Mechanical Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra

4th Year (Mechanical Power)

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning
Code : MPE411
 ‫القائمين بالتدريس‬
‫أم‪.‬د‪ /‬محمد رضا سالم‬ ‫أ‪.‬د‪ /‬شريف هادى طاهر‬
‫د‪ /‬أشرف السيد‬ ‫أم‪.‬د‪/‬هانى الصاوى‬

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 COURSE AIMS

OVERALL AIMS OF THE COURSE

❑Students will be able to:
➢ Define a principles and applications of refrigeration
machines and air conditioning systems.
➢ Describe the various types of refrigeration system
components.
➢ Describe the various types of cold stores.
➢ Calculate various loads for cold stores.
➢ Selecting the suitable refrigeration system.

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 COURSE CONTENTS

I. REFRIGERATION
❑ INTRODUCTION
❑ APPLICATION OF SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
❑ SURVEY OF REFRIGERATION APPLICATIONS
❑ INTRODUCTION TO COLD STORES
❑ COOLING LOAD CALCULATIONS
❑ SURVEY OF REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
➢Vapor Compression System
➢Vapor Absorption System
➢Air Cycle System
➢Ejector Compression System
➢Thermoelectric System
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 COURSE CONTENTS
I. REFRIGERATION
❑ VAPOUR COMPRESSION SYSTEM
➢ Standard Rating Cycle and Effect of Operating Condition
➢ Actual Refrigeration System
❑ REFRIGERANTS
❑ MULTI-PRESSURE SYSTEMS
➢ Multi-stage of Compound Compression
➢ Multi-Evaporator Systems
➢ Cascade Systems
➢ Manufacture of Solid Carbon Dioxide
➢ System Practices for Multistage Systems
❑ MAIN COMPONENTS OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
➢ Compressor –Condenser -Expansion Device -Evaporator
❑ REFRIGERANT PIPING AND ACCESSORIES
❑ DEFROST METHODS
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 COURSE CONTENTS

II. AIR CONDITIONING

❑ Introduction
➢ Brief History of Air Conditioning
❑ Concepts and Definitions
➢ Importance of Air
➢ Human Comfort
➢ Comfort Chart
➢ Effective Temperature
❑ Survey of Air Conditioning Applications
➢ Psychrometric Chart
➢ Psychrometric tables
➢ Importance of Psychrometric
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 COURSE CONTENTS
II. AIR CONDITIONING
❑ Psychrometric Process
➢ Sensible Heating and Cooling Processes
➢ Humidification and Dehumidification Processes
➢ Heating and Humidification Process
➢ Cooling and Dehumidification Processes
➢ Apparatus Dew point
➢ By Pass Factor
➢ Sensible Heat Factor
➢ Mixing Process
❑ Psychrometric Cycles
➢ Summer air conditioning Cycles
➢ Winter air conditioning Cycles
➢ Round Year air conditioning Cycles
❑ Load Calculation and Applied Psychrometrics
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II. AIR CONDITIONING

❑ Load Calculation and Applied Psychrometrics

➢ Design of air conditioning apparatus
➢ Ventilation and Air Distribution
➢ Air Duct Design
➢ Types of Fans
➢ Air Conditioning Systems
➢ Air Conditioning control
➢ Noise and Vibration
➢ Air Cleaning

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 REFERENCES

REFERENCES
❑ Handbook, Applications, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta,
2011. (ASHRAE)
❑ Handbook, Systems & Equipment, American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers,
Atlanta, 2012. (ASHRAE)
❑ Handbook, Fundamentals , American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, Atlanta,
2013. (ASHRAE)
❑ Handbook, Refrigeration, American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers. Atlanta,
2014. (ASHRAE)

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 REFERENCES

❑ Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, Jordan& Priester,

Prentice –Hall, Inc, New York,…
❑ Principles of Refrigeration, Roy J. Dossat, John Wiley, Inc,
New York, ……………………..

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 REFRIGERATION

Introduction

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 REFRIGERATION
1st law of thermodynamics

❖ The first law of thermodynamics, also known as the conservation of

energy principle, states that energy can be neither created nor
destroyed during a process; it can only change forms (or For any cyclic
process of a system, the net work output of the system is equal to the
net heat input to it).
For a closed system undergoing a cycle:
§ δW = § δQ or § (δW - δQ) = 0

A major consequence of the first law is the

existence and the definition of the property
total energy E.
E: total energy of the system
δW - δQ = dE
❖ 1st law on a time rate basis
E = U + K.E + P.E = U + ½mv² + mgz dE/dt = Q˙- W˙
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 REFRIGERATION
2nd law of thermodynamics

2nd law of thermodynamics

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 REFRIGERATION
2nd law of thermodynamics

❖ Kelvin-Planck statement:
It is impossible for any device operating
in a cycle to absorb heat from a single
reservoir and produce an equivalent a
mount of work. (it is related to the heat
engine application ).

❖ Clausius statement:
It is impossible for any device to operate
on transfer heat from a cold body to a
hotter one by itself (it must receives an
energy "work")(it is related to heat
pumps and refrigerator) .

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2nd law of thermodynamics
Kelvin-Planck statement (Heat Engine)
❖ Heat Engine: a heat engine may be defined as a device that operate in a
thermodynamic cycle, produce a certain amount of net positive work
as a result of heat transfer from a high temperature body and heat
rejected to a low temperature one.[I.C.E'S & GAS and steam turbines ]
❖ The net work output
and thermal efficiency
relations for any heat
engine:

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2nd law of thermodynamics
Clausius statement (refrigerators)
❖ Refrigerator: may be defined as a device that operate in a
thermodynamic cycle, used to transfer heat from a low temperature
medium to a high temperature one.
❖ The efficiency of a
refrigerator is expressed
in terms of the coefficient
of performance (COPR):

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2nd law of thermodynamics
Clausius statement (heat pump)

❖ heat pump: another device that transfer heat from a low temperature
medium to a high temperature one.
❖ The efficiency of a heat
pump is expressed in
terms of the coefficient of
performance (COPHP):

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2nd law of thermodynamics
Clausius statement

❖ Refrigerators and heat pumps operate on

the same cycle but differ in their
objectives.
❖ The objective of a refrigerator is to
maintain the refrigerated space at a
low temperature by removing heat from it.
Discharging this heat to a higher
temperature medium is merely a necessary
part of the operation, not the purpose.
❖ The objective of a heat pump, however, is to
maintain a heated space at a high
temperature. This is accomplished by
absorbing heat from a low temperature
source, such as well water or cold outside
air in winter, and supplying this heat to the
high temperature medium such as a house.

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 REFRIGERATION
Problem (1)

A Carnot refrigeration cycle extracts 418.68 kJ of heat per minute from a cold
room which is maintained at –15℃ and it is discharged to atmosphere which is
at 30℃. Find out the ideal power (kW) required to run the unit.

Given

Solution

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 REFRIGERATION
Problem (2)

A Carnot cycle acting as a heat pump requires 7 kW in order to supply 65 kW to

a room at 26℃. Determine (a) the amount of heat to be removed from the
source, (b) the source temperature and (c) C.O.P.

Given

Solution

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 REFRIGERATION

Survey of Refrigeration Applications

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Survey of Refrigeration Applications

❖ In general, refrigeration is defined as any process of heat

removal. More specially, refrigeration is define as the branch of
science that deals with the process of reducing and
maintaining the temperature of space or material below the
temperature of surrounding.

❖ Applications of refrigeration
They may be classified into one of the following three general
groups:
a) A means of preservation. ‫كوسيلة للحفظ‬
b) A factor in comfort improvement. ‫كعامل لتحسين الراحه‬
c) An aid to some other process. ‫كمساعد لبعض العمليات االخرى‬

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Survey of Refrigeration Applications

❖ More specific classification would include the following

1) Storage of foods above and below freezing.
2) Transportation of foods above and below freezing.
3) Processing food products and beverages.
4) Industrial air conditioning.
5) Comfort air conditioning.
6) Ice making.
7) Chemical and related industries .
8) Oil refining and synthetic rubber manufacturing.
9) Manufacturing and treatment of metal.
10) Medical and surgical aids.
11) Heat pump.
12) Miscellaneous cooling processes.
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 Refrigeration Applications

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 Refrigeration Applications

Central system AC Split system AC

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 REFRIGERATION
Boiling and Evaporation
❖ Boiling is the process in which a phase change
occurs (from liquid to vapor) at constant
temperature ” called boiling temperature or
saturation temperature” at a certain pressure,
when adding latent heat energy.
❖ Boiling occurs at the solid–liquid interface when
a liquid is brought into contact with a surface
maintained at a temperature Ts sufficiently above
the saturation temperature Tsat of the liquid.
❖ Evaporation is a liquid-to-vapor phase change
process just like Boiling, but there are liquid-to-vapor phase
change process is called
significant differences between the two.
evaporation if it
❖ Evaporation occurs at the liquid–vapor originates at a liquid
interface when the vapor pressure is less than vapor interface and
boiling if it occurs at a
the saturation pressure of the liquid at a given
solid–liquid interface.
temperature.
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HEAT
❖ Sensible heat: temperature is varied ΔT & No phase change.
❖ Latent heat: Phase change & Temperature is constant.

100 oC

0 oC

-40 oC

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 REFRIGERATION
Ton Refrigeration
❖ Ton Refrigeration: is the amount of heat required to melts a block of
ice weighting 906 kg at 0 oC and converts it into water at 0 oC with in
24 hours. 906 kg
906 kg
24 h
❖ Short ton = 906 kg
Latent heat

❖ Latent heat (Qlatent) = m * LH/kg= (906 * 335.325)/( 24*60) kJ/min

= 210.97 kJ/min
❖ Ton refrigeration = 211 kJ/min = 211/60 = 3.5 kJ/sec (kW)
= 12000 BTU/hr (British Thermal Unit)
❖ Relation Between BTU/hr & Horsepower

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 REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration Systems

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Refrigeration Systems

❖ Refrigeration Systems
1) Vapor Compression System )‫دورة البخار االنضغاطية (دورة التبريد‬
2) Absorption System ‫دورة التبريد باألمتصاص‬
3) Air Cycle System ‫دورة التبريد بالهواء‬
4) Steam Jet System
5)Thermoelectric System ‫دورة التبريد الكهروحرارى‬

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 REFRIGERATION

Vapor Compression System

)‫دورة البخار االنضغاطية (دورة التبريد‬

3 2

1
4

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 REFRIGERATION
Vapor Compression System

❖ The vapor-compression refrigeration cycle is the most widely used

cycle for refrigerators, air conditioning systems, and heat pumps.
❖ The ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle involves four main
components: a compressor, a condenser, an expansion valve, and an
evaporator, as shown in Fig. It consists of four processes:

❖ It consists of four processes:

➢ 1-2 Isentropic compression in a
compressor (S = C).
➢ 2-3 Constant pressure heat
rejection in a condenser (P = C).
➢ 3-4 Throttling in an expansion
device (h = C).
➢ 4-1 Constant pressure heat
absorption in an evaporator(P = C).

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Vapor Compression System

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Vapor Compression System

3
2

Wc

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Qe
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Refrigeration Charts

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❖ The T-s and P-h diagram of an ideal vapor
compression refrigeration cycle

➢ 1-2 Isentropic compression in a compressor (S = C).

➢ 2-3 Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
(P = C).
➢ 3-4 Throttling in an expansion device (h = C).
➢ 4-1 Constant pressure heat absorption in an
evaporator(P = C).
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 REFRIGERATION
Vapor Compression System

❖Compressor : Wc= h2 - h1
❖Condenser : qc = h2 – h3
❖Exp. Device : h3= h4
❖Evaporator : qe = h1 – h4

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 REFRIGERATION
Problem (3)

A refrigerator uses R-134a as the working fluid and operates on an ideal vapor
compression refrigeration cycle between 0.14 and 0.8 MPa. If the mass flow rate
of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s, determine (a) the rate of heat removal from the
refrigerated space and the power input to the compressor, (b) the rate of heat
rejection to the environment, and (c) the COP of the refrigerator.

Solution From R-134a P-h chart or tables:

3 2

4 1

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Problem (3)
Solution

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