 to bear = bore [pret.], borne [p.p.]
 to beat = beat [pret.], beaten [p.p.]
 to become = became [pret.], become [p.p.]
 to befall = befell [pret.], befallen [p.p.]
 to begin = began [pret.], begun [p.p.]
 to bend = bent [pret., p.p.]
 to beseech = besought [pret., p.p.]
 to bet = bet [pret., p.p.]
 to bid = bid [pret., p.p.]; bade [pret.]*
 to bind = bound [pret., p.p.]
 to bite = bit [pret.], bitten [p.p.]
 to bleed = bled [pret., p.p.]
 to blow = blew [pret.], blown [p.p.]
 to break = broke [pret.], broken [p.p.]
 to breed = bred [pret., p.p.]
 to bring = brought [pret., p.p.]
 to build = built [pret., p.p.]
 to burn = burned [pret., p.p.]; burnt [pret., p.p.]*
 to burst = burst [pret., p.p.]
 to buy = bought [pret., p.p.]
 to cast = cast [pret., p.p.]
 to catch = caught [pret., p.p.]
 to choose = chose [pret.], chosen [p.p.]
 to cleave = cleaved [pret., p.p.]; cleft [pret., p.p.]*
 to cling = clung [pret., p.p.]
 to come = came [pret.], come [p.p.]
 to cost = cost [pret., p.p.]
 to creep = crept [pret., p.p.]; creeped [pret.]
 to cut = cut [pret., p.p.]
 to deal = dealt [pret., p.p.]
 to dig = dug [pret., p.p.]
 to do = did [pret.], done [p.p.]
 to draw = drew [pret.], drawn [p.p.]
 to dream = dreamed [pret., p.p.]; dreamt [pret., p.p.]*
 to drink = drank [pret.], drunk [p.p.]
 to drive = drove [pret.], driven [p.p.]
 to dwell = dwelled [pret., p.p.]; dwelt [pret., p.p.]*
 to eat = ate [pret.]; eaten [p.p.]
 to fall = fell [pret.], fallen [p.p.]
 to feed = fed [pret., p.p.]
 to fight = fought [pret., p.p.]
 to find = found [pret., p.p.]
 to flee = fled [pret., p.p.]
 to fling = flung [pret., p.p.]
 to fly = flew [pret.]; flown [p.p.]
 to forbid = forbad [pret.]; forbidden [p.p.]
 to forget = forgot [pret.]; forgotten [p.p.]
 to forsake = forsook [pret.]; forsaken [p.p.]
 to freeze = froze [pret.]; frozen [p.p.]
 to get = got [pret., p.p.]; gotten [p.p.]
 to gild = gild [p.p.]
 to give = gave [pret.], given [p.p.]
 to go = went [pret.], gone [p.p.]
 to grind = ground [pret., p.p.]
 to grow = grew [pret.], grown [p.p.]
 to hang = hung [pret., p.p.]; hanged (·éxécution·) [pret., p.p.]
 to have = had [pret., p.p.]
 to hear = heard [pret., p.p.]
 to hew = hewn [p.p.]
 to hide = hid [pret.]; hidden [p.p.]
 to hit = hit [pret., p.p.]
 to hold = held [pret., p.p.]
 to hurt = hurt [pret., p.p.]
 to keep = kept [pret., p.p.]
 to kneel = kneeled [pret., p.p.]
 to kneel = knelt [pret., p.p.]
 to know = knew [pret.], known [p.p.]
 to lay = laid [pret., p.p.]
 to lead = led [pret., p.p.]
 to lean = leaned [pret., p.p.]
 to lean = leant [pret., p.p.]
 to leap = leaped [pret., p.p.]
 to leap = leapt [pret., p.p.]
 to learn = learned [pret., p.p.]
 to learn = learnt [pret., p.p.]
 to leave = left [pret., p.p.]
 to lend = lent [pret., p.p.]
 to let = let [pret., p.p.]
 to lie = lay [pret.], lain [p.p.]
 to light = lit [pret., p.p.]
 to lose = lost [pret., p.p.]
 to make = made [pret., p.p.]
 to mean = meant [pret., p.p.]
 to meet = met [pret., p.p.]
 to mow = mowed [pret.], mown [p.p.]
 to pay = paid [pret., p.p.]
 to put = put [pret., p.p.]
 to quit = quit [pret., p.p.]
 to read = read [pret., p.p.]
 to rebuild = rebuilt [pret., p.p.]
 to recut = recut [pret., p.p.]
 to redeal = redealt [pret., p.p.]
 to redo = redid [pret.], redone [p.p.]
 to relay = relaid [pret., p.p.]
 to remake = remade [pret., p.p.]
 to rend = rent [pret., p.p.]
 to repay = repaid [pret., p.p.]
 to reread = reread [pret., p.p.]
 to rerun = reran [pret.], rerun [p.p.]
 to resend = resent [pret., p.p.]
 to reset = reset [pret., p.p.]
 to retake = retook [pret.], retaken [p.p.]
 to reteach = retaught [pret., p.p.]
 to retell = retold [pret., p.p.]
 to rethink = rethought [pret., p.p.]
 to rewrite = rewrote [pret.], rewritten [p.p.]
 to rid = rid [pret., p.p.]
 to ride = rode [pret.], ridden [p.p.]
 to ring = rang [pret.], rung [p.p.]
 to rise = rose [pret.], risen [p.p.]
 to run = ran [pret.], run [p.p.]
 to saw = sawed [pret., p.p.]; sawn [p.p.]*
 to say = said [pret., p.p.]
 to see = saw [pret.], seen [p.p.]
 to seek = sought [pret., p.p.]
 to sell = sold [pret., p.p.]
 to send = sent [pret., p.p.]
 to set = set [pret., p.p.]
 to sew = sewed [pret., p.p.]; sewn [p.p.]
 to shake = shook [pret.], shaken [p.p.]
 to shave = shaved [pret., p.p.]; shaven [p.p.]
 to shear = sheared [pret., p.p.]; shorn [p.p.]
 to shed = shed [pret., p.p.]
 to shine = shone [pret., p.p.]; shined [pret.]
 to shoe = shod [pret., p.p.]
 to shoot = shot [pret., p.p.]
 to show = showed [pret., p.p.]; shown [p.p.]
 to shrink = shrank [pret.], shrunk [p.p.]
 to shut = shut [pret., p.p.]
 to sing = sang [pret.], sung [p.p.]
 to sink = sank [pret.], sunk [p.p.]
 to sit = sat [pret., p.p.]
 to slay = slew [pret.], slain [p.p.]
 to sleep = slept [pret., p.p.]
 to slide = slid [pret., p.p.]
 to sling = slung [pret., p.p.]
 to slink = slunk [pret., p.p.]
 to slit = slit [pret., p.p.]
 to smell = smelled [pret., p.p.]
 to smell = smelt [pret., p.p.]
 to smite = smote [pret.], smitten [p.p.]
 to sow = sowed [pret., p.p.]; sown [p.p.]
 to speak = spoke [pret.], spoken [p.p.]
 to speed = sped [pret., p.p.]
 to spell = spelled [pret., p.p.]
 to spell = spelt [pret., p.p.]
 to spend = spent [pret., p.p.]
 to spill = spilled [pret., p.p.]
 to spill = spilt [pret., p.p.]
 to spin = spun [pret., p.p.]
 to spit = spat [pret., p.p.]
 to split = split [pret., p.p.]
 to spoil = spoiled [pret., p.p.]; spoilt [pret., p.p.]
 to spread = spread [pret., p.p.]
 to spring = sprang [pret.]; sprung [p.p.]
 to stand = stood [pret., p.p.]
 to steal = stole [pret.], stolen [p.p.]
 to stick = stuck [pret., p.p.]
 to sting = stung [pret., p.p.]
 to stink = stank [pret.], stunk [p.p.]
 to stride = strode [pret.], stridden [p.p.]
 to strike = struck [pret., p.p.]; stricken [p.p.]
 to string = strung [pret., p.p.]
 to strive = strove [pret.], striven [p.p.]
 to swear = swore [pret.], sworn [p.p.]
 to sweep = swept [pret., p.p.]
 to swell = swelled [pret.], swollen [p.p.]
 to swim = swam [pret.], swum [p.p.]
 to swing = swung [pret., p.p.]
 to take = took [pret.], taken [p.p.]
 to teach = taught [pret., p.p.]
 to tear = tore [pret.], torn [p.p.]
 to tell = told [pret., p.p.]
 to think = thought [pret., p.p.]
 to thrive = thrived [pret., p.p.]
 to throw = threw [pret.], thrown [p.p.]
 to thrust = thrust [pret., p.p.]
 to tread = trod [pret.], trodden [p.p.]
 to undo = undid [pret.], undone [p.p.]
 to unlearn = unlearned [pret., p.p.]; unlearnt [pret., p.p.]*
 to unwind = unwound [pret., p.p.]
 to wake = woke [pret.], woken [p.p.]
 to wear = wore [pret.], worn [p.p.]
 to weave = wove [pret.], woven [p.p.]; weaved [pret.]
 to weep = wept [pret., p.p.]
 to win = won [pret., p.p.]
 to wind = wound [pret., p.p.]
 to withdraw = withdrew [pret.], withdrawn [p.p.]
 to wring = wrung [pret., p.p.]
 to write = wrote [pret.], written [p.p.]