3rd International Conference on History Education 2019

CONFRONTATION INDONESIA – MALAYSIA

1963-1966: PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORY TEXTBOOK
INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA
Andre Bagus Irshanto*, Leli Yulifar, Helius Sjamsuddin
Department of Historical Education, School of Postgraduate, Indonesia University of Education,
Bandung, West Jawa, Indonesia
*andreirshanto@rocketmail.com

Abstract
Indonesia and Malaysia are two neighboring countries that have experienced ups and downs in
their relationship. Initially they had a good relation, especially when Malaysia gained
independence from Britain on August 31, 1957. The relations between the two countries began to
heat up when Malaysia was proclaimed as Persekutuan Tanah Melayu by Tunku Abdul Rahman
on September 16, 1963. The confrontation began on February 11, 1963, after President Soekarno
announced the order Dwikora or Dwi Komando Rakyat on May 3, 1964. This article emphasizes
on how the events of the confrontation between Indonesia and Malaysia were narrated in the
history textbooks in these two countries. The method used for this article is content analysis
towards the text in history textbooks.

Keywords: Indonesia, Malaysia, Confrontation, History Textbooks, Soekarno, Tunku Abdul

Rahman

Introduction
History text book is one of the
historiography for educational. In the
discussion of this article researchers raised a
chapter in a history textbook involving the two
allied countries, Indonesia and Malaysia,
namely the confrontation of Indonesia
Malaysia. This theme is important because this
theme it concerns the relationship of two
neighboring allied countries, this theme about
confrontation between Indonesia and Malaysia
moreover very little discussion when viewed
from the perspective of historical education
mainly related to textbooks from both
countries. For the perspective of Indonesian
textbooks, the author uses a compulsory
history textbook for class XII Curriculum 2013
written by Abdurakhman, Ardi Pradono, Linda
Sunarti, and Susanto Zuhdi published by the
government through the Ministry of Education
and Culture. The material concerning the
Indonesian Confrontation of Malaysia is in the
Chapter of the Political System and Structure
and the Economy of Demokrasi terpimpin
(1959-1965). While from the perspective of
Malaysian history textbooks the reseacher uses
a Level 5 History textbook based on the Middle
School integrated curriculum written by
Ramlan Bin Adam, Shakila Parween Binti
Yacoob, Abdul Hakim Bin Samuri, and
Muslim Bin Fadzi and published by the
Language Council and Literature. This article
discussion of the Confrontation of Indonesia
and Malaysia, the urgency of this article's
research is to see how the Indonesian and
Malaysian governments write their official
history (Official History) through power in
politics which is poured into historical
textbooks, especially for high school levels.
The researcher hopes that with the birth of this
paper it will add to the close relations of the
allied and neighboring countries, and there
should be no more unilateral claims made by
Malaysia or Indonesia. The concepts used in
this article are the concepts of historical
textbooks, curricula, official history, conflict
theory from Coser, and Piaget's theory. For a
literature review of this article researchers use
several journal articles, including:
First article by Jin Wimm Choung
entitled in Mine, Yours, or Ours "The
Indonesian Malaysian Overshared Cultural
Heritage. Sojurn in Sojurn: Journal of

42
 3rd International Conference on History Education 2019
Social Issues South East Asia Vol 27 (1) In
this article discusses how neighboring relations
between Indonesia and Malaysia experience
ups and downs, the relationship can run
harmoniously at one time and when a conflict
can occur, especially regarding an icon culture
and when viewed from its historical roots both
countries have the same roots and cultural
heritage. The issue of this conflict is further
compounded by the inclusion of political
elements in it. One of the issues raised in this
paper is Malaysia's claim to pendet dance
which is claimed unilaterally by Malaysia as a
dance originating from Malaysia not from
Indonesia. This makes the relations between
Indonesia and Malaysia tense and heated up so
that this conflict is not sustainable, so the
author of this article provides a solution that
should broaden the scope of the problem
solving perspective not only from the point of
view of the two countries' historical views, but
also from aspects others in order to produce a
solution to the dispute problem. This article
emphasizes the event of Indonesian
confrontation Malaysia becomes the main
discussion and the claims are only made as an
impact. The method used in this article with
this using historical methods while the paper is
using content analysis method is mainly in the
history textbooks of both countries, both
Indonesia and Malaysia.
Second, articel by Budiawan titled
Cultural and Political Relations; between
Malay (sia) Writers and Their Indonesian
Counterpart 1950-1965 in the Journal of
Asian Cultrural Studies Vol 16 (1). In this
article, discussing how the relations between
Indonesia and Malaysia after Soeharto's
downfall in 1998 were a little heated, this was
triggered by various mass actions which
chanted anti-Malaysian sentiments broke
several times in a number of major cities in
Indonesia. Every time a mass demonstration
against Malaysia occurs, the memory of
"Confrontation" is remembered, as seen in
usage the rhetoric "Crash Malaysia"
(Malaysian Crush) , while during the Suharto
era, narratives from the historical episode
"Confrontation" were built to criticize
Sukarno's "Malaysian Crush" campaign as an
escape from the internal economic crisis, not as
an expression of nationalist sentiment It seems
that the people after Soeharto wanted to restore
the glory and enthusiasm and pride of the
43
figure of Soekarno who was lost to the
Soeharto masses. In addition, Malaysia has
made many unilateral claims to Indonesian
culture that made the Indonesian people furious
and angry to arouse enthusiasm and re-
emerged the Ganyang Malaysia slogan.
Third, a paper by Budiawan title. How
do Indonesia Remember Confrontation?
Indonesian - Malaysian Relations and the
Popular Memory of "Suharto Conflict After
the Fall. In the Inter Journal of Cultural
Studies Vol 18 In this article, discuss.
concerning the historical process of Malaya-
Indonesian literary networks and networks
from 1950-1965. The focus is on how Malay
writers, most of whom were political activists
and journalists as well, sought inspiration from
Indonesia in their creative processes as part of
Malaya's independence struggle. As a
preliminary study, this article is limited to
showing a writing made by Malay writers with
their Indonesian counterparts, and how this
relationship was affected and influenced by
political relations between the two countries,
especially during the "Confrontation" era in
1963–1966. striking between this work and
meticulous research article is on the method
used and the different press points.
Fourth, a paper by Farabi Fakih titled
Malaysia as an "Other" In Indonesian
Popular Discourse in. Inter Asia Cultural
Studies Journal in this article we discuss
popular publications in Indonesia on the topic
of Indonesia-Malaysia relations. This looks at
how Indonesia views Malaysia and its function
of perception in relation to Indonesia's national
identity. This article also looks at how
Indonesia's perceptions of Malaysia were
discussed during the revolution by reading
speeches held at the constitution meeting
(BPUPKI) and the period of Confrontation,
reading speeches written by Sukarno and
letters of Pan-Malay leaders exiled in
Indonesia., Ibrahim Yaacob. The article then
compared the ideas adopted by Sukarno,
Yaacob and others in the past and the
arguments presented today about Malaysia.
Initial conclusions were reached that
geopolitical anxiety and not kinship relations
were more important factors in how
contemporary Indonesia saw Malaysias
a during a dispute. On the other hand, most of
Syamsumar's artworks showed sympathy for
Azahari, Kalimantan's local political leader,
 3rd International Conference on History Education 2019
who launched a rebellion against the
government which occurred on December 8,
1962. This articel intends to highlight the
works of art in the form of illustrations of
Syamsumar, describing the Indonesia-
Malaysia dispute which was published in
Bintang Timur in December 1962 in fact the
writers who examined it more closely
highlighted how history was used as teaching
material taught in classrooms especially
through textbooks of the two countries
Methodology
The method used in this paper is content
analysis, content analysis is a research
technique for objective, systematic quantitative
description of manifest of content of
communication. Based on the above opinion
regarding content analysis, it can be concluded
that the analysis is a systematic and objective
method that is carried out through the process
of observing texts originating from text in the
form of words and images as well as
quantitative and qualitative data.
Results and Discussion
Malaysia and Indonesia are allied
countries that have very close ties. Relations
between Indonesia and Malaysia are
considered as "brother and sister" relations,
which are characterized not only by friendship
but also by quarrels like habits in family
relationships. This relationship is likened to a
"roller coaster", which sometimes rises
(harmoniously), but suddenly it can glide into
tension. The emergence of these tensions
occurred especially when the Indonesian
government, especially in the Old Order era,
began with accusations that Indonesia was
facing a rebellion of the Revolutionary
Government of the Republic of Indonesia
(PRRI / Permesta) against Malaysia (Tunku
Abdurahman) in the use of Soemitro
Djojohadikusumo, a Socialist Party Indonesia
(PSI) is accused of being involved in the PRRI
to oppose Soekarno's government.The
accusation was denied by Tunku by saying " I
have never spoken at any time called
Indonesian Rebel Leader, nor have I had any
plans for my head to set up a Malayan Islamic
in South East Asia" (Sunarti, 2014, p. 73)
Indonesian accusations against
Malaysia are not limited to that but also that
Malaysia is reluctant to give up political escape
44
from Indonesia which is considered a PRRI
rebellion which fled to its territory. Not only
was it reluctant to restore the PRRI political
escape the Malaysian government was also
said to have allowed its ports to be used by the
West to channel aid to the rebellion that
opposed Jakarta. Indonesian and Malaysian
relations increasingly heated up after President
Sukarno campaigned for a slogan "Ganyang
Malaysia" which was caused as a response to
the formation of the Malay Land Federation by
Prime Minister Tunku Abdurachman declared
on September 16, 1963 a day later on
September 17, 1963 Indonesia terminated
diplomatic relations unilaterally with
Malaysia, this caused the diplomatic relations
to be severed. In the international arena the
problem of this confrontation heated up
especially in November 1964 Malaysia
planned to become a member of the UN, before
President Soekarno could not hold back his
customs because Malaysia entered the UN
therefore Soekarno made a speech delivered on
December 31, 1964, which was actually
submitted to the forum. On September 30, 1960
the sound of his speech was as follows:
“Oleh karenanya, jikalau PBB
menerma Malaysia menjadi anggota
menjadi anggota Dewan Keamanan,
kita, Indonesia, akan keluar, kita akan
keluar dari PBB sekarang “(Suharto,
2012, hlm 432).
Before Malaysia entered and was
accepted as a member of the United Nations on
January 1, 1965 Indonesia had said it was out
of the United Nations. The agreement was
stronger when Malaysia was actually accepted
as the Security Council 7 January 1965 by
saying "Now that Malaysia is accepted as a
Security Council member, I declare, Indonesia
left the UN. Indonesia officially left the UN
and its organs by sending a letter delivered by
Foreign Minister Dr Subandrio on January 20,
1965 to the secretary general of U Thant. UN
Secretary General U Thant regretted
Indonesia's departure from the UN and hoped
that Indonesia could return to cooperation with
the United Nations. On March 25, 1965,
President Soekarno refused US economic
assistance for Indonesia. Returning to domestic
problems when there was a unilateral decision
by Indonesia on September 17, 1963 the
 3rd International Conference on History Education 2019
Indonesian government announced a would still want to attack Malaysia, Kuala
confrontation with Malaysia. And on May 3,
1964 Soekarno's operation called Dwikora
(Dwi Komando Rakyat) was as follows:
1) Perhebat ketahanan revolusi
Indonesia.
2) Bantu perjuangan revoluisoner
rakyat Malaya, Singapura, Sabah,
dan Sarawak, Brunai, untuk
membubarkan negara boneka
Malaysia (Ismaun, tt, hlm
35,Humaidi, 2008, hlm 31).
With this Dwikora received a response
from the PKI by providing assistance indirectly
to the guerrillas- communist guerrillas that
existed on the border especially those in
Kalimantan which directly bordered the land
between Indonesian Malaysian funds such as
communist guerrillas in Sarawak and
communist North Kalimantan geriliyawan. In
addition to providing assistance to communist
guerrillas at the PKI border, they also carried
out incitements by creating jargon - terms and
terms such as: puppet Imperialism, Nekolim,
Oldefos, and so on.
The jargon was voiced by mass
demonstration not only in Indonesia but in
Malaysia. Dwikora was immediately
elaborated by forming the Supreme Operations
Command. (KOTI) at the central level and for
the western region on May 16, 1964 a Joint
Command was named the Alert Command.
The Alert Command was led by Omar Dhani
from the Air Force while the representatives
were from the Navy namely Mulyadi and
Birgjen Achmad Wiranatakusumah. In the
military force itself, especially the Army, did
not agree with the establishment of the standby
command, which was chaired by Omar Dhani,
the army namely Suharto and Nasution carried
out defiance by communication. Angkatan
darat menghimbau para anggotanya agar
tidak ikut dalam konfrontasi karena
keikutsertaan dalam konfrontasi Malaysia
adalah suatu tindakan yang kontra–
produktif,karena isu dari konfrontasi hanya
menguatkan dukungan bagi kaum komunis
yang mendukung politik gagasan tersebut
(Humaidi, 2008,hlm . 32).
Before Indonesia formed a military
force to carry out a confrontation on February
23, 1963, Tunku had warned that Indonesia
45
Lumpur not only got assistance from countries
that had a defense agreement with it and also
countries that had sympathy also got assistance
from the United Kingdom and the United
States. Assistance from the United States
emerged after President JF Kennedy carried
out a statement that his country would support
the formation of the Malaysian Federation.
With the support of the United States to
increase confidence from Malaysia in facing
Indonesia which is supported by China and the
Soviet Union. In addition to being in the form
of support, Tunku also prepares and
strengthens militarily on each of his
commitments to face threats from Indonesia.
To prepare for facing Indonesia Malaysia was
forced to cancel the departure of 800 troops for
a peace mission in Congo with the UN flag.
Threats from Malaysia were ignored by
Indonesia, so on May 3, 1964 Soekarno's
operation was called Dwikora (Dwi Komando
Rakyat). For the embodiment of Dwikora, the
Indonesian government continued to expand its
military infiltration into Malaysian territory
through landings in Pontianak, Johor on
August 17, 1964. And the second landing took
place in Labis, also in the Johor region on
September 2, 1964. Previously there had also
been an infiltration, namely on April 21, 1963
at the Tabedu police station in Sarawak
Malaysia which resulted in a police officer
being killed. It was noted, from January 16 to
March 27, 1963 Indonesia launched 50
infiltration attacks. Selain ABRI dan PKI
yang terlibat dalam operasi Dwikora ini
adalah orang-orang komunis Cina dari
Sarawak yang dilatih oleh ABRI yang
bergabung dalam organisasi PGRS / Paraku
yang anggotanya berasal dari etnis Cina
yang berasal dari Sarawak ( SAYA) dan
Kalimantan Utara dan mendapat tambahan
bantuan dari kaum geriliyawan komunis
Malaya yang bersembunyi di Kalimantan
barat untuk menentang pendirian negara
Federasi Malaysia (Rucianawati, 2011, hal
43)
To compensate for the strength and
operation originating from the military during
the Dwikora operation, volunteers from among
the civil society were formed, one of which was
volunteers who came from scholars from
universities in Java and outside Java. Para
sukarelawan sarjana ini ditempatkan di
 3rd International Conference on History Education 2019

daerah yang berbatasan langsung dengan Malaysia dianggap sebagi proyek

Malaysia dan juga ada yang sengaja
menyusup masuk ke daerah Malaysia. Tujuan
dari sukarelawan terutama yang berasal dari
para sarjana adalah untuk membentuk opini
publik untuk membebaskan diri dari ikatan
penjajahan dan membentuk suatu negara
yang merdeka dan berdaulat penuh
(Hadiningrat, 1971, hlm. 54). With volunteers
from scholars providing benefits to the
Indonesian side provide preliminary
information regarding the condition of the
population of the Indonesian border region of
Malaysia before the combat units from the
armed forces are deployed.
Apart from Indonesia, which was
involved in the conflict with Malaysia, the
Philippines through the president of Disosdao
Macapagal who opposed the formation of the
Malay Land Federation and announced its
support for Indonesia, the reason for the
Philippines to oppose the formation of the
Tanah Melayu federation was because it could
not accept Sabah, Sarawak and Brunei
completing this confrontation so as not to drag
on and take a lot of casualties from both parties,
a first peace effort was initiated by the
Philippines on 9-17 April 1963 and a
conference was attended by the Foreign
Minister of the three confronting countries
namely Indonesia. Malaysia and the
Philippines. The conference discussed issues -
in the plan to form the Malay Land Federation,
the nature of the conference was semi-official
and not too rigid. The meeting was followed by
a second meeting held by Japanese lawyers
sponsored by the United States held in Tokyo
on 31 May -1 June 1963 which presented all
the two heads of state who were formally
confronting
In this a paper the reasearcher will
citation from Indonesian history textbooks the
perspective of the Indonesian, about Indonesia
Malaysia confrontation is. In this discussion
not explained in detail the course of
confrontation is only the beginning of the
trigger for confrontations and negotiations in
resolving confrontation:
Neokolonialisme Inggris yang akan
membahayakan revolusi Indonesia.”
(Abdurakhman, 2015, hlm 96)
The role of Tunku Abdulrahman in this
confrontation is not to be explained in detail
while Soekarno's role is very prominent and
plays an important role in the course of
confrontation
Yaitu pada 3 Mei 1964 presiden
Soekarno mengumkan Dwikora (Dwi
Komando Rakyat) dihadapan para
sukarelawan. Untuk menjalankan
operasi Dwikora membentuk
Komando Siaga dengan Marsekal
Madya Oemar Dani sebagai ketuanya
(Abdurakhman, 2015, hlm 97)
Whereas the role of Tunku in
Indonesian history textbooks only as a trigger
for this conflict is the following the excripsion:
Masalah ini berawal dari munculnya
keinginan Tunku Abdul Rahman dari
Tanah Melayu dan Lee Kuan Yew dari
Republik Singapura ingin menyatukan
kedua negara tersebut menjadi
Federasi Malaysia (Abdurakhman,
2015, hlm 96 )
While in Malaysia history textbook
are narrated the cinfrontation following:
Indonesia berpendapat pembentukan
pembentukan Malaysia merupakan
suatu bentuk neokolonilisme yang akan
mengancam Indonesia. Pandangan yang
disurakan oleh Parti Komunis Indonesia
(PKI) ini kemudiahn telah
mempengaruhi Presiden Soekarno
untuk mengisyaratkan Dasar
Konfrontasi (Adam, 2010, hal 146 ).
Whereas, from the Malaysian
perspective, especially after Indonesia
mobilized its troops to the Malaysian area, they
were as following:

"Menurut Presiden Soekarno “Apabila tentera Indonesia bertindak

pembentukan Federasi Malaysia lah bertindak Indonesia mula
sebagai rencana Inggris untuk melsancarkan serangan terhadap
mengamankan kekuasaannya di Asia Malaysia melalui Johor, Sarawak, dan
Tenggara. Pembentukan dari Federasi Sabah. Malaysia telaak bertindak balas

46
 3rd International Conference on History Education 2019
dengan bantuan tentera Komenwel
termasuk dari Britain , Australia, dan
New Zealand dan Kanada (Adam,
2010, hal 146).”
In this textbook try to be balanced in
describing the characters involved in the
confrontation.
“Presiden Soeharto kemudian
menghantarkan Menteri Luar Negeri,
Adam Malik, bagi memelihara
hubungan diplomatik Malaysia –
Indonesia menjaelang Ogos 1966”
(Adam, 2010, hal 147).
If the researcher analyzes using one of the
theories used that is using the conflict theory
that comes from Lewis Coser. When viewed
from the type of conflict it is divided into two
according to Coser, namely conflict of reality
and non-reality. Reality conflict is a conflict
caused by object participants which is
considered disappointing, while non-reality
conflict is a conflict that does not originate
from a specific purpose, but rather to demean
tension on one party (Poloma, 2010, p. 116;
Astawa, 2017, p. 97). Still according to Coser
(Darmawan, 2005, p. 365) that the more a
group is trapped into a realistic action, the
harder the conflict will be because it involves
emotions rather than common sense. In
addition, the conflict will be even bigger and
harder when parties with political interests
discuss or manipulate riots (Darmawan, 2005,
p. 367).
When viewed from a long time or a
moment in a conflict according to Coser
(Darmawan, 2005 , p. 368 ) there are five
causes for the determination of the duration or
shortness of a conflict if: (1) the goals are less
bound to the emergence of a conflict for
conflicting parties; (2) the decreasing degree of
consensus for the purpose of the emergence of
a conflict; (3) the more the symbol decreases to
win or lose from one party; (4) the more leaders
of the conflicting parties can accept that the
overall achievement of objectives that is
possible only at very high costs; (5) the greater
the capacity of each conflict leader to convince
his followers to end the conflict. Some of the
presentations mentioned by Coser fall into the
title of the adopted researchers, namely the
confrontation between Indonesia and
47
Malaysia.
When viewed from the conflict
classification proposed by the Coser event
which was appointed by the researcher in this
case it included non-reality conflicts, why
because there were no clear demands and also
tried to escape the real problems being faced
Indonesia is still chaotic in the country by
conflict with neighboring countries under the
pretext that Malaysia is made from Britsh and
one form of Neo Colonialism.
Conclution
In the course of history, the two
countries, both Indonesia and Malaysia, did not
always run smoothly. there are only ripples and
conflicts that color the dynamics of the
relationship between the two countries. From
these events we can take many lessons, namely
the love of the motherland overcomes all if the
state calls us ready to fulfill that call. Especially
in writing down the confrontation between
Indonesia and Malaysia which is poured into
history textbooks for students who sit on high
school. Even though these two nations are
allied but there are differences in seeing their
past, hopefully the presence of this article can
be used as a lesson as the two allied countries
so as not to occur the same event in the coming
masses.
References
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Malaysia
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Budiawan. (2017). How do Indonesia
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Malaysian Relations Memory of
"Suharto Confrontation After Fall.
Journal of Inter Asia Cultural Studies,
 3rd International Conference on History Education 2019
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Fakih, F. (2017). Malaysia as an "Other" In
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