1 Introduction —— Perhaps wiht ning ch sc! ye fondamenl warm ten nthe Rory sf Marian sd Marist movement pen ‘on leg te the cat wats ervee Vira, Gaede fd Gh. These wa at of worships Yer ey are theo cer been rege ow pene ta Seen eb oe SSR dca nee grat fas made more thane mor perfect step Sass ee os Tenpeire, While war vl putle winery So border le 96nd te Soviet oiny event Garay (85, ge (Cac shania (1980) intcomec-scodng tac eper it defending cin oe, imag, wea ees that nach ocr he ach being ovat ar anced Inde IF the Vemsnete ination and occpation of Cambodia ia ‘Deember 1976 and Jaary 19% cepted he fiw eee cid waged yon revoir Mari ‘sot! Chin's salon Vitam i Ferny ply cotoned 1, This ms cos ingly ai le ad epi ‘ing eto nig Hane Towel pi mamacig eee SURED cain per a med errnopet neers Sipe ermisa se aac eae Sarees Soon Sour oneeteet cae Sager eae ery aoe oa See eae ia So eo =e rpaeees See Fate Nee tenes oe Tecaueceeeeenets Zo neeecomeae Bic Hebsbawan is perfectly correct in wating hat “Marist ‘movements and states have tended to Become national not ou it form but in subtance i, mtonali. There i mothing to sggert Sm eee Setio um Sioeneeraumatas Pere ieie nena ctor eat 2 ‘he hired will ot cosiue» Norah tends confined tothe socialist world. Almont every yest the United Nations eats new tmeibers Ad may ‘ld msn ones hough fly consoled, Find themelerlllenged by ims wid. thet borders=astinaizns which, atrly, res of heding his b> ‘es one happy day The realty is qu plinth end of teen ef ‘tional. long prophesied, i not remotely i sight. ndeed, ‘ationne is the mest univer legitimate vale inthe pelieal Iie of or sine. Bar if he few ate clear thei explanation remain a mater of Jong-tandiog pute. Natio, nacional, nanan all have proved moro diffi to defie, talon wanalye. conte {th immense infuene that ational hs exerted he modern ‘work plausible theory about iti cmpicssly meagre, Hogh Stem com of i te es mn opine ‘Englh-language text on national, and ie tv ahem Soler ee sven the cnclson tat no "cenifedefaton ofthe shoe ‘an be devin ye she ei xen "air, autor of the pathrbeaking The Besbupof Bri, sdeireo the sare less vat tain of Marit storogrphy and socal ‘ciency candidly seach: “The theory of nationally repent Marsim’s great hinoial faar® But even ht confeon i somewhat mileaiag, init a i can be taken o imply the ‘greta outcome of long sel-comecious seach fr ror lari. I woul be mor xa ty that atone bus proveda ‘ncomforable sont for Martin thory and, precy for that ‘ean, hr bee gly ede, rather than conoid. How he fxplin Mar’ fare to the crucial adjective hit Imemorable formulation of 186 "The proletarit ofeach comtry The Bkp of Ba”, Nw a ay aver Denner php any Melee Sap Banepa ,‘mncine consunenss yoo fea a ce Wi Schl ‘How else to account for the use, for over a century, of the concept ‘Sot tose” ous or on aoe oh Sootady Strata Whyte eters wade ut ed em Cae teeaeceruccs angel a beak totes cc eas a se tcy ampere of cin hp as ura te Spb acer eat rd ae Tie caked ntecreemuntaers er a ey ted a serena of rec or it rey eae hy outer bat toe os, mon Bight rr to pr ela wee oft wend neg | Halas sd Piich ap, The mma Manin Sl Wi lel in any cre reg, wore oc ed ‘Ta cons hav ik nt be ny pd eee oa iege ‘cunt, Telos cbt rer" te weed ‘stein ‘egw eel he nd be me CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS efor aeesing the questions aed above, i seems advabl 9 ‘comider briefly the concept of “pation” and offer + workable ‘kiniion. Theocst of atinaism have often been perplexed, 2080 say ied by he dhe padres) Tr oar moriy ‘Wnations to the hitorian's eye vi. hee subjective angry i he ye of nationalists, (2) The formal universality of maanaliy a8 + ‘Sciovelaral concept inthe modem world everyone can should, will ‘have’ a nationaliry, ab he of she ‘bas genders. the ‘rremedable purclarityof ts concrete menifertation, och that, ‘by definiion, “Grek” natalie ix si generis (3) The ‘polis ower of matonalims vs. their Baloophial poverty and even Imcoberece. nother word, unlike mos other isms, eatonlis has ‘ever produced i own grind thinkers: no Hobbes, Tocqueils, ae, of Wei Ts ‘oa aly es on me ‘oemopolitan and polyingual imellecaty © 1 cerain com kesceaon. Like Gerrue Stein in he face of Oaklen, oe can ‘ather quickly eonclde the there i ‘no there here I i haacternie that even wo aympathetc «student of aaticoaien at ‘Tom Naira cat sonetheles write dhe: National” ir he pathology of modern developmental hitory, av ineeapube pearonti he individ, with mack the sre een aabigty seaching tit asia bull epi for descent ino dementia ‘owen the lemmas ofhelplermen tru ypon mov ofthe world (he equal of nfl mete) and arply merle ¥ ‘Partof the dfcly i hat one ten enconcicily a hyporane the existence of Nationalismewith--bg-N (rather a one might ‘Age-witeecapitleA) and then to clay ao ideology. (Nove that everyone hasan ge, Age smerely sn analyial expression, It ‘would, tak make ngs ese if one tested ia belonged wth ‘insip” aod “rlign', rather than with ‘hers or “scion In at anthropological epic, then, {propor the fllowing 8 Te Beha fefe te sation: it imagined oil cm -and ‘imagined as boch inherently limited and sovereign. ri {Cs intel bei member of eves alle min wil sever now moe tres near fe petite minivan te map etter en lred wets ging hs marly backhoe ony she he wren tht "Or amet due mien et gue tas ini sit bacon de hema th gh es et be inde chns Wis crs arty Gelber saber ‘Srpale pat when he rls tat “NaGecalen Sot he ‘alning of nome wl-cntiume it ens ar phe ‘hey do exe The detach oman owe ‘AK Gat 0 ans t how tt monies mance ‘sleepy hat be inate Sven ae? icy’ rater tant “imagining and ‘renin In his aye Sa Se ee P ieee ee she way only very ate. Te he gution "Who she Cate de 22" ‘ke normal snower woul! hve ten, ott mene of te ‘sincrany."bt te lord of Khel of he Barnet let of de Due de 2 “Te eaonhapind wide eco oven tht rps of hem, hilo ling rua bens, ba Sie eae toca pe shun le we mice Ne mile imagines ful conics with maaknd. The met mene tools do sot dream of ny wheal hemembert fe ash ‘ace win et atin the way tat twat publ, m cen ‘oc, fo sy, Chest rea of «whol Chri net ec he concep wu borne “which Enlightenment and Revolatioe were destroying the legitimacy {Fhe divaclyordined, heared dau el Coming 1 ttre as tage of haan hoy when evn he mon devot “herent ny anv algion merece ofronced with ie fvoch religion snd the samen eto sigh eoigenun eters sake tees ‘ing fe, snd under God cre. The pgs andenblemet the feeom the oer se aly, cs magcd t+ emmety, boca, repr of he scr inequality and explotation tary pevalincich, main {tales enced ep hoist comradeship. Uae {ss aera ht mak pte, verte pt ese, forsomany milo of eons, voto macho il swing oe for meh Unie iegiag, “he dais ing we tcapy face wo ie with the cea role pred by satan: hte ces he sakes aging recent hor (eaely more han to esr) geet mth Cobol ein Tbh tat he eganingrf ave ela ccaltural root of nationalism. a ee in eatin popcson of ae. reba Fret alone 97). Ba eels Setar fd lw Sebel deste ertverry life, As with Noli Me Tage, Scion seeps quietly and continaouly into rediny, eesing thar remarkable confidence of community in anoayiy chi the lima of modern ation core ceding ws dana of he pec gn alin ita be il to cpa he man poptos pt femeal tha fe, Baaily have bes rng a he ey pb ‘ging te ately sr ht winn snd re ce ‘dime ard concep, i of grat vagy ow os stereogenic are erie ‘fed pied seco onclogeal ‘oth precy benef waren prea he hase i ldo eig eget caseontnena laine Crom h re Una dee second we bla tate wut runic smd ender ghee: Sey sme oe scp nce ee ‘efor ae) digest, Henan loyain were neenary Northed sd coset keaa ae tr ee were ip wuts crear Segoe inde Third wra encom of myer i ch ooo ok tiory were ndiinguihable, the engin of the werd and efnen Sg eae sa od ha es in he very arr of tings, ping ea mening he Sy ai exe bre snd a) i vation may edempica from hen. "The son even dela ofthe mine ceri, in ‘Weiser Europe, later ehewber, sade te tepact of comes change ‘ncvei socal snd sense) and te deve of ‘ncresingy rapid communiatiny, drove hah wedge teen omlogy and isory. Nowmprie hen at the euch pve eo ‘nea, for + ew way of Inking Ear, power tol tine Aetainghily together. Nothing ethos more pecpned he seach nor made mor fatal an n-crpaan, ch made i pone for rapidly rowing numberof pope wk swt Aheniles, and 1 relate theme co ote prolouedhy row way 3 The Origins of National Consciousness 16 the development of prin-arcommodity ie the key 10 she gexeraton of wholly new ease iltaneey, stil, we ate simply at (he pot there commenter of the ype ‘hoczontlecalae, ‘raneveriesime' become posible. Why, wth that type, aid she nition becone 30 poplar? The factors involved are cbviciy ‘ample and various. Bat srg ce can be mae forthe primacy ofcpiclim.| ‘Acalteady noted atleast 20,000.00 books had already been prinedby 100 signaling he one of Benjamin's ap of mechanical Feproduction If manuscript wat scarce and arcane lore, ‘ent keowedge lived by reproducibly and disemination® I Feber and Martin believe, pombly a many a+ 200000 vores ‘ad been manufactured by 100, ino wonder that Franc Bacon belived tat print had changed “dhe appearance apd tate ofthe weed (One of the eae forms of capital enterprise, book publishing te tar Bpe ween wa en Kn wm oon st Man, he Co of kp eae ue i oe lh omnes ig ton epg 18 Pl: Tw ah Samad tenses, Some Coeur». aSai eaieerar Soeereerees Ss cee Ser oe Sooper Soest oceans The op het was literate By Bei ene Latscles.Satin of th mater wok abot shied al Sse es Pees rere tor topeak anderen fewer, one imagines dreamed int I See eee Stereo Sennen atcrereenee Sones arene eae Suecatcat neo ‘Fv ili, Ty Cnty oe Bik gn we sence pie pr Daas Eg da EIR Deel rae pa or) eda "he een ig wn pes ape ad exreyncen immer erode ne SeaTac esa eee Te sre here ae ee eaten Seer iors hare niece meee cere ca corece cee ee eee Seapets Seete nee Soe eee eee Sopa ce areata See fa oie cerca ae Beene Sone oes See eee Seema eter Ses ae eee Seeeteee cee ere eed See See eee eee ee See Seeeeneemen ecg Sateen Seoeeceeee Seer cee ‘th could sel" ne Bock on he Bas of tameWhere Lise others uly flowed pening se cola ‘igi propaga war the sage acon rope lor te sot ‘aty thi ani “ate for mens man’, Pots oa aways fndamenally onthe fee, pecely bean it tee tow to make we ofthe expanding vrasclarpensnares beng {ese by capil, wie he Caumer-Rfornatos defended de ‘lade of Lat. The emblem oe tte Vanna Ins Loss Pekin which there wasn Peer couerpart-s toe) clog made mecesary by the ter cheme of pane steno Nothing giver abner cs of eg memaly an Frese panicked 55 ban othe printing ony ean Gaede nie death by hao! The restos for bot te bn tad Into afore was thas by then his team's enters borden wene ‘ged with Poeun wate sed cies prosacnge mute et szbagile pin. To ke Calvin's Genres sn: Sewece tte {Sealy edtions were pablus tee bathe sumer soe £2 $27 beeen 185 and 186, by which ae date oe han ‘pute pining prenes wets vodng oven ‘The ‘colton bereons ane aed print-capitalism, ‘xploiog chap popular dion quickly crete gee eng subi sole among mechanics women who ppc lie or wo Latin~andsnstanecony moviiaed ts for peer, Peps levy ws not meri he Cacho shan 8 i core. The sme ethgateprodaced Hoses Ret portant nondyeani, nity sates i the Deh Repel sad the Common ofthe Pitan (Prancob Ts peice eh polices gow.) ‘Third wt te slow, goyrapicllysneven, ead of ater seracalrasneromanrel entation by cern welkpostioned wouisbe aboltne monarchs Here iit etl femenber tht the university of Lata in mec Wane $urope sever cortaponded ©» eniveral plceal tog Te Boog rp Con Mali, wd Re oa [temcatin oss a 1 dy, eset « ontast with Imperial China, where the ceach ofthe mandacinal Soreasrscy and of pated characters largely coincided, it Invractve nffect, he pli rgmentation of Western Batope ater the calase ofthe Wester Empce meant that mo sovereign ‘oalé monopolize Latin and make i s-and~ony-hislngeape-f- nd thus Lai’ eligios authority never had re polities ee ee ‘rise iieeglel er ak oat ates ROS wig aren eed Te ape eae Foie mascteracnee ein Tava eects cago iepeeehoetlcinen ceed aint cern ae me See eee of the subject tion produced Early English. The fasion made it see rector nea eat Cea ine oy Bane teh me ec Se vee ee ard a Sah Soe ioe Reet cacmmce Sat glee eee in ce ee rane arian renatan Se sears ant cee ee =e orien es Sorsco tetra onde Saecoeeiorie “haan nrcerte ime ged w mercy a coop fn of Ee ek real qectecinier enna Sonne as Se eaoee Sterna See aor nee ee e the Rate peice ae terns eee ay eae oan policies pursued by ame Seco ecto co aeneeresine it inlet atataain See eee Sceeers aa eee Novem, the craton of te verecla 6 se of one eae sh te enh Pitty ahi onde) mao See eres een ‘A baton, its kly that the ecteiczation of Las, te Reformation, sad the Mohamad development of admire veraaclc are spicy, othe pee cnn, paris ‘gai sente-in tet contribution to the dethronenenes Lat, [elt que pombe wo conczve fhe emergence of the new ‘tinal commoniies without anyone perhaps al f ther being reset. What, ina Imagine wa al-foruos br explore, tracon beteen Blok ald yg 1S Se Wines NaS hn i hcp Bari aa anche seat it rer erasers e 4 mem of probiion al prod ren ope), « ‘echnlogy of commana the fay of Suman Tiare scot etn ea pase ps ae Chee cd es Seer uta ttre cnet See fone oe Seca eee ces Span clon peed aa aoe Aci ew nn nei sopetcobce sn nei soe See ee te co eee See ge Soa ee ore tee ape eee pe pater agar ‘and capitalism. In pre-print Burope, and, of cours, eluewhere in the plore cone tere eee ore ees Soa ees pre eee eric ‘Sen teen cppopa se nae Tea sedi tes pe Tepe er aa Tey abner cs SS ue ‘time, the more ideographic the signs, the vaster the potential See renner sa Scenic Boeeoateneees Sacer ‘Saee fsonds bos ere Chan eavessrtgc ede ea tecnig erry en end Engh, othe rogue lbs sf ieeh os ilten) Hobep ered ei reed serene th clin wii in od (ganar snd, crested mechanically repedaced pate Cifape rae Soe aoe Oe tee “Thy pit languge dhe beso sao comclouenctin three dsc way ita foremons tey cee aed Hels ‘achange td communication below Latin snd above te spoken ‘ermcalan Speakers ofthe hone varie of Fen, agli, ot Spe, who might fod dies oF even impose to Sekevand soe anoiier in comenaton, became capable of on nother via pint nd per Inthe proce, Piecesten esteem rae Spot logge elds he ae ne tae tas er nad millon, lrg Thee Ewer whom thy wer ome eh, inthe scl price, vse arti, theembryooh the nationally imagined community. _ - Second pte geve ew Fixit 0 langage wich in the long rn lp 0 Bal that mage of agus cen oe ‘jective de of che eatin. As Febve od Marin eid he Fre kk» pan em i sly in ‘pprodecion meepoaly sel wily. was we per mins {he indvdudig, snd “sncoeciowiy Sie Change slowed decisively inthe snteenth ‘By the 17h cetary langaagerin Europe ad generally stm heir modera forms To 2 ny weigh dno ely, ok gad iawn foe oe enarpng Pa up he eof er "Seen Nora svg a fea pn std nook em roar emembrg in cane ele rat at sly Srv appne nae hene ‘jer soe enon toys Pee Gece tthe Soe ‘Sri ee "BT Cy fs ok, 39 Apion 9 4 XV le (gta dels ere srs Poe ec” pov ianoceryfor emi oe eid ri Inge eves puns reg vie he wor oe SESE iret es onto aneeay mee Sie ctlancy meme, Ti pocepaieg evel inpeesrstpomer of atte: Roast nine ec Coan dake SES Soe dee oat prions lomo A fe The dene co al amie oe Saar peep ee sor al cy wer See et indy ect) ming oe Mancten Suchen Gero bce Pu Dec chy reer mimic, Grom Sra maa FECES repinnaienna gece Co ocr Rik limi the Kg’ Bois md teen To were ccropedigiy cl ts new palenclral emicc (Rete gg in ewentcemary Bree Oy ewan Sect cn ct bod sans by being ay at al) i nym cope nb Sg Gg pecans ae fersiaton curren eee Wy Stoo pees seaing foe xpare ‘Stace ltvern cpio, nog ond hance ing Bion bored lm dnt ore soe “tesa eco ned moe ned od we Sen cee cpl fe Macro pe Tey. SER ream ier corp tens by SIRT pe is Mar elt wk br oe cern yen td dep lett et owe seats bla prem aly inate! oe SIRS pat hence Tekcapatngpopaice es Spend nis eys Trey, og he USER Sip atten A Tony a Ingest SEeylle ubleet epee, ie Ae Ser hte Guy att of comes eee in Tuli Tul snoul enone RET epi ane eo et mpred .compabory remiszation The Soviet auhorits followed suit, Sse with an antiamic, ant-Penian compuliory tomanzation, ‘hen, in Stalin's 198, with Reilyngcorpabry Cyilicieaton ‘We can summarize he conclusions wo be dawa frm the argument ths far by saying thatthe convergence of capo and pst technology on the fal diversity of human language created the only fw fom of aged onsen whine ‘motpbalogy set the stage for the modem aston. ‘The potential stretch of thee commantes was inherently limited, and atthe ame Ye, bore none bat the most foreioustelatomship to exiting Pala boendaries (hich were, on the whole, the igh water mare of dynastic expanionsms). ‘atont~and lho mationstetes-have “nation pr-lengunge ‘many of them hve these languages in common din sthet oy ¢ tiny faction of the popelatin "wer the naonl lingenge in nversnton or on paper The nstion-nate of Spanish Amer or those of dhe “Anglo-Saxon fil’ are conipcuous exemples, second. In eee words the concrete frmason of contemporary ‘tity mes veri ih emia ah oreo pntlangages. To seoun fo the dco, ‘omc betwen psc gage mtonl ooo od ‘stents, it eceuaty to ar che loge coe af set felt eces that pang op in she Woven hemisphere betwee 176 and 188 al of which sl-omcicnly Jefied hemes acon, an with the ineeog encepton of Bras foo, pon) eas. For ntcnly were ty haorealy te Bet ch ates eo emerge om the wotd sage, snd theo incebly [rovied the fit el models of what ch tested ook ke? acts nember and camtemperary beth fe fal ground er comparative eur. 3 pKa Teagan ok ipa aro Glan a de is cca al: ee “ Creole Pioneers ew American ates ofthe ae phen deat nnseth Sangin teeiaceatetene cuedomnne cxplin then a em of wo fein which ebay bose thy sre ey devrable fom the mid-century otto of ape, ive dre much rviclBuopenn king bose ‘alan, im che Go pace, whee we thik of Beat he USA, o he gz et Sry Magus wnt ea Efren them rm er eprive taper we tople. Al, Soe oO eemoctam pela riers ‘Need acon nguge sd common Scent wih owe agin ‘row hy Fgh ded er tty dat gang wt eve meee niece gee te rca ih the second place, there He eigen dake the sapling tame of he ‘Wese heniphee of Nes there pene hs chat ‘The acral of ncn in diinctiely modern see wate © ‘he pall apeam of the lower canes Alinagh mete, 1, Geo (ih) peg ar ewes pe open ct oh Seep ae noe er nee ”‘aco the htm Hanan ll fet cat Sate whch the liane lac of ergy Ia be te clic of Hinges pseu ender ced oe tke igo don the promote pa cbascn ‘panion the afge and on Thr hppa’ char of ‘keel Europe seen, vn when i ‘Sc baa ml rep reper une end sro do leery imagine eect mal wer a nol pe eee 1 Nex wu caret at: he ic a be Kd {ee et Man Cay me tw pep & edi ire sy tre ‘Hor oath td Romneepenc val emir 6 Official Nationalism and Imperialism ed ln he course ofthe iaeeeath century, and eopecal in i ater ae opision ep opens hdc operand Seed acres nites ama beeal speed the conviction ta language fn Bape rk were, 10 10 peak, the perionalpeepeny of rospe- thet daly peker snd readers-aad morecter he nis ‘oop imagined as comununtes, were eniledw dcirsureerren, place In fs rity of equals. The phillogral incendiaries dan ‘reemed the dyaass with dngreable derma whchdld sont {0 Barpen over tine. Nowbere this dlemma ervr chara at cy. When the calightened absolut Jovph evel eu in he toe deeper TA fo Geran he didnot fig. for ‘invtance agit the Magyar otk ph agate he Lata cea Svcs ono wahoo inthe interest of he mane cold are ‘empire seemed to him s peterpan coal no sy other language thin German, the ely ne Thich ads vcore and liraure under intnray and ehh SAS A 1 than serena oni aE =u 7 A aa The necesityof«unlyng language claim. Under hisses he eal becom se Magny non age. ‘OFICIAL NATIONALSN AND ire Lis Sd p+ del ‘cheng peererete e rette eter rene Sth es oe eer hen Siete se me Teeter paces calm am Sn cal ean hn 1 whoa pced share te Rag me eal Entre attarmeceathage ay nee ‘so iene ey ra‘Shah, tas Sha ofan, came tobe branded trie. Th esl accepted, not the verdict, but, ti were, the jucsdicdon ofthe ‘ational coat ie shown by a mall comedy atthe moment of is depatareintoesle, Before clibing the ramp ofl je he Hasedthe ‘arth for she photogrpher and snoanced that he washing mall quantyof acre ria sl with him, Ths take ited fers shout Garibaldi not the San King ‘The ‘naturalization: of Eutope'sdynatien- maneuvers that re= ied in many cases some diverting terbaics- venta ed to ‘what Seton-Wationbtngly cll ficial nations, * of hick CeaistRasification icy the bew-nowe exarple Thee oficial ‘tional gan best be umdetsood a + means for combining Dut it mother way, for aetching the shor, gh, skin of the ation ver the gigatic body of the empire. ‘Resiistion” of te heterogeneous popaaton ofthe Crar abject tha eepreseated & ‘let, concious welding of to opposing politcal rer, one ancient, ce quite new. (While there ina certain talgy with my, ‘he Hispnzation ofthe Americas and the Philip tow cera ference remains. The cltaral coageistador of lte-ninctenth- ‘zatry Crardom were proceeding from a tellcomcious Machin: ‘ell, whi their srtenth-cenurySpcih acento acted ot of sn uel everydy pagmation Nor wait for them realy “Hipaizaton'=rather i¢ was simply comevion of heathens tnd ) Be i en ced sate ad dai empc—sFnenbe att ardop ef pepe arene Soiree eee es rene he acres Toh ama eee nce. Sve Wace way mee pee ee Mid Wings PB e ae ee Serer Sarna eee Se eres sheen eee Sa ee ee a Sree eeenee Smeets Soest one nernenas Sipe dsteerirnen tian Sverre Sie ten rs Se eer See acre a Soe teem eee Seno Sisceceeeo rene Soe eee eee a a er Seer ee eres Ses reese Sora ie eee, ae eee a ee So eee a eee ee erecta University of Dorp, on of the mor digs calges ia he Since aueecereromne Eooeaneepeistomes ee ees 7, Then ire pl wl sine ply lomo ‘hanine: Calan Gcsns in etna ome slapd ny of enserns meres he rh hve Sprtonel de wet nar pfeenytbned sang on tayo Ed eos.‘And toon. Scis- Watson even goes far at co went tat the Revolution of 1905 was mach revelation of non Rsinsegaint Ranuification ait wat teoltin of worker, peasant and rdial incllectols squint awocracy. The two revolt were of coune ceanected: the wcial revolution was it fect mow bite ia none ‘ans eios, with Polish workers, Lavan peat and Georgian Penansa protgoniss.” ‘Ache tame te, ie wold be «big mistake oseppve that since Rasificaton wat a djarte policy, it id not achieve one of main ‘urpoes- marshaling» growing ‘Great Rawian'natcnsiam behind the throne. And not senply onthe basis of sentiment. Enormous ‘pportnices were afer all raiable for Russian fnctonries and treprencus inthe vat bureaucracy and expanding market cat the empire provided "Noles interesting than Alexander Il, Rusifying Cea of Al he Rassias, ist contemporary Vitoria vom Sane-Cobury-Oothe, ‘Queen of Eoplandan nein ie, Empren of ada Actally bride ‘more interning than her person, frit prevents emblemaialy the thickened metlofaveld berweon ion sodempite!*Hertelgn tcomark the omet of Losdn-ay ‘offical stn which song after withthe Renction big parted nS Pee, burg A geod way to epee ti afnty by longi comparian, In Th Bap of Bain, Tem Nae ae he role of wi there wat no Sexes nant mover! he te eich entry, in pit of ring Sens evrgcie sad very dig Sou neligeta." Hbsbawm peremptory dimined Naira’ ‘hough dcson withthe ear pure aachronaa t ‘spect ihe Sot have demanded an independen tea hi tine Yer ifwe real ht Bexamin Fann, who cose he ‘AercanDeclarstion of Independence, wat born veya before David Hume, we may be inclined to think this jdgement l= ‘hudeasachonsi® seems tome tat the dfs - ad thet ‘olson = lie ehewhere ‘On the other had, there is Nae’s god nationalist tendency to ‘eat hi Scoand” aban nproblmae,pemordial given, Bloch reminds ws ofthe choguered ancy of tis ‘ety’,oaerving that the ravages ofthe Danes and William the Conqueror destroyed Sorever teeta egemony of Northern, Anglo-Saxon Norbu ‘ria. symbolize by such luminaries a Alin and Bede (A pa of he north tne wat detached fr eve rom Engl ‘rope. Ct olf fom ce popltons of Anglo Soxon echt ‘eeleres ofthe Vikings in Vr the lowlands rand sont ‘Nethandel ‘el under the domination a Cele ie ef he hills. Th the bilingal nglm f Scodad mt by srr of buckbundedsoke serestn of the Sendai ‘And Seton-Waton, for ht prt, write that the Scr languages erclapel fm he Going ropes of Seon and French shagh ‘vik Ten of de Iter sad wih rather more Com Clue ad Ccandevin ones hin xt This guage pent ‘lye eu of Sand bet do in ores Bahn Sao tern Engh’ war poke sth coh court and he lite (who might migh ot ho peck Gace) well ay the 1 ns beh sgenly eed img Anan. fh Dee ee ft a Se kag a iy ge ey cet ins Meee den Sed “Sonat Eee‘heey point here is a ready inthe ey seventecatheeatary large pert of what would one day be imagined x Scotland were tnd had immedise acces 10 prnt-Engl. roe minimal degree of literacy exited. ‘Then in the early ‘ightenth century th Englh-apeaking Lowlands collaborated wih Landon in largely exterminating she Guetch. wad hrs was sellonicios Anliciningpliy pared in both ‘het Anglcizatin wat enently + byprodct. But combined they ‘ad efectively eliminated, “before” the age of natonalan, any ‘ontbilty of Buropean-ylevemacula-cpecific atonal mone. ‘nent Why not net the America ye? Prt othe aniwer ingen by Naim in pating, when he speaks of "mane itelletal ‘migration’ southwards from the mi eighteenth century onward # ‘Bat tere was moce than an inellcteal migration. Seotah pole Sci came south to legate, and Scots buinemen hd open accent to London's markets In effec, in complete contrat tothe ‘Thirteen Colones (and to leer extent Ireland), thee wee no Sarde onal thes pli pus coward the entre. (Compare the clea highway before Latins snd Germat-ceading Hungaria Viens inthe eightenth centr) Engl had yt eo become an “Engl language. ‘Tye sume pint canbe made from diffe angle, is tre that in the seventeenth century London resured an aeqiston af oveiat territories arent since the duastrour ending tothe Handeed Years ‘War. Bur the ‘spit of thee conquers wat sl Fndamentaly that of prenational age. Nothing more nang confirm hs ha the act that ‘ini’ oly became ‘Bris’ rwenty years after Vcnotin’ Accenion the throne, In other words, oni fer the 1857 Mai, “dia was cued by a commercial enterprise=not by 2 site, and ‘certainly not by a nation-state ‘Bt change wat on the way. When the Eat Inds Company's states came ap for renewal in 1813, Patlament mandated the Allscation of 100,000 rapecs year forthe promotion of ative ‘cocatin, both oriental” and ‘Wentern In 823, 1 Commitee of ube lestrution wat sec up in Benga and in 1834, Thomat The bey Bion ther “nothe | ‘Babington Macaulay became president ofthis committe. Declsing ‘ha ‘in singe self fa good European library wort te whole ‘suive litte of Indl and Arabia,” he produced the fllowing yet is notorious “Mint on dacation” Licker shan Uvaror ig ‘commendations went ino immediate effect. A thoroughly Engi ‘acatinal tem was tobe intodaced which, a Macaulay town ‘inefable words, woald reat 'a las of prion, Indian in ood end ‘One powet tomere rec rioaweomember day she Met signs, Tanda thei ary rowed rt eeyaclyunonee olla lepine. ihe Tem (Emperor) cod qucty be rsored wih he aalion of he Bef the brats cal wo nny empl ope ‘eoplal cry remained jo a gi abt Oto {he base mean adopted fr eomoldating he gnc domenie oson wan thas sarin of mcentiry ‘fica ntonstom ‘ether couiouly modd on Hokenlem Prast-Germany ‘Becwecn 168 nd 17 all redial cl fea ary es wer dendeed ging Tokyo + cemalieel of he mesm of voles: in 72, a Ings Reni orsered he promot of nivel lercy among salma a 09 wel bfrthe Uakd Kaan, Jopn invoice ‘A he ame ine the ‘eg Igeated te sas land preyed do with the ciming of Weer Penetration, Le the 14s as opposed t the 176 Fo by then, in ‘eminant Europe the ‘nacional communiy' kad been coming its ‘wa forhalfa centr, nb poplar and oficial vrsns Inet, ‘el-defence coal br lshione slong ines adn accordance with ‘what were coming tbe ‘mtroatioal terms! ‘That the gamble psd of asp of he terrible suleigs imposed ‘on the peasantry by the rte cal enacts reeled vo pay fors ‘munisony-tuted programme of indutralination, was eral doc in pat to the single-minded determination ofthe aligarche then selves. Formate to come to power in an es in which nombered ‘sccounts in Ziich ay in an tndesmed-of Fate they were not tempted tomove te exacted suplsouide Japa, Forint orale ivan age whea military technology wa stil ata relative sanbl, dey mere able, with ther eatch-ap armament programms, ‘to tach Japan into an independent miliary power by the endothe ear Spectr scenes by Japan's consript army against China in 19945, aod by ber savy aguinus Crardm in 1905, plus the smnexaton of Taiwat (1695) and Korea (1910), all consciously BB bn dy eps mnie eae ge hy ei ae =e ‘propegendized through schols and pit, were extremely valuable fn ereting the general imprstion tat the comervative cligarchy ‘roran auton epreseatative af hematin of whic Japanese were Coming to imagine themselves member. ‘That tis atonal took onan aggresive imperialist character, ven oute ring rls, can bree accounted for by two factor ‘he legacy of Japan's long itlation snd the power of theofficial ‘sutional model. Maruyama shrewdly points om ha ll aticalsms ‘m Eropearoseinthe context of trainal plaraim of erating ymatic sates 1 pati eciet, Latin’ European uses never had a poll correlate ato cnsounen in Eaope herefore bore Fem ine pie {he magi oa comcoumen finer cy 1 ar ‘det premise that pater among sverige were conic {ong lnependen member of dhs teeta soley Presi for seston wa, sce Groin, icone xcopy on important td ytemate place inertial aw ‘Centos of Japenee lation, however, meant that su eeroen folio lem al oe lly ships: ‘The adkcate of exon [fhe arb] ied eration ‘elton um poses ii the etl Macy Sado SSpremacy of pein cre iafries Comseqnty, when the ‘rere ofthe til eae were andere bol ‘he meron sper, nermaticnpoblems were rede ‘gl serie tongue abe concen he snc f sy Uigier noatve sunrde with which 10 gauge mieiatonl ‘elon, power pli sou ete ule and yseay mid ‘denivenn wil become today’ uretied expo. _ Seay ah rider he nl mneaig pees Seat page garment 4 3 rams, hgh a i ef iwesbrbitec iii ase Sohtdtallinc soon py fre pe facngemeee icine fete aeons pepe er eet Bae caoeeesae a eee ees Scere ieee laflaenal Nie Kas Hie Ta(Outine forthe Reconstruction Joya, publhed in 19242" the Wes conrad thomas ty ni te Sih of ak ‘le okarhe loci actly jroeraattmong sons cocina genie TEs emu be wring canoe ert at thon by odie ten techn! pyro oa pes ‘pa © perfect her sry sed avy ed ake war oe so an inane, cn of nal socal democracy Joon chins ponenion of Auta sol Ear i sao ad dt he ps exuded er 0, Jeg hhc wu steely pn se Pay mh rw Yu Kvn ern ed Ma 3. kiya mt we rea eh tne Aetna at tag he fone eit apa Freee ine fr Ba Blade cad eRe Si, The Da Rey 3 ” and fier the outbreak ofthe Paci Wer, Burmese, Indonesians and ipa, were subjected to ples for which the Baropesn model ‘wat an abled working practice. And jut at inthe Bit Fpice, Japaiied Koreans, Talwaneie of Burmese bad eit anaes co the meiropole absolutely barred. They might peck ad ‘ead Japanese perfect, but Uy would never preside over p= Teests in Hono ven be pened outde tet one fog ving comer tre aide official mento’ it iia seu tha th mode cones fined ty sts with no vero gest power pretension ang a they were nn Which he ling Cane edn oer he [eebrestened byte wori-unde read othe ntoal-nied conmaniy. A conparbon between two nich sat Sit and "gars Acro-Hungey my pot inactive eli comemporary,thlengrgsngChaloghorn(c.166- 91) een Wengen ns i at Aired markedly om at of hs Jpenve oppaite number Seced between Brith Bar nd say and rnc dha, te devoted himself shewd manilaineiplomacy ate than serpin bd op + rou war machine, {A Mic of Wat ‘eat aot stabbed wl 1994) Tn a way at reminds ne af ‘Sphentcenary Eorop, hi amed force were poly + aepieny of venir Hae ie Ney Seats Inerenai deuce Not wars mar one poh ‘cl nail troop + modcnleed locstonl ytem, Inde peo econ win ad cheplry Sliei ea ead eri deh and he oy st unter wart et ep aml 1917, foer decades afer the founding of she Inpertl Univesity in Taye. Nenetelen Chislngkor ieped bins ssa moderiter. Baths prime madlsrere mtthe United Knglom Germany, bt tet e ceil amare he Dat Eat Th Song pal sn op ‘alse dene Taso a Apel) Seg Pa #Indi, Brits Malay, andthe Raj* Following hee model meat ‘tionlising tnd ceatasing royal government, eliminating adie ‘onal mi-aatnomoas tributary stele, and promoting eenomic evelopment somewhat slug colonia line. The tose srking ‘example of this-an example which in it odd way ook forwacd ‘contemporary Savi Arabia was his encouragement of 4 manive ‘migration of young, single male foeigers to form the dorented, politically powerless workforce needed te contract pot facies ‘aid railway lies, dig canal, and expand commercial agriculture ‘Ths importing of gst parsleled indeed wat dell on the lies ofthe suhorssin Bataviaand Singapore. And sin the cone ofthe Netherlands Indes and Brith Malaya, the great bulk of the IMbourers imported. during the nineteenth’ century were from. southern China, Iti nseucive hat this policy coued hi ‘ether peronal quam nor plitalificliet-momore thane id the colnial alert on whom he modelled hime: adeed the policy dh em ne rs re es td impotent woe ‘ouside’ Thai society and left da oceny largely ‘uitarbed ‘Wachirawnt, his son and mcceor (1910-1925), bad t pck wp the pieces, modelling himself thir time on the ‘The camph of the reacdonary Magyar gentr's ‘official ‘minal after 167 cannot, however, beexplaned solely by tht sroups own politcal strength, nor by he Feedom of manceare Inherited from dhe The fact shaun 1906 the Habba, cour did pot fel in positon to ster ielf decisively agit which in maay respects temuined «plat of the empire ‘Above all the dynasty wat neapble of mperimponng «tretuoas ‘ficial nationalism of is owa. Not merely beat th opie wa eee pasate oe SE oss she tal Sect ee eg se ie id Aad te oda ar vhs tre er lec sce ej xd fcr piu cn fala Sin mad ware! ec ef cra Sag ‘Socio may crt Te conus bea nde or ‘Stiinta, Now nd en i at of th Aine Eis bat ow Stan hve wt fon ane wad massa etd {et Hae eet eo Boe cl plat oe wos ‘Sie eds ‘ytd ee a ng ting or ay ‘dtd: Tne wae play oa brace ofc 6 so mae cece ce a a Satan ee eterna eernns Srey aaaaeeeneer oa cacat cans Talapeenarceeeanceeeen nt see eect neers ae Teeenaecniaeee ped meee aes ST paer eure eee Sein pee cee nineteen ra ole kee one anteater manent eee eee ee Serene pe rl ge pee ee Secs ee cee Seicaee neers Soe Cede ee eee Teele eee amen tee came es Seen coset Shige Peace enone Se eee eee pense! Sees ten cea eee ees Seo eres aoe Sues rae meieeiaet aoe wor a ‘evopacnel whe Pech one want fr er bat mal ‘Sie en, Ons pet sumed a na ya yf tanh See mirc pees es ‘Refiae Wa Ge pp. 32 Tsk keys cnn a jin Te Dani dah emp, When Meter a tl te etn a ty at Saoirse geanfion emule storEe Saeco ten eee oie mene eee aes ena eens Bearman ee ernyces Sutera maine Soe ae rms Soler re Sasecoeaecae Sone isn ete! er ed ns! Sel eee ities carmegecinant reopen iad aan iearaccvcamren Seep em tne Beker neers ecco een ahoeaer ‘decay of Dualism, m Components exactly thoe produced by canaries of Habbarg Tckerings ‘och ‘impera” imaginings were pardy the misfortane of = socialism born in he eapital of one of Earope's great dymatic ‘mpren As we have noted euler, he new imagined commasites (inlaing ch aill-bora, but ill imagined USGA) conored ep by lexicogeaphy and peimcaptlsn always cegaded themselves a somehow age in which istry ie wat all widely ‘oncived in escf ret event and ‘ret nde, peark rung. slong thread of mrratv, it wancbvioaly tempting odeciper the ununirys pas in stigue dynos. Hence » USCA in which the ‘embran separating empire from sation, row fom polarity limos transparent. Nor wat Bauer aml inal thie Wiliam the ‘Conqueror sod + George f, neither of whom cold speak Bagh, ‘conn to appar umpreblematiall at beads nthe necklace ings of Bal’ Sc Stephen (11-1 mig adh ‘The wily of foreign guess no pent hat heycante givens sede ernest {come fom aria eon od proving wie ‘aous lange sed canes, vara knowledges tm All hee adore royal cour, ghien ts spledon. and sry the ‘phn offen poet Fors cou iid ngage cee i agi ond ea ‘Bot such words would notin the Jatt prevent his sobeguest spothoss 2 he Fe King of Hungary { conclsion, then it hat been argued that fom aboot he middle of the lncienth century there developed what Seton-Wataon terme ‘oficial nationalisms lide. Europe. These nationale were hinoically ‘imposible’ aati) afer the appearance of popular linguinc-aionalsns, for, at boom, they were nape by power ‘goupr=primariy, but not exchively, dyaasic nd aritocrace— inp td Le rng det of reer ce shes Tiemsiradencok optic el 2 Jin, he DinAheeatned with exclason from, of marginalization i, poplar Imagined communities srt of conic upheaval wt beginning, ‘which, fer 118 and 145 tpped thee groups towards drainages in Estoril and Monte Carlo, Sich offical auinalinms were con servaive, not sy reactionary, pl, adapted from the model ‘he largely spontaneous poplar nationalism ha preceded them Noe were thy ulemately confined o Europe and the Levan. nthe ‘ame of inperialien, very smi pais wer purred bythe ne ‘ort of groups in the vast Asian abd Aficanteitorie mbjcted in {he couse ofthe nineteen center Final, refracted it non ‘Baropean clues and store. they were picked opand imitated by {nigenoes ling proapy i hoe few zone among thern Japan and Siam) which escaped dire: sebjecton. Tn alos: every eae official maionalsm concealed a dcrepancy letween mation ual dyausic realm. Hence 2 worK-wide conta diesen: Slovaks were t be Mogysized, Indians Anglicised, and Koreans Jepaified, but they would aot be pemited © jin pilgeimagen which would alow them 16 admister Magyar, a ete Te Cig rah et ee rd Seeger eet ieee ene Sing md inne eee Sere sk mvs eg cipal on ‘apa ed a Rept ty ty rn eo of he en heh ctoey nyo eosin arate neat ‘wna NA n't clang eed Se Tecra teagan, si we Some ony ‘sot simply rac; ewat ao te face hae a the core of the empires "ation to were emerging Hungarian, Englih and Jpance: And these aatons were ako ntincevly tesstant to “foreign” ele Ipeilise ideology the pstI850 era tho typically had the sharacterof a cojoring-tick: How much twats conjring-ickis gested by he equanimity with which metropolitan popula Clases ‘rly hoped of he owe oe aati, een ie ‘Algeria where the colony had been legally incorporated iro the retrople. In he end, sis always the ring clans, bourgeois ‘erin, but aboeall aristocrat, that ng moxcn the empires ad ‘hei gee always has «wage quality