“Konting bato, konting

semento…
Monumento!”

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Concrete

basic components?

cement, water, aggregates

others

an artificial stone made by binding

particles of inert materials with a paste of
cement and water
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Cement

a material with cohesive and adhesive

properties capable of bonding mineral
fragments into a compacted whole

from “opus caementitium”

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Cement

Portland cement, Hydraulic cement

calcareous material + argillaceous material

calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron

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Portland Cement

1824, Joseph Aspdin

heated finely ground limestone and clay

resembled quarried stone found in Isle

of Portland

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Hydraulic Cement

Set and become adhesive due to a chemical
reaction between the dry ingredients and
water. This allows setting in wet condition or
underwater and further protects the hardened
material from chemical attack.

Retains strength and stability even under water

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Hydraulic Cement

Production of cement consumes approximately
6% of the world’s energy

Cement industry produce 5% of the global man

made CO2 emmision

When Limestone is heated:

CaCO3 + Heat => CaO + CO2

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Manufacturing of Cement

Four main processes:

Grinding raw materials

Mixing raw materials

Burning materials to form clinker

Grinding clinker into powder

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Manufacturing of Cement

Crushing of limestone boulders 9

Manufacturing of Cement
Main Mineral/Chemical Components:
1. Calcium, Ca (60-67%)
2. Silicon, Si (14-25%)
3. Aluminum, Al (3-8%)
4. Iron, Fe (1-5%)
Source:
1. Calcium – from limestone (calcareous rocks)
2. Silica – from sand (argillaceous rock)
3. Alumina – from clay, shale
4. Iron – from clay, slag, present also in limestone
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Manufacturing of Cement

Lime stone and clay are ground to fine

powder separately and are mixed together 11
Manufacturing of Cement

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Manufacturing of Cement

The clinker is obtained as a result of

incipient fusion and sintering at a
temperature of about 1400oC to 1500oC 13
Manufacturing of Cement

The clinker is cooled to make the compound

solid and stable. 14
Manufacturing of Cement

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Manufacturing of Cement

A cement particle that has a diameter of 1µm of

cement particle will react completely in about 1 day 16
Main Compounds

Minor Components (Impurities):

MgO, K20, Na2O, SO3

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Main Compounds

Most important: C3S (alite) and

C2S (belite)

C3S responsible for strength at

early ages

C2S responsible for strength at

late ages 18
Main Compounds

C3A responsible for combination of lime
and silica

C4AF responsible hydration of silicates

(C3S and C2S)

Gypsum prevents “flash setting”

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Main Compounds

Development
of strength of
pure
compounds
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Hydration of Cement

Schematic
representation of
formation and
hydration of
Portland cement

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Hydration of Cement

Hydration Products

Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate Gel

– C-S-H gel

Calcium Hydroxide - Ca(OH)2

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Hydration of Cement

C3S hydrates faster than C2S

C3S produces more C-S-H gel than C2S

C2S produces less Ca(OH)2

C3A hydrates fastest

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Heat of Hydration

The quantity of heat per gram of

unhydrated cement evolved upon
complete hydration at a given
temperature

“Exothermic”

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Heat of Hydration

Dependent on chemical composition of

cement

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Properties of Cement
Fineness

Blaine Air Permeability Method (ASTM C 204)

“specific surface” , (usually 300-500 m2/kg)

Affects:

rate of hydration

cost of grinding

gypsum requirement

long term behavior of concrete
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Properties of Cement
Fineness

Sieve Analysis (ASTM C 786)

Using #200 sieve (75µm)
For 100 gram sample: (w2 = wt. of residue)
If w2 < 10 gram: Cement is fresh.
If w2 > 10gram: Cement is not fresh.
Or
% fineness > 90 %: Cement is fresh.
% fineness < 90 %: Cement is not fresh. 27
Properties of Cement
Specific Gravity

Density of Hydraulic Cement (ASTM C 188)

SG = Dcement / Dwater

Sg = m / V

Uses Le Chatelier flask

Uses kerosene or naphta

For fresh cement, SG=3.15 28

Properties of Cement

Setting Time

Selective hydration of silicates +
temperature rise

Vicat needle (ASTM C 191)

Initial set (min. 30 min.)

Final set (max. 600 min)

False set

Flash set 29
Properties of Cement

Soundness

Ability of cement to not undergo a large
change in volume
Expansion due to reactions from:

Free Lime

Magnesia

Calcium Sulphate

Autoclave test (ASTM C 151) 30

Properties of Cement

Strength

Tests done on Mortar

Compressive Strength (ASTM C 109)

Tensile Strength (ASTM C 190)

Flexural Strength (ASTM C 348)

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Different kinds of Cement
Portland cement and blended cement
Blended hydraulic cements are produced by
intimately and uniformly intergrinding or
blending two or more types of fine materials.
The primary materials are portland cement,
ground granulated blast furnace slag, fly ash,
silica fume, calcined clay, other pozzolans,
hydrated lime, and pre-blended combinations of
these materials.
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 Types of Portland Cement

Physically and chemically, these cement types differ

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primarily in their content of C3A and in their fineness.
Types of Portland Cement

In terms of performance, they differ primarily in the rate of

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early hydration and in their ability to resist sulfate attack
Additional Types of
Portland Cement

There are three additional types of cement:

Type IA, IIA and IIIA are cements used to

make air-entrained concrete. They have the
same properties as types I, II, and III, but
with the exception of possessing small
quantities of air-entrained materials shared
and combined with them.
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Types of Blended Cement
1. Type IS-Portland blast furnace slag
cement (Lower early strength, lower
heat of hydration)
2. Type IP and Type P-Portland-pozzolan
cement (Cheaper)
3. Type I(PM)-Pozzolan-modified portland
cement
4. Type S-Slag cement
5. Type I(SM)-Slag-modified portland
cement.
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 Pozzolans are siliceous/ aluminous
materials which, possess little or no
cementitious value but which will, in finely
divided form and in the presence of
water, react chemically with calcium
hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form
compounds possessing cementitious
properties.

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Types of Cement

Typical average values of compound composition of 38

different types of Portland Cements
Types of Cement

Strength
development of
concrete containing
different types of
Portland Cement

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Types of Cement

Development of
heat of hydration of
concrete using
different types of
Portland Cement

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