CRIM 4 PRELIMS REVIEWER

(WEEK 1)

● Professional Ethics can be considered as the personal, social, organizational

and corporate ideologies of behaviors expected from a professional.

● Ethics is considered as a mandatory competency for a professional and as a

standard of performance and service the general public can expect to receive
from a professional practitioner. Ethics distinguishes professionals from
others in the marketplace.

● Ethics has been defined as the study of morality. In a professional

environment ethics is all about development of reasonable standards for
deciding between what is right and wrong or goodness and badness, an
established set of moral beliefs, normative rules of conduct, and a description
about what one should do instead of what one will do in any particular instance.

● Ethics is not merely associated with abiding by the law, instead a code of
behavior which goes beyond usual compliance with law.

● Two basic theories developed by philosophers include Ethical Absolutism

and Cultural Relativism. Ethical Absolutism explains the core ethical values
such as honesty, fairness, integrity, accountability, and respect for others
etc. as global principles and applicable for any individual professional.
Cultural Relativism speaks about the ethical values that are specifically
formed according to the
characteristics of the society in which we live.

● Professional ethics is a continuous process; it is a way of reviewing behavior

against constantly changing standards. What may be ethical today, in a
particular society may be viewed differently by others at another time. This can
be influenced by a lot of parameters such as codes of conduct, legal
systems, wider public interests etc.

● What is ethics?
● Etymologically, the word ethics is coined from the Greek word “ethicos”, or
that which pertains to “ethos”, the English translation of which is “custom” or
“character”. From this etymological meaning, ethics is taken to mean as a
philosophical science that deals with the morality of human conduct or
human acts.
● What do we mean by “morality of human acts?
 ● Morality of human acts refers to the goodness or the badness, the
rightness or the wrongness of human acts.

● Ethics is a philosophical science. This means that ethics is one of the

many disciplines in philosophy. At its simplest, ethics is a system of
moral principles. They affect how people make decisions and lead
their lives. Ethics is concerned with what is good for individuals and
society and is also described as moral philosophy.

● Ethics covers the following dilemmas: how to live a good life, our rights
and responsibilities, the language of right and wrong moral decisions -
what is good and bad?

● Our concepts of ethics have been derived from religions, philosophies and
cultures. They infuse debates on topics like abortion, human rights and
professional conduct.

● Approaches to ethics
Philosophers nowadays tend to divide ethical theories into three areas:
metaethics, normative ethics and applied ethics.

● Meta-ethics deals with the nature of moral judgement. It looks at the

origins and meaning of ethical principles.

● Normative ethics is concerned with the content of moral judgements and

the criteria for what is right or wrong.

● Applied ethics looks at controversial topics like war, animal rights and

capital punishment.

● What use is Ethics?

● If ethical theories are to be useful in practice, they need to affect the way
human beings behave.

● Some philosophers think that ethics does do this. They argue that if a
person realizes that it would be morally good to do something then it
would be irrational for that person not to do it.
● But human beings often behave irrationally - they follow their gut instinct
even when their head suggests a different course of action. However,
ethics does provide good tools for thinking about moral issues.

● Ethics can provide a Moral map

● Most moral issues get us pretty worked up - think of abortion and
euthanasia for starters. Because these are such emotional issue we
often let our hearts do the arguing while our brains just go with the flow.

● But there’s another way of tackling these issues, and that’s where
philosophers can come in - they offer us ethical rules and principles that
enable us to take a cooler view of moral problems.

● So ethics provides us with a moral map, a framework that we can use to

find our way through difficult issues.

● Ethical standards shall refer to established and generally accepted

moral values.

● Ethical acts to be observed are the following:

● Morality- PNP members shall adhere to high standards of morality and

decency and shall set good examples for others to follow. In no instance
during their terms of office, among other things, shall they be involved as
owners, operators, managers or investors in any house of ill-repute or
illegal gambling den or other places devoted to vices, nor they shall
patronize such places unless on official duty, and tolerate operations of
such establishments in their respective areas of responsibilities. They
shall be faithful to their lawfully wedded spouses.

● Judicious Use of Authority – PNP members shall exercise proper and

legitimate use of authority in the performance of duty.

● Integrity – PNP members shall not allow themselves to be victims of

corruption and dishonest practices in accordance with the provisions of
RA 6713 and other applicable laws.
 ● Justice – PNP members shall strive constantly to respect the rights of
others so that they can fulfill their duties and exercise their rights as
human beings, parents, children, citizens, workers, leaders, or in other
capacities and to see to it that others do likewise.
● Humility – PNP members shall recognize the fact that they are public
servants and not the masters of the people and towards this end, they
should perform their duties without attracting attention or expecting the
applause of others.

● Orderliness – PNP members shall follow original procedures in

accomplishing tasks assigned to them to minimize waste in the use of
time, money and effort.

● Perseverance – Once a decision is made, PNP members shall take

legitimate means to achieve the goal even in the face of internal or
external difficulties, and despite anything which might weaken their
resolve in the course of time.

● Segment 4 Key terms centric to Police Ethics:

●
1. Police Ethics- It is the practical science that treats the principle of human
morality and duty as applied to law enforcement.

2. Moonlighting- An act of a member of the PNP pursuing or following any

calling or occupation, or the act of engaging in any business, which
includes but not limited to all activities, jobs, work, and similar functions,
performed, engaged in or undertaking by him, in or off duty hours with or
without compensation, which is inconsistent or incompatible with the PNP
duties or functions. Such as a bouncer, security guard, driver, bodyguard,
confidential agent, watchman and any other occupations of similar nature, in any
enterprise or establishment, public or private, which will prejudice the interest of
law enforcement and public safety.

3. Ethical standard – it refers to the set of conducts and behavior governing

a group, a class or organization.

4. Police customs and social decorum – a set of norms and standards

practiced by members during social and other functions.

5. Nonfeasance/Neglect of Duty- It is the omission of some act, which ought

to be performed. It is the omission or refusal without sufficient excuse, to
perform an act or duty, which is a peace officer’s legal obligation to
perform.

6. Misfeasance/Irregularities in the Performance of Duty- It is the improper

performance of some act which might lawfully be done.
7. Malfeasance- It is the performance of some act which ought not to be
done. It is the doing either through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which
the officer had no legal right to do at all, as when he acts without any authority
whatsoever, or exceeds, ignores, or abuses his powers.

8. Incompetency- It is the manifest lack of adequate ability and fitness for

the satisfactory performance of police duties. This has reference to any
physical and intellectual quality, the lack of which substantially incapacitates one
to perform the duties of peace officers.

9. Oppression- Imports an act of cruelty, severity, unlawful execution, or

excessive use of authority.

10. Dishonesty- It is the concealment or distortion of truth in a manner of a

fact relevant to one’s office or connected with the performance of his
duties.

11. Disloyalty to the Government- Consist of abandonment or renunciation of

one’s loyalty to the Government of the Philippines, or advocating the overthrow of
the government.

12. Public official- Includes elective and appointive officials and employees,
permanent or temporary, whether in the career or non-career service,
including military and police personnel, whether or not they receive
compensation or not, regardless of amount.

13. Public Officer or Employee- It means any person holding any public
office or employment by virtue of an appointment, election or contract, and
any person holding any office or employment, by appointment or contract
in any state-owned or controlled corporation.

14. Gift- It refers to the thing or right disposed gratuitously, or any act of
liberality in favor of another who accepts it, and shall include a simulated
sale or ostensibly onerous disposition thereof. It shall not include an
unsolicited gift of nominal or insignificant value not given in anticipation of, or in
exchange for a favor.
 ● ETHICS IN THE PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE (PNP)
The PNP Professional Conduct and Ethical Standard are based from existing
laws covering public servants as embodied in the Constitution, Revised Penal
Code, RA 6713 (The code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials
and Employees), and other related statutes. The ethical conduct and standard of
the PNP is further enhanced to fit in their nature of their creation as embodied in
the Constitution which is civilian in nature but military in manner.

WEEK 2

● However, the distinction can be useful if your local community has no

strong feelings about adultery, but you consider adultery immoral on a
personal level. By these definitions of the terms, your morality would
contradict the ethics of your community. In popular discourse,
however, we’ll often use the terms moral and immoral when talking about
issues like adultery regardless of whether it’s being discussed in a
personal or in a community-based situation. As you can see, the
distinction can get a bit tricky.

● It’s important to consider how the two terms have been used in
discourse in different fields so that we can consider the
connotations of both terms. For example, morality has a Christian
connotation to many Westerners, since moral theology is prominent in the
church. Similarly, ethics is the term used in conjunction with
business, medicine, or law.

● In these cases, ethics serves as a personal code of conduct for

people working in those fields, and the ethics themselves are often
highly debated and contentious. These connotations have helped guide
the distinctions between morality and ethics.

● Ethicists today, however, use the terms interchangeably. If they do want

to differentiate morality from ethics, the onus is on the ethicist to state
the definitions of both terms. Ultimately, the distinction between the
two is as substantial as a line drawn in the sand.

● Morality is the quality of human acts by which they are constituted as

good, bad or indifferent.
1. Norms deal with standards of appropriate behavior. There is no value
judgment by the individual as there is with morals. Instead society dictates
what is acceptable.
2. Morals involve value judgments and principles about right and wrong in
behavior.
They can be decided by individuals or society.
3. Ethics are based upon rules of what is morally good or bad behavior. Since
ethics are rules, they are generally determined by society.
● Morality is the foundation of every human society. Without civic
morality, communities perish; without personal morality their survival has
no value. Every culture admits the importance of morality as a standard of
behavior. When the moral foundation of a nation is threatened, society
itself is threatened.

● Morals are the basis for the definitions of ethics (rules based upon
morally good or bad behavior) and norms (appropriate behavior is
arguably, generally moral)

● Ethics - Social system / External Because society says it is the right

thing to do.

● Morality - Individual / Internal Because we believe in something being right

or wrong. The terms are all similar in that they deal with right and wrong in
behavior. They are different in that norms deal with societal standards,
morals involve value judgments by individuals or society, and ethics are
based upon rules (usually dictated by society).

● Moral integrity is the only true measure of what man ought to be. The
most successful professional is nothing unless he too is morally upright.
Thus, the philosophers speak of Ethics as the “only necessary
knowledge”.

● Undeniably, there is a metaphysical dependence of values in ethics,

for values have ethics as one of their indispensable carriers. True
enough, ethics and values support each other. An ethics without values is
hollow and shallow and, therefore, weak.

● Values without ethics are paralytic. Needless to say, values are values
even if they are not put into practice because primarily – not absolutely -
values are objective. If values are construed this way, it can be inferred
that they have nothing to do with ethics.
 ● The contention can be justified in view of the fact that not everything which
is good is moral or ethical. In other words, not all values (good) are
necessarily moral. The good in a glass of water – because it satisfies our
thirst – does not quality water as moral. The good in food – because it
satisfies our hunger – does not make food moral as well.

● General definition of Values

1. Values are the object of human desire and striving; they are also the subjective
assessment of a particular object insofar as it is good.
2. Values are our beliefs, those beliefs which we hold to be true. Thus values inspire
us to struggle towards our proximate and ultimate ends.
3. Values refer to things, person, ideas or goals which are important to life; they
enable us to direct, understand, and evaluate our lives. Thus, they refer to our
ideals and our principles by which we live. Further, values are those which we
approve, esteem, enjoy and prize.

● ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
● Every organization has values that are important to the group. It will help the
organization to survive. Organizations develop values much the same as
each individual has developed values.

● Social Norms

● Social Norms are unwritten rules about how to behave. They provide us with
an expected idea of how to behave in a particular social group or culture.
For example, we expect students to arrive at a lesson on time and complete their
work. The idea of norms provides a key to understanding social influence in
general and conformity in particular. Social norms are the accepted standards of
behavior of social groups.

● These groups range from friendship and workgroups to nation-states.

behavior which fulfills these norms is called conformity, and most of the time
roles and norms are powerful ways of understanding and predicting what people
will do.

● There are norms defining appropriate behavior for every social group. For
example, students, neighbors and patients in a hospital are all aware of the
 norms governing behavior. And as the individual moves from one group to
another, their behavior changes accordingly.

● Norms provide order in society. It is difficult to see how human society

could operate without social norms. Human beings need norms to guide and
direct their behavior, to provide order and predictability in social relationships and
to make sense of and understanding of each other’s actions. These are some of
the reasons why most people, most of the time, conform to social norms.

● CHARACTER VS. PERSONALITY

Character
It is objective in nature. It is within a person.
A particular system of traits that is permanent to each person.
It is molded depending on his environment.
Personality
It is subjective. It changes at a point in time.
A set of characteristics that each person possesses.
It influences how one behaves as well as one’s motivation.

WEEK 3
1. Background of the applicants – this includes the qualification like educational
attainment and morality.
2. Type of training – strengthening the behavior of the selected applicant is believed
to be the objective of the PNP training.
3. Response to training – trainees’ obedience to legal orders is indispensable in
undergoing the training.
4. Determination – trainees’ determination to pursue the required training.
5. Ability to rise when fall – It is but natural to fail but what matter is the ability to
rise
especially when put in hot water. Facing the consequences of our action is a sign of
maturity.
Segment 2 – PROFESSIONAL POLICE PRINCIPLE
1. Prevention of crime and disorder
2. Cooperation of community
3. Unreasonable force reduce community cooperation
4. Use of Reasonable Force When Persuasion Is Not Sufficient 5. Impartial
Enforcement of Laws
6. The Community Are the Police
7. Police Should Not Usurp Judicial Powers
8. Reduction of Crime and Disorder
9. Rule of Enforcement Impartially Observed
10. Police Discretion

Ethics is defined “as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty
and obligation” (Merriam-Webster Online).

WEEK 4
Segment 1 CANONS OF POLICE ETHICS
1. Primordial Police Responsibility
- The primary objective of police is the prevention of crime.
2. Limitation of Police Authority
- As an upholder of the law, policemen must know the limitation in enforcing the law,
thus:
a. He must be aware of the limitations which the people, through law, have placed him.
b. He must recognize the center of the democratic system of government, which gives
person or group of persons, absolute power.
c. He must insure that he does not pervert its true character.
3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibility
- The policeman shall assiduously apply himself to the principles of the laws, which he is
sworn to apply.
a. He will make certain of his responsibilities in the particular field of enforcement,
seeking aid of his superior in matters technically or in principles not clear to him
b. He shall make special effort to fully understand his relationship with law enforcement
agencies, particularly on matters of jurisdiction, both geographically and substantively.
4. Use of proper Means to Obtain Proper Ends
a. The policeman shall be mindful of his responsibility to have strict selection of
methods in discharging the duty of his office.
b. Violation of law or public safety and property on the part of the officer are
intrinsically wrong. They are self-defeating if they instill in the public mind. c. The
employment of Illegal methods, no matter how worthy the end, is certain
to encourage disrespect for the law and its officers, If the law is to be
honored, it must first be honored by those who enforce it.
d. it is the proper performance of duty not the nobleness of the objective or
mission which should guide every police officer.
5. Cooperation with Public Officials
a. The policeman shall cooperate fully with other public officials in the performance or
authorized duties, regardless of party affiliation or personal prejudices.
b. He shall be meticulous in law, however, in assuring himself as property, under the
law, such actions shall guard against the use of his office or person whether knowingly
or in any improper or illegal action.
6. Proper Conduct and Behavior
a. The policeman shall be mindful of his special identification by the public as an
upholder of law.
b. The community and the service require that the policeman leads the life of
decent and honorable person, following the career of policeman gives
no special pre-requisite.
c. being a law enforcement officer is a noble profession, it follows that every law
enforcer must think, act and speak with decency and appropriately .
7. Conduct toward the Public
The law enforcement officer, mindful of his responsibility to the whole community, shall
deal with individuals of the community in a manner calculated to instill respect for its
laws and its police service. The law enforcement officer shall conduct his official life in a
manner such as will inspire confidence and trust. Thus, he will be neither overbearing
nor subservient, as no individual citizen has an obligation to stand in awe of him nor a
right to command him. The officer will give service where he can, and require
compliance with the law. He will do neither from personal preference or prejudice but
rather as a duly appointed officer of the law discharging his sworn obligation.
8. Conduct in Arresting and Dealing with Law Violators
The law enforcement officer shall use his powers of arrest strictly in accordance with the
law and with due regard to the rights of the citizen concerned. His office gives him no
right to prosecute the violator nor to mete out punishment for the offense. He shall, at all
times, have a clear appreciation of his responsibilities and limitations regarding
detention of the violator; he shall conduct himself in such a manner as will minimize the
possibility of having to use force. To this end he shall cultivate a dedication to the
service of the people and the equitable upholding of their laws whether in the handling
of law violators or in dealing with the law-abiding.
9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts or Favors
a. Policeman representing the government bears heavy responsibility of
maintaining, in his conduct, the honor and integrity of all government
institution.
b. He shall guard against placing himself in a Position in which the public can
reasonably assume that special consideration is being given.
c. He shall be firm in refusing gifts, favors or gratitude, large or small, which can
be public mind, be interpreted as capable of influencing his judgment in
the discharge of his duties.
10. Attitude towards Police Profession
a. Policeman shall regard the best possible of his duties as a public trust and recognize
his responsibilities as a public servant.
b. He shall strive to make the best possible application of science to the selection of the
crime and in the field of human relation.
c. He shall strive for effecting leadership and public influence in matters affecting public
safety.
d. He shall appreciate the importance and responsibility of his office, and hold police
work to be an honorable profession rendering valuable service to his community.
e. Through study and experience, a police officer can acquire the high level of
knowledge and competence that is essential for the efficient and effective performance
of duty. The acquisition of knowledge is a never- ending process of personal and
professional development that should be pursued constantly.
11. Impartial Presentation of Evidence
a. Policeman shall be concerned equally in the prosecution of the accused or
for the defense of the innocent
b. He shall ascertain what kind of evidence and shall present such evidence
impartially and without malice.
c. He shall ignore social, political and all other distinction among the person
involved, strengthening the tradition of reliability and integrity of an officer’s word.

Segment 2 LAW ENFORCEMENT CODE OF ETHICS

As a law enforcement officer, my fundamental duty is to serve mankind; to safeguard
life and property; to protect the innocent against deception, weak against oppression or
intimidation and the peaceful against violence or disorder: and to respect the
constitutional rights of all men, liberty, equality and justice.

WEEK 5 Basic Concepts of Ethics; Police Ethics and Other Important

Terms

Segment 1- A Filipino policeman is a protector and a friend of the people.

● His badge is the symbol of the citizen's faith and trust, his uniform a mirror of
decorum and integrity.

● His whole human person is an oblation of enduring love for homeland, fellowmen
and God. A Filipino policeman emulates the valor of Lapu-lapu, serenity of Rizal,
the leadership of Aguinaldo, the courage of Bonifacio, the idealism of Del Pilar,
 the wisdom of Mabini and the fortitude of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora.

● A Filipino policeman has an oath for his republic to uphold : to defend the
constitution, honor the flag, obey the laws and duty constituted authorities. He
has a covenant with his people to comply : to safeguard and protect them even
beyond the call of duty. And he has a legacy for his family to fulfill : to bequeath
unto them the one and only treasure of his life - an unblemished name.

Segment 2 Policeman's Badge and Uniform

Pointedly enough, it is precisely upon grounds of reliability and unreliability, fidelity
or infidelity in the performance of his duties that the badge of a policeman assumes
paramount significance.

This is because the badge could either be the symbol of the citizen's faith and trust in
the policeman or the harbinger of their contempt and decision for him, all depending
upon efficiency or inefficiency in the execution of the policeman's task or mission.

But whatever it may be, the salient point remains that the policeman's badge stands
out as the embodiment of his entire personality, both as a citizen and a public servant,
yes, a badge that beckons the policeman to commit himself to the democratic way of life
and even more, to maintain the principle of public accountability.

Furthermore, the badge flashes incessantly to the mind and heart of the policeman his
inescapable concern, commitment and obligation to uphold at all times the constitution
and be loyal to his country, people and organization over and above loyalty to any other
person or organization.

The Policeman and his Uniform

The gestures and attitudes of internalizing and externalizing could apply the project to
the fore the fierce relevance and significance of the uniform of the policeman.

This is because what a policeman has internalized or ingested in terms of discipline,

conduct, insight and decorum is externalized or unfolded by his uniform on points of
among others, physical appearance, social graces, professional bearing, and personal
comportment.

More importantly, the uniform speaks not only the authority and prerogatives of the
peace keeper and law enforcer donning or wearing such uniform but, equally worthwhile,
the intellectual, moral and spiritual cast and mold of the person inside that uniform. Just
as what abounds in the heart is spoken by the mouth, so what values and virtues are
acquired and ingested, or not ingested and acquired, as the case may be, are bound to
have a repercussion or reflection on his uniform.
 If a policeman is neglectful or remiss in his interior breeding, upbringing, and
posturing, there surges the imminent and potential likelihood that such shortcomings
would find shape and form in his untidy, sloppy and repulsive uniform.

Segment 3 The Policeman and his Oath

In raising their hand in solemn attestation and affirmation of their oath, our new
breed of peacekeepers and law enforcers, imbued and invigorated as they are with their
collateral concern and commitment to socio-economic development and nation-building,
have plunged themselves, in consortium with the other relevant agencies and
instrumentalities of the Republic, into a vast battlefield on which to wage constructive
wars.

Week 6: Philosophy of Ethics, Morality, Standard Behavior, Values, and

Social Norms;

Segment 1- PNP's Moral position on Internal Issues

The deployment and employment of the PNP personnel require the organization and its
members to bare their stand on the following basic
issues.

1. PNP Image - The image of any organization affects the esprit de corps, morale and
welfare of the members, and sense of pride to the organization. In view thereof, all
members of the PNP should conduct themselves in manner that would not place the PNP
core values in vain and possess the following virtue:

a. Honor
b. Integrity
 c. Valor
d. Justice
e. Honesty
f. Humility
g. Charity
h. Loyalty to the service

2. Career Management, the Key to Professionalism - The Proper implementation

of the PNP's Career Management will greatly enhance the personnel professionalization
process with regards to procurement, training, promotion, assignment, placement,
awards and retirement. The PNP shall formulate a stringent policy and strictly implement
the human resources development system, compatible with the equitable distribution of
procurement, fair promotion, rationalized approach in assignment, skill development,
immediate grant of reward and award, and decent living upon retirement.

3. Police Management Leadership - The effectiveness of law enforcement is

reflective of the managerial capabilities and competent leadership of the men and women
who run the PNP organization. These attributes must therefore be one of the primary
bases for consideration in the selection of personnel for employment and deployment
purposes.

4. Equality Inthe Service - There shall be judicious and equitable distribution of

opportunity to prove one's worth in the police service. The problem of inequity through
class orientation and factionalism, both real and perceived, premised on favored
assignment, inequitable opportunity of training, unfair granting of promotion, and
untimely awarding of achievements, will create an atmosphere of demoralization. The
result is inefficiency and lack of teamwork to the detriment of the organization. It
behooves. Therefore, on the PNP leadership addressed the situation. The civilian
character of the organization requires adherence to the rule on merit and fitness system
and to dissociate the above process from class orientation and factionalism.
5. Delicadeza - In consonance with the requirements of honor and integrity in the PNP,
all members must have the moral courage to sacrifice self-interest in keeping with the
time-honored principle of delicadeza.

6. Police Lifestyle - The PNP shall promote and maintain a lifestyle for its members
which the public will find credible and respectable. The public expects a police officer to
live a simple and dignified life. They must be free from greed, corruption and
exploitation.

7. Political Patronage - PNP members shall inhibit themselves from soliciting political
patronage on matters pertaining to assignment, award, training and promotion.

8. Human Rights - All PNP members must respect and protect human dignity and
man's inalienable rights to life, liberty and property.

Segment 2 - TENETS OF DISCIPLINE

All policemen at all levels shall adhere to the eight tenets of discipline, which include the
following:

a. One of the first signs of discipline is the stage of orderliness and cleanliness of
the policeman's place or work. If a police station is unkept, people cannot expect
the kind of positive response to their needs.
b. All police actions must be characterized by courtesy and discipline.
c. All objectives of the PNP must always be for the Public interest and not private
interest. The people must feel that they are welcome to approach any member of
the PNP for assistance.
d. All citizens must be treated with dignity and respect.
e. All police actions must be in accordance with the law. Respect for human rights
and other laws of the land must be a primordial concern in the exercise of Police
duties.
f. Basic police service must be rendered, equitably for all citizens and must not give
in exchange for any favor, reward or condition.
 g. Involvement of police personnel in syndicated crime, particularly illegal gambling
must not be tolerated.
h. There is no substitute for leadership by example. Police Commanders, as a model
of public service, must show proper behavior not only to their subordinates but
also to the people.

Week 7: Five Pillars towards ethical PNP members

"The police are the public and the public are the police.”

Segment 1- PNP Ethical Doctrine, Core Values, and Police Officer’s Creed

PNP ETHICAL DOCTRINE

This was culled from the PNP Code of Professional Conduct and Ethical
Standards (COPCES). The adoption of the PNP Code of conduct as an Ethical Doctrine
reinforces the former as an effective instrument in the moral values' internalization in the
PNP.

THE PNP CORE VALUES

The police service is a noble profession which demands from its members
specialized knowledge and skill, as well as PNP Ethical Doctrine High standards of ethics
and morality. In this regard, the members of the PNP must adhere to and internalize the
enduring core values of the PNP such as;

a. Love of God. - This is very essential because it makes a man more governable
and ethical. (knowing what is right and what is wrong). It gives him hope for the
future (salvation). In Islam, it is the submission to the will of Allah. As the late
Pres. Quezon once said, "Have faith in the Divine Providence who guides the
destinies of men and nations".

b. Respect for Authority. - Everyone must obey state authorities because no

authority exists without God's permission and the existing authorities have been
put there by God. Whoever opposes the existing authority opposes what God has
ordered and anyone who does so will bring judgment on himself. For rulers are
not to be feared by those who do good but by those who do evil.

c. Respect for Women.

d. Respect for the Sanctity of Marriage. - If you love someone, you will never
do him wrong. Love does not consist in gazing at each other but in looking
together in the same direction. Self-control in marriage is imperative for without
it, havoc ensures.

e. Responsible Dominion and Stewardship Over Material Things. - Our

"needs" are few and easily satisfied while our "wants" are many and seldom
satisfied. To stay within limits, one must strive to regulate "needs" to limit
"wants" while man exercises dominion or control over the earth even to some
extent of controlling the very forces of nature to serve his needs, he still has the
responsibility to keep his environment free from wanton destruction and
degradation. A law enforcer does not have absolute power but is limited by laws,
rules and regulations. He gives service not served and he protects the people and
not oppresses them. Government in itself is a custodian of people's power not a
supreme machinery for imposing its will on the public.

f. Truthfulness - is the state of being truthful wherein a person is sincere,

genuine, and honest in agreement with a standard, rule, etc., and conforms to fact
or reality.

Segment 2 - THE POLICE OFFICER’'S CREED

I believe in God, the Supreme Being, a great provider, and the creator of all men and all
dear to me. In return, I can do no less than love Him above all, seek his guidance in the
performance of my sworn duties and honor Him at all times.

I believe that respect for authority is duty. I respect and uphold the constitution and the
laws of the land and the applicable rules and regulations. I recognize the legitimacy and
authority of the leadership, and follow and obey legal orders of my superior officers.

I believe in selfless love and service to people. Toward this end, I commit myself to the
service of my fellowmen over and above my personal convenience.

I believe in the sanctity of marriage and respect for women. I shall set the example of
decency and morality and shall have high regard for family life and chastity.

I believe in the responsible dominion and stewardship over material things. I shall inhibit
myself from ostentatious display of my property. I shall protect the environment and
conserve nature to maintain ecological balance. I shall protect private and public
properties and prevent others from destroying it.
I believe in the wisdom of truthfulness. I must be trustworthy and shall speak the truth at
all times as required by my profession.

WEEK8
POLICE CORRUPTION

“It is the common people’s duty to police the police”

Police ethics and integrity are essential aspects of the law enforcement system that
facilitate effective crime control practices. A combination of training, and standards help
police officers maintain ethical behavior on duty. Holding a position of authority while
also having the means to use force legitimately requires police professionals to adhere
to the strictest ethical standards to avoid controversial or corrupt abuses of power.

Police Corruption
Police corruption is ubiquitous and is a serious problem for numerous reasons.
One is that police officers are often armed and can therefore pose a physical threat to
citizens in a way that most other state officials do not. Another is that citizens typically
expect the police to uphold the law and be the “final port of call fighting crime”, including
that of other state officials: if law enforcement officers cannot be trusted, most citizens
have nowhere else to turn when seeking justice. Leading on from this, if citizens do not
trust the police, they are much less likely to cooperate with them, resulting in higher
unsolved crime rates.

Yet according to Transparency International's 2017 Global Corruption Barometer, more

people pay bribes to law enforcement officers globally than to any other public officials,
rendering the police the most corrupt branch of the state in many countries.

Police corruption assumes numerous forms, from relatively benign but irritating
demands for bribes from motorists to improper procurement procedures and—most
dangerously—collusion with organized crime gangs in the trafficking of drugs, weapons,
and humans, and occasionally even in contract killing. One other form of miscreancy
was identified in the 1980s as largely peculiar to the police, namely “noble cause
corruption.” This term, also known as the “Dirty Harry problem,” is applied when police
officers deliberately bend or break the law not for personal benefit but in the belief that
this is ultimately for the good of society.

Many factors drive police corruption, including inadequate salaries, frustration with
the leniency of the courts, opportunity, envy (of wealthy criminals), and simple greed.
Combating it is no easy task, but methods that have significantly lowered corruption
rates in countries such as Singapore and Georgia include reducing discretionary
decision-making, radical restructuring, risk assessments, greater use of psychological
testing, improving working conditions, lifestyle monitoring, civilian review, and
introducing anti-corruption agencies that are completely independent of the police. But
police corruption is ultimately a “wicked” problem, meaning that it is so complex and
changeable that it can never be completely solved; the best that can be hoped for is that
it will be brought down to manageable proportions.

Police corruption is the misuse of police authority for personal gain. Personal gain
can mean monetary payment or any other type of benefit. The benefit must be gained
illegally and as a result of the officer’ position or authority. For example, the CRASH
officers had access to drugs and drug money because of their positions as anti-gang
officers.
Police corruption hurts both law enforcement and the community. Scandals, like the
CRASH one, damage the police's public image and undermine a community's trust of law
enforcement. Crime flourishes in these communities, because criminal activity is
protected rather than abated. As a result, the protected criminal activities often
contribute to
organized crime rings. This is because the protected activities, like drug dealing or
prostitution, quickly become lucrative sourees of income for all involved.

Types of Corruption

There are many different types of police corruption. Let's take a look at some of the most
common forms. In the context of police corruption,
bribery is giving or receiving any item of value in order to influence an officer. For
instance, an officer might accept money in exchange for not arresting a suspect. It might
help to remember that a bribe is usually money.

Extortion is also somewhat common and is similar to bribery. Extortion is threatening

someone in order to obtain money or property. Just remember that to extort means to
threaten. Extortion always involves a threat.

Many police corruption investigations have also uncovered officers dealing in stolen
goods and selling drugs. Officers have access to these items through their
investigations. Once police confiscate certain items as evidence, corrupt officers find
that they can easily profit by reselling those items.